viiContents
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapter 5 Purication and drying of solvents ...................................... 65
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 65
5.2 Purication of solvents ......................................................................... 65
5.3 Drying agents ......................................................................................... 66
5.3.1 Alumina, Al
2
O
3
........................................................................ 67
5.3.2 Barium oxide, BaO ................................................................... 67
5.3.3 Boric anhydride, B
2
O
3
.............................................................. 67
5.3.4 Calcium chloride, CaCl
2
.......................................................... 67
5.3.5 Calcium hydride, CaH
2
........................................................... 68
5.3.6 Calcium sulfate, CaSO
4
........................................................... 68
5.3.7 Lithium aluminum hydride, LiAlH
4
..................................... 68
5.3.8 Magnesium, Mg ....................................................................... 68
5.3.9 Magnesium sulfate, MgSO
4
.................................................... 68
5.3.10 Molecular sieves ....................................................................... 68
5.3.11 Phosphorus pentoxide, P
2
O
5
................................................... 69
5.3.12 Potassium hydroxide, KOH .................................................... 69
5.3.13 Sodium, Na ............................................................................... 69
5.3.14 Sodium sulfate, Na
2
SO
4
.......................................................... 70
5.4 Drying of solvents ................................................................................. 70
5.4.1 Solvent drying towers ............................................................. 70
5.4.2 Solvent stills .............................................................................. 71
5.4.3 Procedures for purifying and drying
common solvents ..................................................................... 74
5.4.4 Karl Fisher analysis of water content .................................... 79
References ......................................................................................................... 79
Chapter 6 Reagents: Preparation, purication, and handling ........... 81
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 81
6.2 Classication of reagents for handling ............................................... 81
6.3 Techniques for obtaining pure and dry reagents ............................. 82
6.3.1 Purication and drying of liquids ........................................83
6.3.2 Purifying and drying solid reagents .................................... 85
6.4 Techniques for handling and measuring reagents ........................... 87
6.4.1 Storing liquid reagents or solvents under an
inertatmosphere ...................................................................... 87
6.4.2 Bulk transfer of a liquid under inert
atmosphere(cannulation) ....................................................... 89
6.4.3 Using cannulation techniques to transfer measured
volumes of liquid under inert atmosphere .......................... 91
6.4.4 Use of syringes for the transfer of reagents or
solvents ...................................................................................... 94
6.4.5 Handling and weighing solids under
inert atmosphere .................................................................... 102