For Audits of Architectural and Engineering
(A/E) Consulting Firms
UNIFORM AUDIT &
ACCOUNTING GUIDE
UNIFORM AUDIT &
ACCOUNTING GUIDE
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials t h e v o i c e o f t r a n s p o r tat i o n
2012 Edition
Copyright © 2013, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved.
This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) i
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) ii
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
2012–2013
OFFICERS:
PRESIDENT: Michael P. Lewis, Rhode Island
VICE PRESIDENT: Mike Hancock, Kentucky
SECRETARY-TREASURER: Carlos Braceras, Utah
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: John Horsley, Washington, D C
REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES:
REGION I: James P. Redeker, Connecticut
Chris Clement, New Hampshire
REGION II: Eugene Conti, North Carolina
Sheri LeBas, Louisiana
REGION III: Mark Gottlieb, Wisconsin
Paul Trombino, Iowa
REGION IV: John Cox, Wyoming
John Halikowski, Arizona
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT:
Kirk Steudle, Michigan
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) iii
AASHTO ADMINISTRATIVE SUBCOMMITTEE
ON INTERNAL/EXTERNAL AUDIT
Finance and Administration Subcommittee
Chair Vice Chair
Carri A. Rosti, CPA Judson D. Brown, CPA
Manager, Office of Internal Review Director, External and Construction Audit
Idaho Transportation Department Virginia Department of Transportation
P.O. Box 7129 1401 East Broad Street, 14th Floor, Room 1403
Boise, ID 83707-1129 Richmond, VA 23219
(208) 334-8834 (804) 225-3597
Secretary AASHTO Liaison
Dan Kahnke, CGFM Jenet Adem
Audit Director Director of Finance and Administration
Minnesota Department of Transportation
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
395 John Ireland Blvd. 444 North Capitol Street, N.W. Suite 249
St. Paul, MN 55155 Washington, DC 20001-1539
(651) 366-4140 (202) 624-5816
FHWA Liaison
Dave Bruce
FHWA National Review Team Leader
Federal Highway Administration
Program Management Improvement Team
12300 West Dakota Avenue
Lakewood, CO 80228
(720) 963-3723
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) iv
Transportation Internet Links
Alabama http://www.dot.state.al.us Missouri http://www.modot.org
Alaska http://www.dot.state.ak.us Montana http://www.mdt.mt.gov
Arizona http://www.azdot.gov/ Nebraska http://transportation.nebraska.gov
Arkansas http://www.arkansashighways.com Nevada http://www.nevadadot.com
California http://www.dot.ca.gov New Hampshire http://www.state.nh.us/dot
Colorado http://www.dot.state.co.us New Jersey http://www.state.nj.us/transportation
Connecticut http://www.ct.gov/dot New Mexico http://www.nmshtd.state.nm.us
Delaware http://www.deldot.net New York http://www.nysdot.gov
District of Columbia http://ddot.dc.gov/DC/DDOT North Carolina http://www.dot.state.nc.us
Florida http://www.dot.state.fl.us North Dakota http://www.dot.nd.gov
Georgia http://www.dot.state.ga.us Ohio http://www.dot.state.oh.us
Hawaii http://hawaii.gov/dot Oklahoma http://www.okladot.state.ok.us
Idaho http://itd.idaho.gov Oregon http://www.odot.state.or.us
Illinois http://dot.state.il.us Pennsylvania http://www.dot.state.pa.us
Indiana http://www.ai.org/dot Rhode Island http://www.dot.state.ri.us
Iowa http://www.dot.state.ia.us South Carolina http://www.dot.state.sc.us
Kansas http://www.ksdot.org South Dakota http://www.sddot.com
Kentucky http://www.kytc.state.ky.us Tennessee http://www.tdot.state.tn.us
Louisiana http://www.dotd.state.la.us Texas http://www.dot.state.tx.us
Maine http://www.state.me.us Utah http://www.sr.ex.state.ut.us
Maryland http://www.mdot.state.md.us Vermont http://www.aot.state.vt.us
Massachusetts http://www.eot.state.ma.us Virginia http://www.virginiadot.org
Michigan http://www.michigan.gov/mdot Washington http://www.wsdot.wa.gov
Minnesota http://www.dot.state.mn.us West Virginia http://www.wvdot.com
Mississippi http://mdotfcu.com Wisconsin http://www.dot.state.wi.us
Wyoming http://dot.state.wy.us
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Discussions among AASHTO members at the regional level and at annual AASHTO meetings led to the
creation of the first edition of the Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide, as released in March of 2001. The
guide was designed to assist engineering consultants, independent CPAs, and State DOT auditors with
the preparation, and/or auditing, of Statements of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General Overhead
(indirect cost rate schedules).
Over the years, many people have contributed to the guide by providing input, conducting research,
attending working sessions, facilitating meetings, editing, proofreading, and providing other support. The
participants included representatives from State Departments of Transportation, the FHWA, the ACEC,
public accounting firms, and AASHTO. Their knowledge, time, travel funding, and supplies were greatly
appreciated in the nationwide team effort that led to this 2012 edition of the guide.
Scot P. Gormley, External Audit Manager with the Ohio Department of Transportation, served as the
primary designer and editor of this 2012 Edition of the guide, with additional support and assistance
provided by Dan Purvine of A/E Clarity Consulting and Training, LLC.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) vi
Preface
ABOUT THIS GUIDE
his Uniform Audit and Accounting Guide was developed by the American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Audit Subcommittee with assistance from
the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA), and the American Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC). The
AASHTO Audit Subcommittee is comprised of the senior audit representative from each State’s
transportation or highway department. This guide was developed over several years and initially was
approved by AASHTO at the organization’s 2001 annual meeting.
During 2007, the members of the Audit Subcommittee approved the establishment of a Task Force to
update the guide, which resulted in the release of the 2010 Edition. This was necessary to ensure that the
guide was consistent with current auditing standards and procedures, accounting principles, and Federal
regulations. The 2010 update also addressed questions and concerns expressed by various parties,
including the FHWA, State DOT audit agencies, Architectural and Engineering design firms (hereinafter
referred to as “A/E firms” or “engineering consultants”), and public accounting firms. These questions
and concerns were brought about through current practice and, in part, through the findings and
recommendations from an audit performed by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Office of
Inspector General (OIG).
1
This 2012 Edition of the guide incorporates several updates, refinements, and clarifications necessary to
reflect changes in the statutory and regulatory framework applicable to A/E contracts that have occurred
since the publication of the 2010 update. This 2012 guide should be used as a tool by State DOT auditors,
A/E firms, and public accounting firms that perform audits and attestations of A/E firms. The techniques
presented herein primarily focus on examination, auditing, and reporting procedures to be applied to
costs that are incurred by A/E firms for engineering and design related services performed on various
Federal, State, and Local transportation projects. These costs normally are billed to applicable agencies
through their State DOTs.
The techniques discussed in this guide were designed to be applied to audit and attestation engagements
performed in connection with engineering consultants’ Statements of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and
General Overhead (hereinafter referred to as “indirect cost rate schedules”), as well as the related
accounting systems, job-costing systems, and labor-charging systems that serve as the basis for the
indirect cost rate schedules.
This guide is not intended to be a comprehensive auditing procedures manual but is instead a guide to
assist users in understanding terminology, policies, procedures and audit techniques, and sources for
applicable Federal Regulations. This guide provides only general guidance and is not meant to, and
cannot, supersede either the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) or any related laws or regulations.
2
Users should be aware that the FAR Cost Principles change frequently; accordingly, please review the
1
See “Oversight of Design and Engineering Firms’ Indirect Costs Claimed on Federal-Aid Grants” (Report Number:
ZA-2009-033), issued February 5, 2009.
2
Although use of this guide is not required by Federal law or regulation, most State DOTs expect engineering
consultants, external CPAs, and other involved parties to comply with the minimum procedures and techniques
illustrated and discussed herein. As recommended by the FHWA, most State DOTs have adopted risk assessment
procedures to help determine engineering consultants’ compliance with FAR Part 31 and related laws and
regulations. Consistency with this guide may be a key factor in assessing risk, and departures from the procedures
recommended herein, lacking adequate justification, may lead to additional scrutiny by a reviewing State DOT.
Accordingly, engineering consultants are strongly encouraged to adopt the uniform reporting procedures illustrated
herein, including, but not limited to, labor charging practices, cost accumulation and reporting processes, and the
format and content of indirect cost schedules (including the recommended standard disclosures). Engineering
consultants should contact their respective cognizant State DOTs for further details and clarifications regarding risk
assessment and application of this guide.
T
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) vii
applicable FAR version in conjunction with this guide. Likewise, illustrations and sample reports
included in the guide used various sources and information current at the time it was published. Due to
periodic changes in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), Generally Accepted Auditing
Standards (GAAS), and Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS or the “Yellow Book”), users should
refer to the more current guidance/standards and modify the sample reports accordingly.
Note:PleaseseetheAASHTOwebsiteforcontactinformationforallStatetransportationagencies.
An electronic version of this guide is available on the AASHTO home page: www.transportation.org.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1—ORGANIZATION OF THIS GUIDE AND DEFINED TERMS ....................................... 1
1.1—ORGANIZATION OF THIS GUIDE ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2—GENERAL TERMS ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.3—OTHER DEFINED TERMS .................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2—ADEQUACY OF ACCOUNTING RECORDS ................................................................ 11
2.1—INDIRECT COST RATE SCHEDULE .................................................................................................. 11
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 11
B. Facilities Capital Cost of Money and Other Items .................................................................. 12
C. Disclosure of Field Office Rates ............................................................................................. 12
D. Accounting Period: Application of Submitted Indirect Cost Rates ......................................... 13
2.2—UNALLOWABLE COSTS .................................................................................................................. 13
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 13
B. Directly Associated Costs ........................................................................................................ 13
2.3—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 14
2.4—MANAGEMENT REPRESENTATIONS ................................................................................................ 14
2.5—MANAGEMENT AND CPA’S ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................................... 14
A. Management Responsibilities .................................................................................................. 14
B. The CPA Auditor’s Responsibilities ....................................................................................... 15
1. Generally ............................................................................................................................ 15
2. The CPA’s Responsibilities for Fraud Detection ............................................................... 16
C. Selection of CPA Firm as Overhead Auditor .......................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 3—STANDARDS FOR ATTESTATIONS AND AUDITS .................................................. 19
3.1—BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 19
3.2—ENGAGEMENT TYPES ..................................................................................................................... 19
A. Review of Indirect Cost Rates for Costs Incurred ................................................................... 19
B. Indirect Cost Rate (Forward Pricing) Review ......................................................................... 20
C. Contract Pre-Award Review .................................................................................................... 20
D. Contract Cost Review.............................................................................................................. 20
3.3—AUDITING STANDARDS .................................................................................................................. 20
A. Government Auditing Standards (“Yellow Book” or “GAGAS” Standards) ......................... 20
B. GAGAS Engagement Types .................................................................................................... 21
1. Financial Audits ................................................................................................................. 21
2. Attestation Engagements .................................................................................................... 21
3. Performance Audits ............................................................................................................ 21
3.4—OPINION ON INTERNAL CONTROL .................................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER 4—COST PRINCIPLES ......................................................................................................... 23
4.1—OVERVIEW OF FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION, PART 31 ...................................................... 23
4.2—ALLOWABILITY, INCLUDING REASONABLENESS ............................................................................ 24
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 24
B. Requirements of FAR 31.201-2 and FAR 31.201-3 ................................................................ 24
C. Methodologies for Applying FAR 31.201-3 ........................................................................... 25
1. Using Quantitative Analysis to Determine Ordinary Cost ................................................. 25
2. Determining Reasonableness: Common Cost Categories .................................................. 25
4.3—ALLOCABILITY .............................................................................................................................. 25
4.4—UNALLOWABLE COSTS .................................................................................................................. 26
4.5—DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS ....................................................................................................... 26
4.6—APPLICABILITY OF COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ..................................................................... 26
4.7—ALLOCATION BASES FOR INDIRECT COSTS .................................................................................... 27
CONTENTS
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) ix
CHAPTER 5—COST ACCOUNTING ..................................................................................................... 29
5.1—ALLOCATION BASES, GENERALLY ................................................................................................. 29
A. Direct Labor Cost .................................................................................................................... 29
B. Direct Labor Hours .................................................................................................................. 29
C. Total Labor Hours (Total Hours Worked)............................................................................... 29
D. Total Cost Input ....................................................................................................................... 29
E. Total Cost Value Added .......................................................................................................... 29
F. Consumption/Usage ................................................................................................................. 29
5.2—ACCOUNTING FOR UNALLOWABLE COSTS IN ALLOCATION BASES ................................................ 30
5.3—COST CENTERS .............................................................................................................................. 30
A. Functional Cost Centers .......................................................................................................... 31
B. Subsidiaries, Affiliates, Divisions, and Geographic Locations ............................................... 31
5.4—ALLOCATED COSTS ....................................................................................................................... 31
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 31
B. Fringe Benefits ........................................................................................................................ 31
C. Overhead ................................................................................................................................. 31
D. General and Administrative (G&A) ........................................................................................ 31
E. Internally-Allocated Costs (Company-Owned Assets) ............................................................ 32
1. Computer/CADD Costs ...................................................................................................... 32
2. Fleet or Company Vehicles ................................................................................................ 32
3. Equipment .......................................................................................................................... 32
4. Printing/Copying/Plan Reproduction ................................................................................. 32
F. Internal Labor Costs ................................................................................................................. 32
1. Direct Labor ....................................................................................................................... 32
2. Uncompensated Overtime for Salaried Employees ............................................................ 33
3. Overtime Premium ............................................................................................................. 35
4. Other Considerations Regarding Internal Labor Costs....................................................... 35
5. Potential Areas of Risk Regarding Internal Labor ............................................................. 36
6. Sole Proprietors’ and Partners’ Salaries ............................................................................. 36
G. Contract Labor/ Purchased Labor ........................................................................................... 36
5.5—OTHER DIRECT COSTS-OUTSIDE VENDORS/EMPLOYEE EXPENSE REPORTS .................................. 37
5.6—FIELD OFFICE RATES ..................................................................................................................... 37
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 37
B. Types of Field Offices ............................................................................................................. 38
C. Cost Accounting Considerations ............................................................................................. 38
1. Field Office Direct Labor ................................................................................................... 38
2. Field Office Indirect Costs ................................................................................................. 38
3. Other Considerations Regarding Indirect Cost Allocations ............................................... 39
CHAPTER 6—LABOR-CHARGING SYSTEMS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ......................... 45
6.1—BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 45
6.2—LABOR COSTS, GENERALLY .......................................................................................................... 45
6.3—ALLOWABILITY AND REASONABLENESS OF INDIRECT LABOR ....................................................... 45
A. Bid and Proposal Costs (B&P) ................................................................................................ 46
1. Definition ........................................................................................................................... 46
2. Identification and Accumulation of B&P ........................................................................... 46
3. Efforts Sponsored by Grant or Required by Contract ........................................................ 46
B. Selling Effort and Activities .................................................................................................... 47
1. Direct Selling ...................................................................................................................... 47
2. Brokerage Fees, Commissions, and Similar Costs ............................................................. 47
3. Other Cost Principles Related to Selling Efforts ................................................................ 47
4. Recordkeeping Requirements ............................................................................................. 48
CONTENTS
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) x
6.4—DCAA ACCOUNTING GUIDE ......................................................................................................... 48
A. Accounting System Internal Control ....................................................................................... 48
B. Labor Charging System Internal Control ................................................................................ 49
1. Generally ............................................................................................................................ 49
2. Timecard Preparation ......................................................................................................... 49
3. Timekeeping Policy ............................................................................................................ 50
6.5—COMPLIANCE AND REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 51
CHAPTER 7—COMPENSATION............................................................................................................ 53
7.1—GENERAL PRINCIPLES .................................................................................................................... 53
7.2—ALLOWABILITY OF COMPENSATION .............................................................................................. 53
7.3—REASONABLENESS OF COMPENSATION .......................................................................................... 54
7.4—STATUTORY COMPENSATION LIMIT: THE BENCHMARK COMPENSATION AMOUNT (BCA) ............ 55
7.5—DETERMINING THE REASONABLENESS OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ......................................... 55
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 55
B. Procedures for Determining Reasonableness .......................................................................... 56
C. Performing a Compensation Analysis in Compliance with FAR 31.205-6, Techplan, and
Information Systems ..................................................................................................................... 56
7.6—CRITERIA FOR DEMONSTRATING SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE .......................................................... 58
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 58
B. Procedure for Establishing Compensation Amounts in Excess of Survey Medians ............... 59
7.7—STATE DOT OVERSIGHT: REVIEW OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ............................................... 60
A. Reviewing the Engineering Consultant’s Compensation Analysis ......................................... 60
B. Using the National Compensation Matrix (NCM) to Evaluate Executive Compensation ...... 60
7.8—EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION—REQUIRED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION ................................... 61
7.9—ADDITIONAL PROCEDURES—RELATED PARTIES ........................................................................... 61
7.10—SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FOR CLOSELY-HELD FIRMS ................................................................ 62
7.11—BONUS AND INCENTIVE PAY PLANS ............................................................................................ 63
A. Bonus Plans ............................................................................................................................. 63
B. Profit-Distribution Plans .......................................................................................................... 63
C. Documentation of Bonus and Profit-Distribution Plans .......................................................... 63
7.12—FRINGE BENEFITS ........................................................................................................................ 64
A. Deferred Compensation, Generally ......................................................................................... 64
B. Pension Plans ........................................................................................................................... 64
C. Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) ............................................................................ 65
D. Severance Pay ......................................................................................................................... 66
7.13—SUPPLEMENTAL BENEFITS ........................................................................................................... 67
A. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs) ............................................................... 67
B. Long-Term Incentive (LTI) Plans ........................................................................................... 67
C. Executive Severance ................................................................................................................ 67
D. Golden Parachutes ................................................................................................................... 67
E. Golden Handcuffs .................................................................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 8—SELECTED AREAS OF COST........................................................................................ 69
8.1—BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 69
A. Directly-Associated Costs ....................................................................................................... 69
B. Burden of Proof ....................................................................................................................... 69
C. Determining Reasonableness ................................................................................................... 70
D. Direct Costs ............................................................................................................................. 70
8.2—ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC RELATIONS ......................................................................................... 70
A. Advertising Costs .................................................................................................................... 70
B. Trade Show Expenses and Labor ............................................................................................ 70
C. Public Relations Costs ............................................................................................................. 71
D. Bad Debts and Collection Costs .............................................................................................. 71
8.3—COMPENSATION ............................................................................................................................. 71
CONTENTS
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) xi
8.4—PERSONAL USE OF COMPANY VEHICLES ....................................................................................... 71
8.5—CONTRIBUTIONS OR DONATIONS ................................................................................................... 71
8.6—FACILITIES CAPITAL COST OF MONEY (FCCM) ............................................................................ 72
8.7—DEPRECIATION .............................................................................................................................. 72
A. Depreciation Expense Presented Is Same for Both Financial and Income Tax Purposes ....... 73
B. Depreciation Expense Presented for Financial Purposes Differs from Income Tax Purposes ............... 73
8.8—EMPLOYEE MORALE, HEALTH, AND WELFARE .............................................................................. 73
8.9—ENTERTAINMENT ........................................................................................................................... 74
8.10—FINES AND PENALTIES ................................................................................................................. 74
8.11—GAINS AND LOSSES ON DEPRECIABLE PROPERTY ........................................................................ 74
8.12—IDLE FACILITIES AND IDLE CAPACITY COSTS .............................................................................. 75
8.13—BID AND PROPOSAL COSTS .......................................................................................................... 75
8.14—PRECONTRACT COSTS .................................................................................................................. 75
8.15—INSURANCE .................................................................................................................................. 76
A. Insurance on Lives of Key Personnel ...................................................................................... 76
B. Professional Liability Insurance .............................................................................................. 76
C. Losses and Insurance Deductibles ........................................................................................... 76
D. Self Insurance .......................................................................................................................... 76
8.16—INTEREST COSTS .......................................................................................................................... 77
8.17—LOBBYING COSTS ........................................................................................................................ 77
8.18—LOSSES ON OTHER CONTRACTS ................................................................................................... 77
8.19—ORGANIZATION AND REORGANIZATION COSTS ........................................................................... 77
8.20—PATENT COSTS ............................................................................................................................ 77
8.21—RETAINER AGREEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 77
8.22—RELOCATION COSTS .................................................................................................................... 78
8.23—RENT/LEASE ................................................................................................................................ 79
A. Capital Leases ......................................................................................................................... 79
B. Common Control and Cost of Ownership ............................................................................... 79
8.24—SELLING COSTS ........................................................................................................................... 80
8.25—TAXES ......................................................................................................................................... 81
8.26 —TRAVEL EXPENSES ..................................................................................................................... 81
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 81
B. Substantiation of Travel Costs ................................................................................................. 82
C. Aircraft Costs .......................................................................................................................... 82
D. Vehicle Costs .......................................................................................................................... 82
8.27—LEGAL COSTS .............................................................................................................................. 82
8.28—GOODWILL AND BUSINESS COMBINATION COSTS ........................................................................ 82
8.29—ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ............................................................................................................. 83
8.30—LISTING OF COMMON UNALLOWABLE COSTS .............................................................................. 83
CHAPTER 9 – GENERAL AUDIT CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................... 85
9.1—BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 85
9.2—COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................... 85
9.3—INTERNAL CONTROL ...................................................................................................................... 86
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 86
B. COSO Internal Control Framework ........................................................................................ 86
1. Control Environment .......................................................................................................... 86
2. Risk Assessment ................................................................................................................. 86
3. Control Activities ............................................................................................................... 87
4. Information and Communication ....................................................................................... 87
5. Monitoring .......................................................................................................................... 87
9.4—ESTIMATING AND PROPOSAL SYSTEMS .......................................................................................... 87
9.5—COST ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................ 87
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 87
B. Labor Tracking ........................................................................................................................ 87
C. Other Considerations ............................................................................................................... 88
CONTENTS
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) xii
9.6—UNDERSTANDING THE ENGINEERING CONSULTANT’S BUSINESS ................................................... 88
A. Risk Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 88
B. Types of Audit Risk ................................................................................................................ 88
9.7—OTHER AUDITS AS A RESOURCE .................................................................................................... 89
9.8—COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS ................................................................ 89
9.9—AUDIT RISK AND MATERIALITY .................................................................................................... 89
A. Audit Risk ............................................................................................................................... 89
B. Materiality ............................................................................................................................... 90
9.10—TYPE AND VOLUME OF CONTRACTS ............................................................................................ 90
CHAPTER 10—GUIDANCE FOR DEVELOPING AUDIT PROCEDURES ......................................... 93
10.1—PLANNING AND GENERAL PROCEDURES ...................................................................................... 93
10.2—AUDIT SAMPLING ........................................................................................................................ 95
A. Audit Objectives and Sampling Methods ................................................................................ 95
B. Sampling for Attributes and Sampling for Variables .............................................................. 96
C. Determining Sample Size ........................................................................................................ 97
10.3—TESTING LABOR COSTS ............................................................................................................... 98
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 98
B. Recommended Testing Procedures ......................................................................................... 98
10.4—TESTING INDIRECT COSTS ........................................................................................................... 99
A. Generally ................................................................................................................................. 99
B. Baseline for Determining Risk .............................................................................................. 100
10.5—ALLOCATED COSTS ................................................................................................................... 101
10.6—OTHER DIRECT COSTS (ODCS) ................................................................................................. 102
10.7—FAILURE TO MEET MINIMUM AUDIT PROCEDURES.................................................................... 102
CHAPTER 11—AUDIT REPORTS AND MINIMUM DISCLOSURES .............................................. 105
11.1—GENERALLY .............................................................................................................................. 105
11.2—SAMPLE AUDIT REPORT ON INDIRECT COST RATE SCHEDULE .................................................... 105
11.3 – SAMPLE REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE .................................................... 108
11.4—MINIMUM AUDIT REPORT DISCLOSURES ................................................................................... 109
A. Description of the Company ................................................................................................. 109
B. Basis of Accounting .............................................................................................................. 109
C. Description of Accounting Policies ....................................................................................... 109
D. Description of Overhead Rate Structure ............................................................................... 109
E. Description of Labor-Related Costs ...................................................................................... 110
F. Description of Depreciation and Leasing Policies ................................................................. 111
G. Description of Related-Party Transactions ............................................................................ 111
H. Facilities Capital Cost of Money (FCCM) ............................................................................ 112
I. List of Other Direct Cost Accounts and Charge Rates ........................................................... 112
J. Management’s Evaluation of Subsequent Events ................................................................... 112
CHAPTER 12—COGNIZANCE AND OVERSIGHT ............................................................................ 113
12.1—NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM DESIGNATION ACT SECTION 307 ............................................... 113
12.2—SECTION 174 OF THE 2006 TRANSPORTATION APPROPRIATIONS ACT ....................................... 114
12.3—WHAT IS A COGNIZANT AGENCY? ............................................................................................. 114
12.4—HOW IS A COGNIZANT APPROVED INDIRECT COST RATE ESTABLISHED? .................................. 115
12.5—GUIDELINES FOR REVIEWING CPA INDIRECT COST AUDITS ...................................................... 115
12.6—ATTESTATIONS ENGAGEMENTS ................................................................................................. 115
12.7—RISK ANALYSIS: ACCEPTING OVERHEAD RATES WITHOUT A WORKPAPER REVIEW ................. 115
12.8—FHWA GUIDANCE: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS REGARDING COGNIZANCE .............................. 116
CONTENTS
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) xiii
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates
APPENDIX B: Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers
APPENDIX C: Keyword Index to Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31
APPENDIX D: Listing of Resource Materials
APPENDIX E: Sample Management Representation Letters
APPENDIX F: FHWA ORDER 4470.1A (Cost Certification)
CONTENTS
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) xiv
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 1 | Page
Chapter 1—Organization of this Guide and Defined Terms
1.1—Organization of This Guide
This Uniform Auditing and Accounting Guide is organized in chapters. Chapters are subdivided into
sections, subsections, and paragraphs. For the sake of brevity, internal references to this guide most
commonly follow the “short reference” format as illustrated in the following examples:
Short Reference
Full Reference
Section 2.4 Chapter 2, section 4
Section 3.2.D Chapter 3, section 2, subsection D
Section 5.6.A.2 Chapter 5, section 6, subsection A, paragraph 2
1.2—General Terms
In this guide, words not defined shall be given their plain meaning. The following defined words and
terms are used throughout this guide—
“AASHTO” refers to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
The terms “A/E firm,” “engineering consultant,” “consultant,” “contractor,” or “firm” refer to
Architectural and Engineering design companies that perform work on Government contracts.
“AICPA” refers to the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the national,
professional organization for all Certified Public Accountants.
The terms “the CPA auditor,” or “the CPA” refer to independent CPA firms that perform audits,
reviews, or other types of attestation engagements for A/E firms.
The “Code of Federal Regulations” (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules
published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal
Government. The CFR is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to Federal
regulation. 48 CFR Chapter 12 sets forth the general guidelines used by State DOTs.
The “Cost Accounting Standards,” or “CAS,” are issued by the Cost Accounting Standards Board
(CASB), a section of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy within the U.S. Office of
Management and Budget. The CASB has the exclusive authority to issue and amend cost
accounting standards and interpretations designed to achieve uniformity and consistency in the cost
accounting practices governing the measurement, assignment, and allocation of costs to contracts
that involve Federal funds. The CAS are codified at 48 CFR Chapter 99. Certain CAS provisions
are incorporated into FAR Part 31 and therefore apply to most Federal-aid highway program
(FAHP) projects, while other provisions apply only to large contracts.
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The “DCAA Contract Audit Manual” (CAM or DCAA Manual 7640.1) is an official publication of
the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA). The CAM prescribes auditing policies and
procedures and furnishes guidance in auditing techniques for personnel engaged in performing
audits in compliance with FAR Part 31 and related laws and regulations. The CAM is published
semiannually by the DCAA.
The “Federal Acquisition Regulation, Part 31” (FAR). The FAR is codified at 48 CFR Part 31. The
FAR is the primary regulation governing the acquisition of supplies and services with Federal
funds. 48 CFR Part 31 sets the criteria for determining costs eligible for reimbursement on
Federally- funded agreements and may be used to determine allowable costs for contracts funded
solely by State funds.
“FAR-Compliant Audit” refers to a formal audit or examination of the indirect cost rate schedule
and associated notes, to obtain reasonable assurance that the costs presented in the schedule
substantially comply with the Cost Principles of FAR Subpart 31.2. When performing FAR-
compliant audits, auditors must apply the standards applicable to financial audits or examination-
level attestation engagements as contained in the Government Auditing Standards issued by the
Comptroller General of the United States.
The “Federal Travel Regulation” (FTR) is contained in 41 CFR Chapters 300 through 304. The
FTR implements policies for travel by Federal civilian employees and others authorized to travel at
the Federal Government’s expense. The FAR incorporates certain FTR provisions for use in
determining the allowability of contract costs incurred by engineering consultants.
“GAAP” refers to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, a widely accepted set of rules,
conventions, standards, and procedures for reporting financial information, as established by the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
“Generally Accepted Auditing Standards” (GAAS) are published by the American Institute of
Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). GAAS apply to financial statement audits and contain
guidance regarding auditors’ professional qualifications, the quality of audit effort, and the
characteristics of professional and meaningful audit reports.
The “Government Auditing Standards,” also known as “Generally Accepted Government Auditing
Standards” (GAGAS) or “Yellow Book” standards, are issued by the U.S. Government
Accountability Office (GAO).
3
GAGAS prescribe general procedures and professional standards
that examiners must apply when performing audits or attestation engagements of firms that conduct
business with governmental entities. GAGAS standards also incorporate the Generally Accepted
Auditing Standards specific to financial-related audits.
“Indirect cost rate schedule” refers to the primary document used by engineering consultants to
compute indirect cost rates (overhead rates) used for billings on Government projects. An indirect
cost rate schedule is based on amounts obtained from the engineering consultant’s general ledger
(after the adjusting entries have been posted to the accounts), as well as from amounts in the
engineering consultant’s cost accounting system. This schedule must be in agreement with, or must
be reconciled to, amounts from the engineering consultant’s general ledger or post-closing trial
balance. An indirect cost rate schedule also is commonly referred as an “overhead schedule,”
“schedule of indirect costs” or “Statement of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General
Overhead.”
“Management” refers to A/E firm owners, officers, and/or others responsible for the formulation
and execution of the firm’s policies and procedures, including, but not limited to, internal controls,
personnel policies, compensation policies, and labor-charging practices.
“Overhead” or “indirect cost” refers to any cost that is not directly identified with a single final cost
objective, but is identified with two or more final cost objectives or with at least one intermediate
cost objective. Engineering consultants charge their indirect costs by applying an overhead rate to
an allocation base (e.g., direct labor cost).
3
Government Auditing Standards, GAO-12-331G (Washington, D.C.: December 2011 Revision).
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“Overhead rate” or “indirect cost rate” refer to a factor/ratio computed by adding together all of a
firm’s costs that cannot be associated with a single cost objective (e.g., general and administrative
costs and fringe benefit costs), then dividing by a base value (usually direct labor cost) to determine
a rate. This rate is applied to direct labor, as incurred on projects, to allow a firm to recover the
appropriate share of indirect costs allowable per the terms of specific agreements. In this guide, the
terms “indirect cost rate” and “overhead rate” are used synonymously.
“State DOT” or “DOT” refers to a State department of transportation or other State transportation
agency.
“Statements on Auditing Standards” or “SASs” are interpretations of U.S. Generally Accepted
Auditing Standards as issued by the Auditing Standards Board (ASB), the senior technical
committee of the AICPA designated to issue auditing, attestation, and quality control standards and
guidance.
1.3—Other Defined Terms
Actual Costs
Amounts determined based on costs incurred. Actual costs are supported by original source
documentation, such as invoices, receipts, and cancelled checks. Actual costs generally are not
determined based on forecasts or historical averages.
Actual Cost Agreement
Costs reimbursed under an Actual Cost Agreement are limited to the specified criteria (actual allowable
costs) described in the agreement. These limitations are based on the Cost Principles found in FAR
Subpart 31.2 and may include additional restrictions mandated by the laws of specific State DOTs. Direct
and indirect costs billed against Actual Cost Agreements must exclude all unallowable costs, including
certain costs that may be fully or partially deductible for the purpose of computing income taxes (e.g.,
interest, entertainment, and bad debts).
Advance Agreement
Contract language that specifies the treatment of special or unusual costs. For example, the use of
statistical sampling methods for identifying and segregating unallowable costs should be the subject of an
advance agreement under the provisions of FAR 31.109 between the engineering consultant and the
cognizant audit agency. The advance agreement should specify the basic characteristics of the sampling
process. FAR 31.109 provides that advance agreements must be “in writing, executed by both the
contracting parties, and incorporated into applicable current and future contracts. An advance agreement
shall contain a statement of its applicability and duration.”
Agreement
A contract between a State DOT and an A/E firm. An Agreement is a binding, legal document that
identifies the deliverable goods/services to be provided, under what conditions, and the method of
reimbursement for such goods/services. An Agreement may include both Federal and State requirements
that must be met by the State DOT and the engineering consultant. Agreements usually indicate start and
finish dates, record retention requirements, and other pertinent information relative to the work to be
performed.
All-Inclusive Hourly Rate Agreement
A contract using a provisional hourly billing rate based on a firm’s estimated direct labor and overhead
costs, plus a negotiated profit margin. Generally, provisional hourly rates are temporary and are adjusted
during the audit process. Negotiated hourly rates may be used for the life of an Agreement or instead may
be adjusted periodically based on the provisions of the agreement.
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Allocable Cost
FAR 31.201-4 provides that a cost is allocable to a Government contract if the cost—
(a) Is incurred specifically for the contract;
(b) Benefits both the contract and other work, and can be distributed to them in
reasonable proportion to the benefits received; or
(c) Is necessary to the overall operation of the business, although a direct relationship to
any particular cost objective cannot be shown.
Allowable Cost
Depending on the nature of specific cost items, allowable costs may either be billed directly to contracts
or included as overhead costs; however, FAR 31.201-2 provides that a cost is an allowable charge to a
Government contract only if the cost is—
reasonable in amount,
allocable to Government contracts,
compliant with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and standards promulgated by the
Cost Accounting Standards Board (when applicable),
compliant with the terms of the contract, and
not prohibited by any of the FAR Subpart 31.2 cost principles.
Audit
A formal examination, in accordance with professional standards, of accounting systems, incurred cost
records, and other cost presentations to verify their reasonableness, allowability, and allocability for
negotiating agreement fees and for determining allowable costs to be charged to Government contracts.
Audits include an evaluation of an engineering consultant’s policies, procedures, controls, and actual
performance. Audit objectives include the identification and evaluation of all activities that contribute to,
or have an impact on, proposed or incurred costs related to Government contracts.
Audit Cycle
The series of steps that auditors perform in completing an audit engagement. The procedures performed
may vary somewhat, but the Audit Cycle generally includes audit planning, review of the auditee’s
permanent file, preliminary analytical review, audit fieldwork (including entrance and exit conferences),
submittal of the draft audit report to the auditee for review and comment, and the issuance of the final
audit report.
Audit Resolution Process
The process that State DOTs and the auditee engage in to resolve audit findings. This process may
include the negotiation of a settlement and/or may involve legal counsel and court procedures.
Audit Trail
A record of transactions in an accounting system that provides verification of the activity of the system.
A complete audit trail allows auditors to trace transactions in a firm’s accounting records from original
source documents into subsidiary ledgers through the general ledger and into general-purpose financial
statements and billings/invoices prepared and submitted by the engineering consultant.
Billing Rates (Hourly Labor Rates)
Generally refers to the hourly labor rates invoiced by an engineering consultant for work performed on
an agreement. For a cost plus fixed fee agreement (the most common type of agreement), billing rates are
determined based on employees’ actual payroll rates. By contrast, for an all-inclusive hourly rate
agreement, billing rates are determined based on actual payroll rates with additional amounts included for
overhead and net fee (profit).
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Contracting Officer
A position title used in FAR Part 31 to identify a person with the authority to bind a State or Federal
agency to a contract. Within State DOTs, contracting officers are the individuals who enter into,
administer, and/or terminate contracts and make related determinations and findings. In State DOTs,
auditors generally act at the request of, and on behalf of, contracting officers.
Corporation
A business structure where stock is issued and sold to shareholders. A corporation typically has a
president, numerous vice presidents, a chief financial officer and/or treasurer, and a secretary. Corporate
employees usually are paid based on an hourly wage rate or annual salary. The liability of individual
stockholders (owners) is limited to their investments in the corporation’s stock.
Depending on how a corporation is formed, it will be taxed under either Subchapter C or Subchapter S of
Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code. A C-Corporation is taxed on its income at the corporate level,
and stockholders pay a second layer of tax on the dividends they receive from the corporation. By
contrast, S-Corporations are not taxed at the corporate level; instead, the S-Corporation’s income or
losses are passed through to its shareholders, who then report the income or loss on their individual tax
returns.
Cost Center
A non-revenue-producing element of a business organization. Cost centers are used to accumulate and
segregate costs.
Cost Objective
An agreement/contract, function or organizational subdivision, or other work unit for which the costs of
processes, products, jobs, or projects are accumulated and measured. An “intermediate cost objective” is
a cost objective used to accumulate costs that are subsequently allocated to one or more indirect cost
pools and/or final cost objectives.
Cognizant Audit
This concept was developed to assign primary responsibility for an audit to a single entity (the “cognizant
agency”) to avoid the duplication of audit work performed in accordance with Government Auditing
Standards to obtain reasonable assurance that claimed costs are accordance with the FAR Subpart 31.2
cost principles. Such audit work may be performed by home-State auditors, a Federal audit agency, a
CPA firm, or a non-home State auditor designated by the home-State auditor.
Common Control
Exists in related-party transactions when business is conducted at less than arm’s length between
businesses and/or persons that have a family or business relationship. Examples are transactions between
family members, transactions between subsidiaries of the same parent company, or transactions between
companies owned by the same person or persons. Common control exists when a related party has
effective control over the operating and financial policies of the related entity. Effective control may exist
even if the related party owns less than 50 percent of the related entity. (For further discussion, see
Section 8.23.B and Section 11.4.G.1, Example 11-8.)
Cost Plus Fixed Fee Agreement
An agreement in which all the cost factors, except the fixed fee, are based on the engineering consultant’s
actual allowable costs. The fixed fee is a specific, predetermined amount, as identified in the agreement.
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Facilities Capital Cost of Money (FCCM)
Although interest costs associated with the financing of capital are unallowable, some costs associated
with the engineering consultant’s investment in fixed assets are allowable. Specifically, Facilities Capital
Cost of Money (FCCM) is an imputed cost determined by applying a charge rate to the engineering
consultant’s fixed assets used in contract performance. FCCM is not required to be recorded in the
engineering consultant’s formal accounting records; instead, FCCM is computed as a charge rate based
on the following factors:
The average annual net book value of the engineering consultant’s investments in the fixed assets
used for allowable business activities (in accordance with the cost principles of FAR Subpart
31.2),
The prorated average Prompt Payment Act Interest Rate
4
determined by the U.S. Secretary of the
Treasury for the accounting period in question, and
The engineering consultant’s direct labor base used to determine overhead rates.
(See Section 8.6 for further discussion regarding FCCM.)
Cost Principles of FAR Subpart 31.2
These principles establish the framework for determining allowable and unallowable charges against
Federal-aid highway program (FAHP) contracts. FAR Subpart 31.2 lists expressly unallowable costs and
establishes criteria for determining the allocability and reasonableness of cost items.
Directly Associated Cost
Refers to a cost generated solely as a result of the incurrence of another cost, and which would not have
been incurred had the other cost not also been incurred (see FAR 31.001 and FAR 31.201-6(a)). If a cost
is determined to be unallowable, then its directly associated costs also must be disallowed.
Direct Cost
Any cost that is identified specifically with a particular final cost objective. Direct costs are not limited to
items that are incorporated in the end product as material or labor. Costs identified specifically with a
contract are direct costs of that contract. All costs identified specifically with other final cost objectives
of the contractor are direct costs of those cost objectives.
Direct costs include labor, materials, and reimbursable expenses incurred specifically for an agreement.
All direct labor costs allocable to design and engineering contracts (regardless of the contract type, e.g.,
lump-sum versus actual cost) must be included in the direct labor base regardless of whether the costs are
billable to a client.
Entrance Conference
A meeting between the auditor and the auditee during which the purpose and scope of the audit are
discussed.
Exit Conference
A meeting held after the completion of audit field work. The exit conference generally focuses on a
discussion of the preliminary audit findings, which are subject to change based on further audit testing,
supervisory review, and additional information submitted by the auditee.
Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP) Contracts
Refers to agreements for the acquisition of supplies and services that are partially- or fully-funded from
Federal sources. “Government contracts” is a more encompassing term, as it includes FAHP contracts
and all other contracts with governmental entities, including contracts that are fully funded by State or
municipal governments.
4
Current Treasury rates are available at: http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/rates/tcir/tcir_opdprmt2.htm.
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Field Office
A field office is a facility that the engineering consultant specifically establishes, or has furnished to it, at
or near the project site. The field office must be used exclusively for project purposes. The use of a field
office allows for the computation of a field office overhead rate, which is designed to reimburse the
engineering consultant for the fringe benefits of the field personnel and associated home office support.
Field offices may exist in several forms. For example, an engineering consultant’s employees may work
for a period of time in an on-site office maintained by a State DOT. Since the engineering consultant’s
employees do not work out of their own offices and do not receive office support in their daily activities,
the hours billed for these employees may not qualify for the engineering consultant’s full overhead rate.
Instead, a field rate may need to be established to allocate a reasonable portion of the engineering
consultant’s indirect costs to a field office.
Financial Statements
Financial statements are formal records that summarize a firm’s business activities. Financial statements
usually are compiled on a quarterly and annual basis. In this guide, the term “General Purpose Financial
Statements” is used to refer to the basic financial statements, which include an Income Statement,
Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows. This guide also makes reference to an indirect cost rate
schedule, which is a Special Purpose Financial Statement used to report specific financial information to
governmental agencies such as State Departments of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Defense.
Finding (Audit Finding)
An audit finding may result from an engineering consultant’s deficiencies in internal control, fraud,
illegal acts, the violation of contract or grant provisions, and/or abuse. When auditors identify
deficiencies, they should plan and perform procedures to develop the elements of the findings that are
relevant and necessary to achieve the audit objectives. In accordance with GAGAS, when documenting a
finding, the auditor should include the condition, criteria, cause, effect, and a recommendation for
correction. See GAGAS Chapters 4.10 to 4.14 for more details. Attestation engagements are discussed in
GAGAS Chapters 5.11 to 5.15.
General and Administrative (G&A) Expenses
Costs of operating a company that are incurred by, or allocated to, a business unit and are not directly
linked to the company’s products or services.
Interim Audit
An audit conducted during the life of an agreement and designed to determine the actual allowable costs
as of the audit date, including costs billed by the prime engineering consultant and any subconsultants.
During an interim audit, auditors typically adjust the engineering consultant’s billed costs (including
direct labor, overhead, and other direct costs) to the allowable costs actually incurred. Interim audits
generally involve the use of a standard audit program, although the procedures used may vary somewhat
depending on the agency performing the audit.
Internal Controls
Include the plan of organization and the methods and procedures adopted by management to ensure that
the firm’s goals and objectives are met; that resources are used consistent with laws, regulations, and
policies; that resources are safeguarded against waste, loss, and misuse; and that reliable data are
obtained, maintained, and fairly disclosed in reports.
Limited Liability Companies (LLCs) and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs)
Business entities in which the members (owners) generally are liable only to the extent of their invested
capital. LLCs and LLPs usually are taxed as partnerships (no taxation at the corporate level); although
some LLCs elect to be taxed like C-Corporations (taxation applies at the corporate level, before the
distribution of dividends).
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Lump Sum (Fixed Price) Agreement
An agreement in which the method of payment for delivered goods and/or services is a fixed amount that
includes salaries, overhead, and profit. Once the lump-sum amount is determined, the goods and/or
services must be provided regardless of the engineering consultant’s actual costs. No adjustments are
permitted to compensate the engineering consultant for costs in excess of the contract’s fixed amount
unless there is a significant change in the scope of work that results in an approved change order.
Negotiated Hourly Rate Agreement
An agreement in which hourly billing rates (including labor, overhead, and net fee) are negotiated in
advance and are listed for a period of one year or more.
Overtime Compensation
Generally, this is compensation paid to employees who work more than 40 hours per week or 80 hours in
a pay period. Overtime pay rates may be based on employees’ normal hourly rates or may include
“premium overtime” such as time and a half or double time. In accordance with the Fair Labor Standards
Act (FLSA), premium overtime pay generally is required for hourly workers but is optional for certain
salaried employees (exempt employees).
Partnership
A business with two or more co-owners, who may or may not have established salaries. Generally,
partners are jointly responsible for the firm’s debts and other liabilities, and this liability exposure is not
limited to the partners’ individual investments in the firm. When establishing hourly pay rates that may
be billed to Government contracts, partners may be treated the same as sole proprietors.
Post Audit (Project Close-Out Audit)
An audit done after an engineering consultant completes all scheduled work on a project. The scope of a
post audit may include all costs billed to the project, including direct costs, overhead costs, and costs for
subconsultants. Post audits generally involve the use of a standard audit program, although the
procedures used may vary somewhat depending on the agency performing the audit.
Pre-Award Review
An examination conducted by, or on behalf of, a State DOT to verify financial information supplied by
an engineering consultant. The examination may involve a desk review performed at the audit office
and/or fieldwork at the engineering consultant’s place of business. Upon completion, the audit results are
provided to the State DOT contracting officer for use during contract negotiations.
Provisional Hourly Rate Agreement
An agreement in which hourly billing rates, including labor, overhead, and net fee, are negotiated in
advance but are subject to adjustment after actual labor and overhead costs are determined through an
audit.
Reasonable Cost
A cost is reasonable, if, in its nature and amount, it does not exceed that which would be incurred by a
prudent person in the conduct of competitive business. See Section 4.2 for additional discussion.
Sole Proprietorship
A business with only one owner. Sole proprietors commonly do not have established salaries, but instead
may rely on draws from the firm’s profits to obtain payment for their services.
Source Documents
Original documents that support the costs recorded in an engineering consultant’s accounting records,
including general and subsidiary ledgers. Source documents include, but are not limited to: time sheets,
payroll registers, invoices, hotel receipts, rental slips, gasoline tickets, cancelled checks, tax returns,
insurance policies, and minutes of corporate meetings.
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Task Assignment (Task Order) Agreement
An agreement that specifies a time period for performance but does not include a complete description of
all the work to be completed under the agreement. Tasks that require the engineering consultant’s
expertise are assigned as needed, and each task has its own maximum payable amount. The total amount
paid on all the tasks may not exceed the total amount of the agreement.
Total-Hour Accounting System
A total-hour accounting system records all hours worked by all employees, regardless of whether the
employees are exempt from overtime pay or whether all direct labor hours are billed to specific contracts.
All engineering consultants that receive compensation under actual cost agreements must maintain a
total-hour accounting system. See DCAAP 7641.90 Chapter 2-302.1(5) for details. DCAAP 7641.90 is
available at www.dcaa.mil/chap6.pdf.
Unallowable (Cost)
An item of cost that is ineligible for cost reimbursement. Unallowable costs must not be billed to
Government contracts either directly or through the application of an overhead rate. When an
unallowable cost is incurred, its directly associated costs also are unallowable.
Uncompensated Overtime
FAR 52.237-10 defines uncompensated overtime as “hours worked without additional compensation in
excess of an average of 40 hours per week by direct charge employees who are exempt from the Fair
Labor Standards Act. Compensated personal absences such as holidays, vacations, and sick leave must be
included in the normal work week for purposes of computing uncompensated overtime hours.”
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Chapter 2—Adequacy of Accounting Records
Management must maintain accurate financial information and must submit timely financial reports to
governmental agencies, including Federal agencies, State DOTs, and/or municipal entities. These
financial reports include general-purpose financial statements, indirect cost rate schedules, and other
schedules required to demonstrate an engineering consultant’s compliance with Federal procurement
regulations and State DOT laws. In most cases, special schedules and disclosures must be submitted to
State DOTs in addition to the annual general purpose financial statements prepared for stockholders,
lending institutions, and management.
Note:IncaseswhereaCPAperformsanengagementtodeterminetheengineeringconsultant’scompliancewith
thecostprinciplesofFARSubpart31.2,managementalsomustensurethatFederaland/orStateDOTauditors
havefullaccesstotheCPA’sworkpapers.
2.1—Indirect Cost Rate Schedule
[References: FAR 31.201-4, 31.203(f); CAS 401, 402, 403, and 405; 23 U.S.C. 112(D) and 23 CFR 172.7(b)]
A. Generally
An indirect cost rate schedule is the primary document used to show the calculation of indirect cost rates.
The schedule must be prepared based on actual costs recorded in the engineering consultant’s general
ledger (after adjusting entries have been posted to the accounts), as reconciled to the consultant’s cost
accounting system. Since an indirect cost rate generally is computed as the ratio of allowable indirect
costs to total allocable direct labor costs, the indirect cost rate schedule must identify direct labor cost as
a separate line item.
Note:Theindirectcostratescheduleshouldclearlydisplaytheunallowablecoststhathavebeenremovedfrom
thevariousaccounts(forsampleindirectcostrateschedules,seeTables5‐5,5‐6,&5‐7inSection5.6.C.3.).Ifthe
scheduleispresented“netofunallowablecosts,”thenthedetailsoftheunallowablecostsmustbedisclosedinthe
accompanyingnotes.Additionally,otherrelevantdisclosuresmustbeincludedintheindirectcostrateschedule,
otherfinancialstatements,andanyspecialschedulestoprovideadequateexplanatoryinformationaboutthe
financialdata,organizationalstructureofthefirm,andoperatingpolicies(seefurtherdiscussioninChapter11).
2
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The engineering consultant is responsible for presenting/proposing indirect cost rate(s), and the
consultant may choose to compute separate rates to reflect various segments of business activity. This is
permissible, but only if:
the cost pools and/or segments are identified properly,
costs are allocated consistently to the pools and/or segments,
no costs are duplicated in rates computed for other pools or segments, and
the rates are applied consistently for all projects, regardless of funding source, contract type, or
customer (e.g., Government versus commercial).
Additionally, engineering consultants are permitted to establish their own policies and procedures
regarding home and field office accounting, provided that the policies and procedures are compliant with
applicable cost principles. Per FAR 31.203(f): “Separate cost groupings for costs allocable to offsite
locations may be necessary to permit equitable distribution of costs on the basis of the benefits accruing
to the several cost objectives.” Once the engineering consultant develops a rate structure and cost
allocation methodology in compliance with applicable Cost Accounting Standards, costs must be applied
consistently and fairly to all contracts.
Note:Theauditorshouldissueasingle,FAR‐compliantauditreportthatreflectstheengineeringconsultant’srate
structureandcostaccountingpractices.Theauditorshouldnotissuemultipleauditreportsreflecting
adjustmentsbasedonvariousspecialStateDOTrequirements.Instead,StateDOTsthathaveseparatelaws
governingconsultantreimbursementsshouldworkdirectlywiththeengineeringconsultanttohandleanyspecial
adjustmentsrequiredtotheissuedFAR‐compliantaudit.
B. Facilities Capital Cost of Money and Other Items
Other items, such as the computation of Facilities Capital Cost of Money (FCCM), must be disclosed
separately in the notes to the indirect cost rate schedule. Although FCCM generally is computed as a rate
based on direct labor cost, FCCM should not be included as part of the overhead rate. FCCM is not
required, but if it is proposed, the engineering consultant should show the detailed computation of the
FCCM rate. (See Section 11.4 for further details regarding FCCM and other recommended minimum
audit report disclosures.)
C. Disclosure of Field Office Rates
The indirect cost rate schedule or accompanying notes should show the calculation of the overhead rate.
In some cases, multiple overhead rates will be shown, such as functional rates for segments of the
business or rates for separate subsidiaries. When a company uses Field Office (onsite) rates in addition to
Home Office (offsite) rates, costs and labor amounts for both rates should be displayed on the indirect
cost rate schedule. The rate structure and allocation methodology should be clearly explained in the
notes.
Engineering consultants are responsible for consistently estimating, accumulating, and reporting costs.
Accordingly, all projects should be subject to the same accounting procedures and processes.
Note:Engineeringconsultantsmustaccountforcostsappropriatelyandmustmaintainrecords,including
supportingdocumentation,adequatetodemonstratethatthecostsclaimedwereincurred,wereallocabletothe
contract,andcompliedwithapplicableFARcostprinciples.Supportingdocumentationincludes,butisnotlimited
to,travelexpensereports,hotelreceipts,cancelledchecks,timesheets,andusagelogs.
Contractingofficersmaydisallowallorpartofanycoststhatareinadequatelysupported.Additionally,whenan
engineeringconsultantusesaccountingpracticesthatarenotconsistentwithFARorCASrequirements,costs
resultingfromsuchpracticesmustbedisallowedtotheextentthatthesecostsexceedtheamountthatwould
haveresultedfromtheproperapplicationoftheFARandCAS.
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D. Accounting Period: Application of Submitted Indirect Cost Rates
In accordance with 23 U.S.C. 112(D) and 23 CFR 172.7(b), indirect cost rates generally are applicable
for a one-year period, and engineering consultants are required to update their indirect cost rates
annually. However, once an indirect cost rate has been established for a contract, the rate may be
extended beyond a one-year period, provided that all the contracting parties agree to the extension. This
is only permissible on a contract-by-contract basis, and agreement to the extension of the one-year
applicable period must not be a condition of contract award. (See Section 4.7 for further discussion
regarding the base period for allocating indirect costs.)
2.2—Unallowable Costs
A. Generally
FAR 31.201-6 and CAS 405-40 require unallowable costs and any directly associated costs to be
identified and excluded from billings, claims, or proposals for Government contracts. In addition,
unallowable costs must participate in indirect cost allocations just as if the unallowable costs were
allowable. That is, all activities that benefit from the indirect cost, including unallowable activities, must
receive an appropriate allocation of indirect costs.
Note:Section8.30(Table8‐1)includesalistofcommonunallowablecosts.
B. Directly Associated Costs
FAR 31.001 defines a directly associated cost as “any cost which is generated solely as a result of the
incurrence of another cost, and which would not have been incurred had the other cost not been
incurred.” Engineering consultants must maintain adequate records to identify unallowable costs,
including directly associated costs. Furthermore, CAS 405-40(e) states:
All unallowable costs . . . shall be subject to the same cost accounting principles
governing cost allocability as allowable costs. In circumstances where these
unallowable costs normally would be part of a regular indirect-cost allocation base or
bases, they shall remain in such base or bases. Where a directly associated cost is part
of a category of costs normally included in an indirect-cost pool that will be allocated
over a base containing the unallowable cost with which it is associated, such a
directly associated cost shall be retained in the indirect-cost pool and be allocated
through the regular allocation process.
For directly associated costs other than those described above in CAS 405, the directly associated costs,
if material in amount, must be purged from the indirect cost pool.
FAR 31.201-6(e)(2) provides that, when material in amount, salary expenses for the time employees
participate in activities that generate unallowable costs should be treated as directly associated costs.
However, time spent by an employee outside the normal working hours should not be considered, unless
the employee engaged in those company activities so frequently outside the normal working hours that it
would indicate that the activities were a part of the employee’s regular duties.
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2.3—Financial Statements
Financial statements will vary depending on the company ownership, type of business organization, and
firm size. Publicly-traded companies generally will have audited financial statements that include a
CPA’s opinion. Other entities also may have audited financial statements to serve the needs of lending
institutions, owners, and government agencies.
Many smaller A/E firms have financial statements that are compiled by, but not audited by, an accounting
firm. In many cases, the accounting firm also will assist in preparing the indirect cost rate schedule. In
other cases, an engineering consultant’s internal accounting department and management personnel will
prepare the financial statements. However, in all cases, the financial statements should include
representations from management that the amounts are timely, accurate, and are prepared in compliance
with regulations that apply to the specific circumstances.
2.4—Management Representations
When performing overhead engagements of A/E firms, it is important for auditors to obtain written
representations from management personnel. Specific representations will vary depending on the
circumstances, including the scope of the engagement and the availability of other information, such as
audited financial statements. However, when performing any type of overhead engagement, auditors
typically should require the following management representations:
The financial information is accurate.
The financial information is complete.
The information complies with Government regulations (e.g., FAR Part 31, the Internal Revenue
Code, and the Federal Travel Regulation).
Estimates are based on sound financial data and consistent assumptions.
All actual indirect cost rates submitted to any governmental entity have been disclosed.
Note:ExamplesofmanagementrepresentationlettersareincludedinAppendixE.
In some contract audit environments, a management-certified cost proposal may be the starting point for
an audit or examination-level attestation. The cost proposal also may serve as management’s
representation that the submitted costs are allowable in accordance with FAR Part 31 and other related
laws and regulations. The auditor should consider obtaining additional representations, as necessary, for
matters that arise during the course of the engagement.
Some states require annual submissions of financial, procedural, and other company information as well
as indirect cost rate schedules. Additionally, some states require annual CPA audits of submitted cost
information, including an indirect cost rate schedule.
Under the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), publicly-traded companies must submit annual
reports that include management representations of their firms’ internal control structure. SOX also
requires an independent CPA’s opinion on internal controls.
2.5—Management and CPA’s Roles and Responsibilities
A. Management Responsibilities
Management bears the sole responsibility for identifying, segregating, and removing unallowable costs
from all billings to Government contracts. This requirement applies to direct costs, indirect costs, and any
cost proposals that are submitted for Government contracts. In establishing a sufficient internal control
system, the engineering consultant must train accounting staff, including payables clerks and staff
members responsible for preparing project billings, in the FAR Subpart 31.2 cost principles so that
unallowable cost items can be identified, segregated, and disallowed as transactions occur.
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In conjunction with management’s responsibility to certify
5
that the indirect cost rate schedule includes
only allowable costs in accordance with FAR Part 31, in preparation for an independent audit of the
schedule, the engineering consultant should perform its own analysis of the high-risk accounts or line
items and make appropriate adjustments to the indirect cost rate schedule. As management bears the
ultimate responsibility for identifying, segregating, and removing unallowable costs, management should
perform a preliminary review to assess whether internal controls are working effectively and whether all
unallowable costs have been removed from the final, submitted indirect cost rate.
Note:Managementshouldpreparenarrativesdescribingtheinternalcontrolsreviewed,andanyassociated
schedulesshowingtheresultsofthepreliminaryreview,andthesedocumentsshouldbesharedwiththe
independentauditorand/orStateDOTauditor.Likewise,documentsrelatedtothetestingoflaborordirectcosts
alsoshouldbeshared.
B. The CPA Auditor’s Responsibilities
1. Generally
Some state DOTs require CPA audits to be conducted on all indirect cost rate schedules that are prepared
and submitted by engineering consultants. These audits may either be conducted by the same CPA that
performs other accounting work for the engineering consultant (e.g., audits of general-purpose financial
statements or tax compliance work) or by a separate CPA. However, regardless of the CPA’s overall
business relationship with the engineering consultant, the overhead engagement must be performed in
accordance with certain minimum standards, which are discussed in detail in the sample CPA Workpaper
Review Program included in Appendix A.
Note:AlthoughAppendixAshouldbeconsultedfordetailedrequirements,thefollowingdiscussionisageneral
summaryoftheCPAauditor’sresponsibilities.
The CPA auditor is responsible for performing an audit or examination level attestation engagement in
accordance with Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS) to obtain reasonable assurance that the
engineering consultant complied with FAR Part 31 and applicable Cost Accounting Standards.
Accordingly, before opining on, or attesting to, the reliability of the indirect cost rate, the CPA must
perform adequate procedures appropriate to the specific type of engagement. The engineering consultant
and CPA must execute an engagement letter that clearly specifies the type of engagement to be
performed and the roles of each party.
The CPA auditor is responsible for—
Issuing an independent opinion on the engineering consultant’s compliance with Government
regulations, including FAR Part 31 and related laws.
6
Issuing a report describing the extent of the auditor’s testing of the engineering consultant’s
internal controls and the results of such testing.
7
5
FHWA Order 4470.1A establishes the FHWA’s policy for contractor certification of the costs used to establish
indirect cost rates in accordance with the applicable cost principles contained in FAR Part 31 for engineering and
design-related service contracts funded with Federal-aid highway program (FAHP) funding and administered by
State DOTs, local public agencies, and other grantees and subgrantees. See Appendix F, or
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/legsregs/directives/orders/44701a.htm. Most State DOTs have adopted policies consistent
with Order 4470.1A; accordingly, engineering consultants generally are required to submit a compliance statement
(certification) annually to each State DOT.
6
See sample opinion letter in Section 11.2.
7
See sample internal control report in Section 11.3.
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Additionally, although the CPA may be involved in some aspects of the overhead rate computation, the
CPA’s testing must be performed independently to verify that the engineering consultant’s internal
controls are properly designed and are operating effectively; accordingly, the CPA must not function as a
component of the internal control system. As described previously in Section 2.5.A, the engineering
consultant should identify, segregate, and disallow unallowable costs as transactions occur. Management
must not rely on the CPA’s end-of-year audit testing as the sole method for detecting unallowable costs.
Note:BeforeacceptingFARauditengagements,CPAsmustdetermineiftheyhavetherequiredspecialized
knowledgetocompletetheengagement(seeStatementonAuditingStandardsNo.105).IncaseswhereaCPA’s
primaryareaofexpertisedoesnotincludetheA/EindustryandtheFARSubpart31.2costprinciples,saidCPA
shouldengagetheservicesofaqualifiedspecialisttoconsultwith,conducttraining,and/orreviewaudit
programsandauditreports.CPAsshoulddocumenttheirqualificationstoperformtheaudit,identifyany
specialistsusedintheengagementandmustmaintainadequateevidenceoftheirprofessionalregistrationstatus
andresultsofpeerreviews.
2. The CPA’s Responsibilities for Fraud Detection
The CPA must immediately notify the appropriate State DOTs of any findings such as those discussed
below:
GAGAS 4.17c and 5.18b. Auditors must report deficiencies in internal control, fraud, illegal acts,
violations of provisions of contracts or grant agreements, and abuse.
GAGAS 4.30 and 5.29. When either of the following circumstances exists, auditors should report
directly to parties outside the audited entity with respect to known or likely fraud, illegal acts,
violations of provisions of contracts or grant agreements, or abuse:
(a) When entity management fails to satisfy legal or regulatory requirements to report such
information to external parties specified in law or regulation, auditors should first
communicate the failure to report such information to those charged with governance. If the
audited entity still does not report this information to the specified external parties as soon
as practicable after the auditors’ communication with those charged with governance, then
the auditors should report the information directly to the specified external parties.
(b) When entity management fails to take timely and appropriate steps to respond to known or
likely fraud, illegal acts, violations of provisions of contracts or grant agreements, or abuse
that (1) is likely to have a material effect on the financial statements and (2) involves
funding received directly or indirectly from a government agency, auditors should first
report management’s failure to take timely and appropriated steps to those charged with
governance. If the audited entity still does not take timely and appropriate steps as soon as
practicable after the auditors’ communication with those charged with governance, then the
auditors should report the entity’s failure to take timely and appropriate steps directly to the
funding agency.
GAGAS 4.31 and 5.30. Auditors should comply with the requirements discussed above even if
the auditors have resigned or were dismissed from the audit prior to its completion.
GAGAS 4.32 and 5.31. Auditors have a professional obligation to obtain sufficient evidence that
management of the audited entity appropriately reported findings to outside parties.
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C. Selection of CPA Firm as Overhead Auditor
There are many factors involved in selecting a CPA to perform an overhead audit. The CPA must follow
AICPA professional standards and must obtain sufficient, appropriate audit evidence to support the
opinion that the indirect cost rate schedule was prepared in compliance with the FAR 31.2 Cost
Principles. The following list, although not comprehensive, provides some factors for consideration. The
CPA should:
Meet all GAGAS requirements, including requirements for adequate continuing professional
education (CPE) in governmental auditing.
Have received favorable peer review reports.
Be well versed in GAGAS, the provisions of FAR Part 31 (including the FAR Subpart 31.2 cost
principles), Cost Accounting Standards, related laws and regulations (e.g., the Internal Revenue
Code, the Federal Travel Regulation, and 23 U.S.C. 112), and the guidelines and
recommendations set forth in this guide.
Have adequate experience in applying GAGAS.
Have a working knowledge of the A/E industry, including common operating practices, trends,
and risk factors.
Be well versed in job-cost accounting practices and systems used by A/E firms.
Assign direct supervisory staff to the engagement who have prior experience performing
overhead audits in compliance with FAR Part 31.
Have experience performing FAR-compliant audits and have knowledge of Government
procurement with regard to various types of contracts and contract payments terms affecting the
development and/or application of an allowable overhead rate.
Design and execute an audit program that meets the AICPA’s professional standards, as well as
the specific testing recommendations described in the sample CPA Workpaper Review Program
provided in Appendix A of this guide.
Note:Thefollowingdocumentsprovideadditionalusefulinformationregardingtheprocurementofprofessional
auditservices:
●SelectinganExternalAuditor:GuideforMakingaSoundDecision(Mid‐AmericaIntergovernmentalAudit
Forum,May2007).
● HowtoAvoidaSubstandardAudit:SuggestionsforProcuringanAudit(NationalIntergovernmental
AuditForum,May1988).
● ProcuringAuditServicesinGovernment:APracticalGuidetoMakingtheRightDecision.AGACPAG
(CorporatePartnerAdvisoryGroup)ResearchSeries,ReportNo.19,February2009.
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AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 19 | Page
Chapter 3—Standards for Attestations and Audits
3.1—Background
[References: 23 U.S.C. Section 112(b)(2)(C), 48 CFR Part 31]
Most State departments of transportation (DOTs) award contracts for engineering and related services
using Qualifications Based Selection (QBS) procedures. Under QBS, engineering consultant selections
are based solely on elements of qualification, without consideration of price; accordingly, engineering
consultants do not submit bids or priced proposals to be used as a basis for selection. Once a State DOT
has made a selection based on the engineering consultant’s qualifications, contract prices are negotiated
based on the engineering consultant’s estimated costs, which should be based on actual costs incurred in
prior periods. These prices must be reasonable for the work to be performed.
23 U.S.C. Section 112(b)(2)(C) requires contracts for engineering services to be performed and audited
in compliance with the costs principles contained in Part 31 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR).
Because State DOTs construct highway improvements using both State and Federal funds, most State
DOTs use rules for selection and pricing of state-funded engineering consultant contracts that
incorporate, or are similar to, Federal rules.
Note:ThetimingandtypesofauditsperformedtomeetFederalrequirementsmayvarybetweencontracts,
dependingonStateDOTproceduresandothercircumstances.Auditsareperformedtoobtainreasonable
assurancethatconsultantcontractpricingisbasedonactualcostsincurred,incompliancewithFARPart31and
specificcontractprovisions.
3.2—Engagement Types
Contract engagements generally include the following:
A. Review of Indirect Cost Rates for Costs Incurred
This type of engagement requires an examination of the engineering consultant’s indirect cost rate(s) for
a specified period (usually a calendar or fiscal year). In addition to ensuring that unallowable costs have
been removed from overhead, the auditor should ensure that allowable costs have been correctly
measured and properly allocated. Indirect cost rates established in these engagements are used to adjust
costs previously invoiced at provisional rates to actual costs.
Many State DOTs also use established indirect cost rates of the most recently completed calendar or
fiscal year as provisional rates to be used for estimating and invoicing costs on new contracts. In applying
these provisional rates, risk and materiality must be measured, with due consideration given to all
contracts that may be priced using the indirect cost rates.
3
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B. Indirect Cost Rate (Forward Pricing) Review
This type of engagement requires an examination of the engineering consultant’s forward pricing indirect
cost rate(s) used to prepare estimates of costs that will be incurred in future periods. Forward pricing
rates are similar to cost-incurred rates described above in Section 3.2.A in that forward pricing rates are
based on historical costs. However, these rates are adjusted to reflect estimates of future costs and
activity levels to project indirect cost rates for future periods.
When reviewing forward pricing rates, auditors should evaluate the reasonableness of future projections
as well as the accuracy of historical cost information used as the starting point for rate development.
While most contracts negotiated directly with Federal agencies utilize forward pricing rates, many DOTs
only will negotiate contracts using indirect cost rates based on actual, historical cost information. Risk
and materiality should be determined based on all contracts that may be priced using the indirect cost
rate.
C. Contract Pre-Award Review
Contract pre-award reviews are performed to evaluate the reasonableness and accuracy of cost proposals
for specific contracts. The auditor may examine the reasonableness of estimates used as well as the
accuracy of estimate components that are based on current or historical costs. When conducting pre-
awards reviews, auditors often rely on work done by other auditors; however, if other audit reports do not
exist, then auditors performing the pre-award review may examine items such as indirect cost rates. Risk
and materiality should be determined based only on the contracts being covered by the pre-award review.
Auditors may be required to perform additional work for very large contracts.
D. Contract Cost Review
These engagements are performed to determine actual costs incurred on contracts. Auditors should
consider both direct and indirect costs, to determine whether invoiced costs were allowable in accordance
with applicable cost principles and were treated consistently with cost accounting practices used to
develop the engineering consultant’s indirect cost rate(s). When conducting such engagements, auditors
often rely on opinions rendered by indirect cost rate auditors, including conclusions reached about the
accounting and internal control systems. Risk and materiality should be determined based only on the
contracts being covered by the contract cost review.
3.3—Auditing Standards
Auditing procedures and responsibilities may vary, depending on the nature of the audit or examination-
level attestation performed by the auditor. Several regulatory bodies may influence the types of
procedures that will apply to planning the audit, performing audit testing, and reporting on the results. A
description of applicable auditing standards follows.
A. Government Auditing Standards (“Yellow Book” or “GAGAS” Standards)
The Government Auditing Standards, also known as “Generally Accepted Government Auditing
Standards” (GAGAS), are issued by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). GAGAS apply
to audits of government entities as well as audits of Federal-aid funds paid to engineering consultants,
non-profit organizations, and other non-governmental organizations.
GAGAS may be used in conjunction with professional standards issued by other authoritative bodies. For
example, the AICPA has issued professional standards that apply to financial audits and attestation
engagements performed by CPAs. GAGAS incorporate the AICPA’s field work and reporting standards
and, unless specifically excluded, also incorporate the related statements on auditing standards for
financial audits. GAGAS incorporate the AICPA’s general standard criteria, and the field work and
reporting standards and the related statements on the standards for attestation engagements, unless
specifically excluded.
Note:GAGASalsoprescriberequirementsinadditiontothoseprovidedbytheAICPA;accordingly,auditorsmay
needtoapplyadditionalstandards,dependingonthepurposeandrequirementsoftheauditorattestation
engagement.
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B. GAGAS Engagement Types
GAGAS categorize engagements into three types: (1) Financial Audits, (2) Attestation Engagements, and
(3) Performance Audits. These engagement types are discussed in the following paragraphs. The
standards to be applied will vary based on the engagement type and audit objectives.
1. Financial Audits
In performing a financial audit, the auditor is primarily concerned with providing reasonable assurance
about whether financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, in conformity with GAAP
or with a comprehensive basis other than GAAP. An example would be an audit of an indirect cost rate
schedule (a special-purpose financial statement) performed in compliance with FAR Part 31. Financial
audits also may include other objectives that provide different levels of assurance and entail various
scopes of work.
2. Attestation Engagements
Attestation engagements concern examining, reviewing, or performing agreed-upon procedures on a
subject matter or an assertion about a subject matter and reporting on the results. These engagements may
cover a broad range of financial or nonfinancial subjects and can be part of a financial audit or
performance audit. Examples include examining an entity’s internal control over financial reporting, an
entity’s compliance with requirements of specified laws, regulations, rules, contracts, or grants, and
various prospective financial statements or pro-forma financial information.
3. Performance Audits
Performance audits entail an objective and systematic examination of evidence to provide an independent
assessment of the performance and management of a specific program. These audits generally are
performed to improve program operations and may encompass a wide variety of objectives. Examples
include whether legislative, regulatory, and/or organizational goals are being achieved, the relative cost
and benefits of a program, and the validity and reliability of performance measures.
Note:Thisguideprimarilydealswithfinancialauditsandattestations,
8
andauditorsshouldreviewthefulltextof
GAGAStodeterminetheapplicablestandardsforthesetypesofengagements.Standardsmayvary,dependingon
thetypeofauditorattestationengagement,andadditionalauditstandardsandprocedures(e.g.,standards
issuedbytheInstituteofInternalAuditorsand/orFederalagencies)maybeappropriate,dependingonthe
circumstances.
3.4—Opinion on Internal Control
[Reference: Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002]
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was major legislation that affected publicly-traded companies. It
established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), which has the authority to set
auditing standards for registered public accounting firms involved with publicly-traded companies. One
key provision is the requirement that annual reports must include an internal control report from
management, along with an attestation report from the firm’s auditor. These standards, and the internal
control reports, may provide assurances when determining the adequacy of controls for publicly-traded
consulting firms.
8
Performance audits are beyond the scope of this guide.
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AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 23 | Page
Chapter 4—Cost Principles
4.1—Overview of Federal Acquisition Regulation, Part 31
State departments of transportation (DOTs) rely on FAR Part 31 for guidance when negotiating costs and
reviewing project proposals with engineering consultants. The FAR contains cost principles and
procedures for pricing contracts, subcontracts, and modifications to contracts.
The following is a general discussion of applicable cost principles described in FAR Part 31. This
discussion is a brief summary only and is not intended to be a complete rendition of all cost principles
contained in the FAR.
The provisions apply to commercial organizations, educational institutions, State, local and Federally-
recognized Indian tribal governments, and nonprofit organizations. FAR 31.105, dealing with
construction and architect-engineering contracts, states that the allowability of costs shall be determined
in accordance with FAR Subpart 31.2. Accordingly, the following discussion focuses on Subpart 31.2–
Contracts with Commercial Organizations.
The total cost of a contract includes all costs properly allocable to the contract under the specific contract
provisions. The allowable costs to the Government are all costs that are reasonable, allocable, and are not
prohibited by FAR Part 31.
In some cases, a contracting State DOT may enter into an advance agreement with an engineering
consultant to clarify the allocability and allowability of special or unusual costs. FAR 31.109 provides
further clarification of advance agreements, including examples of costs for which advance agreements
may be important.
In the absence of any advance agreements, the auditor should determine the allowability of costs. To
determine the allowability, the auditor should consider the following:
1. Any limitations set forth in Subpart 31.2 of the FAR;
2. Allocability;
3. Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) promulgated by the Cost Accounting Standards Board
(CASB); if applicable, otherwise, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and practices
appropriate to the particular circumstances;
4. Terms of the contract; and
5. Reasonableness.
4
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4.2—Allowability, Including Reasonableness
[References: FAR 31.201-2 and FAR 31.201-3]
A. Generally
Cost elements must be reviewed for reasonableness in accordance with FAR 31.201-2 and 31.201-3.
Reasonableness concerns may arise in any number of cost categories, including indirect labor and fringe
benefits, among others. For example, the amount of indirect labor in the indirect cost pool in relation to
direct labor may cause concerns regarding a firm’s efficiency and the extent to which the Government
should reimburse costs through the overhead rate. Additionally, certain categories of fringe benefits also
may generate reasonableness concerns, especially in the case of privately-held firms with compensation
cost structures not subject to the constraints of stockholders’ oversight.
Note:Thefollowingsectiondiscussesthereasonablenessofgeneralcostitems.SeeChapter7forspecifics
regardingdeterminingthereasonablenessofcompensationcosts.
B. Requirements of FAR 31.201-2 and FAR 31.201-3
FAR 31.201-2, Determining Allowability, provides the following (emphasis added):
(a) A cost is allowable only when the cost complies with all of the following requirements:
(1) Reasonableness.
(2) Allocability.
(3) Standards promulgated by the CAS Board, if applicable; otherwise, generally accepted
accounting principles and practices appropriate to the circumstances.
(4) Terms of the contract.
(5) Any limitations set forth in [FAR 31.201].
FAR 31.201-3, Determining Reasonableness, provides the framework for addressing the reasonableness
of costs (emphasis added):
(a) A cost is reasonable if, in its nature and amounts, it does not exceed that which would be
incurred by a prudent person in the conduct of competitive business. Reasonableness of specific
costs should be examined with particular care in connection with firms or their separate
divisions that may not be subject to effective competitive restraints. No presumption of
reasonableness shall be attached to the incurrence of costs by a contractor. If an initial review of
the facts results in a challenge of a specific cost by the contracting officer or the contracting
officer’s representative, the burden of proof shall be upon the contractor to establish that such
cost is reasonable.
(b) What is reasonable depends upon a variety of considerations and circumstances, including—
(1) Whether it is the type of cost generally recognized as ordinary and necessary for the
conduct of the contractor’s business or the contract performance;
(2) Generally accepted sound business practices, arm’s length bargaining, and Federal and
State laws and regulations;
(3) The contractor’s responsibilities to the Government, other customers, the owners of
business, employees, and the public at large, and
(4) Any significant deviations from the contractor’s established practices.
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C. Methodologies for Applying FAR 31.201-3
While the tests, standards, and other considerations referenced in FAR 31.201-3 entail varying degrees of
subjectivity and professional judgment, it is strongly recommended, as a best practice, that primary
emphasis be placed on quantitative analysis in addressing the reasonableness of costs. Specifically,
ordinary costs are amounts that are common, usual, and otherwise characteristic of the industry segment.
When analyzing cost elements for reasonableness, engineering consultants and auditors are strongly
recommended to use the concept of ordinary cost as a starting point, as discussed below.
1. Using Quantitative Analysis to Determine Ordinary Cost
The starting point in the analysis of reasonableness of a specific cost element is the establishment of an
ordinary level of cost as a baseline for the analysis. The methodology for establishing this baseline may
vary depending on the circumstances.
(a) Ratio Analysis. The methodology may include the use of ratios, for example, the use of mean or
median values as a percentage of either direct labor or net revenues by type of engineering services, size
of firm, and location, among other parameters. When this methodology is used, the ratios and other
comparative statistics may be derived from nationally-published, independent industry surveys.
(b) Analysis of Trend /Historical Data. The methodology for establishing baseline costs also may
include the use of trend analysis and/or analysis of historical cost data. When trend analysis is used,
consideration should be given to both the trend within the firm in question as well as the industry overall.
Additionally, a combination of both survey and trend analysis, as well as other empirically-based
methodologies, may be used.
(c) Analysis of Variances. Once baselines for specific cost elements are established, variances in excess
of benchmark thresholds, if determined to be material based on professional judgment, should be
identified, analyzed, and addressed by the engineering consultant and/or in the auditor’s workpapers
within the context of a multi-factor analysis, in accordance with the considerations outlined by FAR
31.201-3 and other related regulations. If costs with material variances are determined to be reasonable,
then the basis for acceptance of the variances in the context of FAR 31.201-3 should be explicitly
identified in the audit workpapers, so that the cognizant agency or other reviewer is made fully aware of
the facts underlying this determination.
2. Determining Reasonableness: Common Cost Categories
Cost categories of frequent concern with respect to reasonableness include, but are not limited to,
executive compensation (see Chapter 7), indirect labor, vehicle costs, travel costs, occupancy costs,
pension costs, and the various elements of fringe benefits.
4.3—Allocability
[Reference: FAR 31.201-4]
A cost is allocable if it is assignable/chargeable to one or more cost objectives or cost centers on the
basis of either the relative benefits received or some other equitable relationship. A cost must be allocated
in some reasonable proportion to the benefits derived. A cost is allocable to a Government contract if it:
1. Is incurred specifically for the contract (direct cost);
2. Benefits both the contract and other work, and can be distributed to them in reasonable proportion
to the benefits received (direct and indirect cost); or
3. Is necessary to the overall operation of the business, although a direct relationship to any
particular cost objective cannot be shown (indirect cost only).
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4.4—Unallowable Costs
[References FAR 31.201-6, CAS 405 (48 CFR 9904.405)]
Costs that are expressly or mutually agreed to be unallowable, including directly associated costs, must
be identified and excluded from any billing, claim, or proposal applicable to a Government contract. A
directly associated cost is any cost which is generated solely as a result of incurring another cost, and
which would not have been incurred had the other cost not been incurred. When an unallowable cost is
incurred, its directly associated costs are also unallowable. The practices to account for and present
unallowable costs are described in CAS 405 (48 CFR 9904.405), Accounting for Unallowable Costs.
4.5—Direct and Indirect Costs
[References: FAR 31.202, FAR 31.203]
In evaluating an engineering consultant’s overhead, auditors should consider direct as well as indirect
costs. A direct cost is any cost that can be identified specifically with a particular contract or project.
Costs identified specifically with a contract or project are direct costs and must be allocated/charged
directly to the contract or project. All costs specifically identified with a project are direct costs of that
project and may not be allocated to another project, either directly or indirectly. Finally, a cost may not
be charged as direct and also be included in an indirect cost pool. For reasons of practicality, any small
dollar direct cost may be treated as an indirect cost if the accounting treatment is consistently applied to
all projects and produces substantially the same results as treating the cost as a direct cost. However, any
variances and credits should then also be treated as indirect costs.
Indirect costs should be accumulated by logical cost groupings with due consideration of the reasons for
incurring such costs. Commonly, manufacturing overhead, selling expenses, and general and
administrative (G&A) expenses are separately grouped. The engineering consultant must record indirect
costs in accordance with GAAP and must consistently allocate these costs to intermediate or final cost
objectives, as appropriate.
4.6—Applicability of Cost Accounting Standards
Contracts may be subject to the Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) promulgated by the Cost Accounting
Standards Board (CASB), an independent board that reports to the U.S. Office of Management and
Budget’s Office of Federal Procurement Policy. Certain CAS provisions are incorporated into FAR Part
31 and apply to most FAHP projects reimbursed under actual-cost agreements, while other provisions
apply only to large contracts. Engineering consultants that are subject to full CAS coverage for Federal
contracts also should use full CAS-based cost accounting practices for State DOT contracts.
Note:FordetailsregardingCASProgramRequirements,seeFARSubpart30.2.
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4.7—Allocation Bases for Indirect Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.203(c)]
Generally. Allocation bases are used to distribute/allocate overhead costs to intermediate or final cost
objectives. An allocation base common to all cost objectives or projects should be selected for the
allocation of indirect costs. Although most engineering consultants use direct labor as the sole base for
developing overhead rates, some engineering consultants have rate structures that are more complex and
use multiple allocation bases to allocate costs. A typical example follows:
EXAMPLE 4-1. COMMON ALLOCATION BASES
Cost Pool Allocation Base
Employee Fringe Benefits Direct Labor
Overhead Expenses Direct Labor and Fringe Benefits
General and Administrative Expenses Total Cost Input*
*WhenusingtheTotalCostInputallocationbase,thebaseincludesdirectlabor,indirectlabor,fringebenefits,
generaloverhead,unallowablecosts,materials,andcostsforsubconsultants.
Rate Structures and Cost Allocation Methods. Once an engineering consultant establishes an
appropriate base for distributing indirect costs, the base should not be fragmented by removing individual
elements. Rate structures and cost allocation methods must be applied consistently to all contracting
entities, including State DOTs. As an example, a consultant with a single, company-wide cognizant
audited rate should not establish and apply a segment rate for a contracting entity when the costs included
in the segment rate also are included in the company-wide rate. Likewise, direct costs must be
consistently allocated and applied to all benefited objectives/projects, regardless of specific contract
provisions.
EXAMPLE 4-2.
Sample Company maintains CADD usage logs and allocates computer costs directly to projects, but one
of Sample’s customers does not allow computer costs to be billed as direct charges. Sample must
consistently allocate CADD costs directly to the project, even though the costs are not billable to the
customer.
Base Period for Allocating Indirect Costs. As provided in FAR 31.203(g)(2), “ . . . the base period for
allocating indirect costs shall be the contractor’s fiscal year used for financial reporting purposes in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The fiscal year will normally be 12 months,
but a different period may be appropriate (e.g., when a change in fiscal year occurs due to a business
combination or other circumstances).” When a contract is performed over an extended period, as many
base periods shall be used as are required to encompass the total period of contract performance. In
certain instances, an agreed-upon provisional rate may be established for use over the duration of the
contract.
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AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 29 | Page
Chapter 5—Cost Accounting
5.1—Allocation Bases, Generally
As discussed in Chapter 4, allocation bases are used to assign/allocate certain overhead or other indirect
costs to final cost objectives (projects). There are various allocation bases commonly used in cost
accounting systems for allocating indirect costs; however, for engineering contracts administered by State
DOTs, direct labor cost is the most frequently used base. Whatever base is used for cost allocation, it
should be consistent for all contracts. Some of the common methods are discussed below.
A. Direct Labor Cost
Direct labor cost is the allocation base most commonly used to assign indirect costs to contracts. Direct
labor costs generally are computed by multiplying all direct project labor hours by labor rates, as
summarized for all employees within the applicable allocation unit. Labor rates are based on actual
employee wages incurred, and indirect costs are allocated to projects by multiplying the indirect cost rate
by the direct labor cost incurred to complete the projects.
B. Direct Labor Hours
Indirect costs also may be allocated based on direct labor hours, instead of cost. When using this method,
indirect costs are allocated to projects by multiplying the indirect cost rate by the direct labor hours
incurred to complete the projects.
C. Total Labor Hours (Total Hours Worked)
This method is similar to the Direct Labor Hours allocation base, except that the base includes all hours
incurred for direct and indirect activities. Use of this base assumes that costs incurred benefit both direct
and indirect objectives and should be allocated to the appropriate cost objective receiving a benefit, as
determined by the proportional number of hours assigned to that cost objective.
D. Total Cost Input
This base frequently is used to allocate General and Administrative (G&A) costs. The base consists of
direct labor, fringe benefits, overhead costs, associated non-salary direct expenses (including other costs
sometimes referred to as “internal direct expenses”) and subcontract costs.
E. Total Cost Value Added
This base is similar to the Total Cost Input base. However, the Total Cost Value Added base excludes
materials (used primarily in production only) and subcontract costs, as distortion in allocations may occur
due to a disproportionate amount of subcontract costs or materials in the pool.
F. Consumption/Usage
This method allocates costs to direct or indirect activities on a common unit, usually time or quantity
used. For instance, an internal cost pool such as one for computer-aided drafting and design equipment
(CADD) costs can be allocated specifically as a direct cost to a project or as an indirect cost based on the
number of hours actually incurred.
5
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5.2—Accounting for Unallowable Costs in Allocation Bases
[References: FAR 31.201-6, CAS 405-40(e)]
FAR 31.201-6 expressly requires engineering consultants to comply with CAS 405 to account for
unallowable costs. CAS 405-40(e) provides that all unallowable costs “shall be subject to the same cost
accounting principles governing cost allocability as allowable costs.”
CAS 405-40(e) further specifies that:
In circumstances where these unallowable costs normally would be part of a regular
indirect-cost allocation base or bases, they shall remain in such base or bases. Where
a directly associated cost is part of a category of costs normally included in an
indirect-cost pool that will be allocated over a base containing the unallowable cost
with which it is associated, such a directly associated cost shall be retained in the
indirect-cost pool and be allocated through the regular allocation process.
Note:Allocationbasescontainallowableandunallowablecosts,butindirectcostpoolsmustbepurgedof
unallowablecosts.Additionally,regardlessofwhetherStateDOTscontractuallylimittheamountofdirectlabor
thatmaybereimbursedonacontract,theengineeringconsultant’sdirectlaborbasemustremainasallocated
pertheconsultant’sjobcostsystem,andthedirectlaborbaseshouldnotbeadjustedforunallowablecosts.A
directlaborbaseshouldnotbereducedforanyexcesscompensationadjustments,butshouldhaveallocatedtoit
theallowableoverheadinaccordancewithFAR31.203(d),whichprovidesthat:
“Onceanappropriatebaseforallocatingindirectcostshasbeenaccepted,thecontractorshallnotfragmentthe
basebyremovingindividualelements.Allitemsproperlyincludableinanindirectcostbaseshallbearaprorata
shareofindirectcostsirrespectiveoftheiracceptanceasGovernmentcontractcosts.Forexample,whenacost
inputbaseisusedfortheallocationofG&Acosts,thecontractorshallincludeinthebaseallitemsthatwould
properlybepartofthecostinputbase,whetherallowableorunallowable,andtheseitemsshallbeartheirpro
ratashareofG&Acosts.”
EXAMPLE 5-1.
Sample Design Firm incurred $2.5 million in direct labor, of which $500,000 was not billable to
contracts. The total $2.5 million must remain in the direct labor base, which will then be used to allocate
the allowable indirect costs.
5.3—Cost Centers
Cost centers are established to accumulate and segregate costs associated with a single purpose. The costs
are then assigned to cost objectives (projects) based on unit charges/consumption rates. For example,
engineering consultants frequently compute unit charges for cost categories such as CADD, in-house
printing, computers, and company vehicles. When establishing a cost center, the goal should be to
estimate a unit charge that will minimize variances resulting from over- or under-applied costs.
Although some accounting systems will attempt to adjust unit charge rates throughout the year as actual
costs become known, is it more common for the cost variances to be handled as an adjustment to the
overhead cost pool, which is where the costs would have been allocated if they had not been directed to
the cost center. However, if the over- or under-allocation is significant, then it may be necessary to adjust
the contract/project charges.
Some firms do not create cost centers; instead, they estimate the cost of providing certain services by
computing unit rates based on certain elements from general ledger accounts (e.g., automobile
depreciation from a depreciation account). Once established, these unit charges are offset to overhead as
“credit backs” or cost recoveries for allocated direct costs as they are incurred on projects. This type of
costing is less precise and should not be used if the unit charges being accumulated are significant to the
firm’s overall operation. If handled on a direct-cost basis, the direct cost rates must be supported and
audited. The burden is on the engineering consultant to prove the direct cost rates and that direct costs
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were properly removed from the indirect cost pool. The overhead audit should include disclosure notes
regarding the audited direct cost rates and a listing of cost categories that the engineering consultant
charges direct. See Chapter 10 for testing guidance and Chapter 11 for disclosure guidance.
Note:Firmsthatdocreatecostscentersgenerallycapturecostseitherbybusinessactivity(functionalcost
centers)orbasedonthefirm’sorganizationalstructure,asdiscussedbelow.
A. Functional Cost Centers
This method segregates costs unique to a business activity, typically for purposes of direct costing.
B. Subsidiaries, Affiliates, Divisions, and Geographic Locations
Another method of accumulating and segregating costs is focused on the corporate structure. Some
examples of cost centers used for accumulating costs are groupings of regional offices, specific
subsidiaries, affiliates, divisions, or field offices.
5.4—Allocated Costs
A. Generally
Indirect costs should be accumulated by logical (homogeneous) cost groupings (pools), with due
consideration of the reasons for incurring such costs, allocated to cost objectives in reasonable proportion
to the beneficial and causal relationship of the pool costs to final cost objective (see FAR 31.203(c)). The
auditor should make a thorough study of the indirect cost activity, including activity bases used for
allocation and the cost allocated, to determine whether the activity base chosen by the engineering
consultant is appropriate for cost allocation and results in a reasonable measure of the activity. The base
should:
be a reasonable measure of the activity;
be measurable without undue expense, and, except for G&A expense;
should fluctuate concurrently with the activity that generates the costs.
When an engineering consultant’s activities are decentralized, the use of separate indirect cost rates for
each geographic location will normally produce more equitable allocation of indirect costs than the use of
composite or company-wide rates. Overhead rates determined for offsite/field activities should be based
on eliminating from the overhead pool those types of indirect costs that do not benefit offsite activities.
For example, occupancy costs may be eliminated from offsite pools because the engineering consultant
uses Government facilities.
B. Fringe Benefits
Fringe benefits include costs for employee perquisites and costs associated with the employer’s portion
of payroll taxes and employment benefits. Such costs generally include, but are not limited to, payroll
taxes, pension plan contributions, paid time off, medical insurance costs, life insurance, and certain
employee welfare expenses.
C. Overhead
Overhead costs are costs that may benefit, or are associated with, two or more business activities, but are
not specifically allocated to an activity for reasons of practicality. Overhead differs from general and
administrative costs (see discussion below) because overhead can be associated with a business unit,
based on relative benefit. Some examples of overhead costs include rent, depreciation, employee
recruitment and training, and general or professional insurance policy costs.
D. General and Administrative (G&A)
G&A expenses generally comprise all costs associated with business operations that cannot be
specifically identified with a smaller unit of business activities. For example, certain management or
administration costs that are incurred for an entire business unit may be considered G&A, but other
accounting or legal costs benefiting a segment of the business may be considered part of the overhead
pool of that specific business segment.
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E. Internally-Allocated Costs (Company-Owned Assets)
1. Computer/CADD Costs
Generally, this cost center includes costs such as equipment depreciation or rental; software (including
license costs); employee training costs on new software; equipment maintenance; cost of special facilities
or locations; and systems development labor or support costs.
2. Fleet or Company Vehicles
For the most part, these are costs associated with company vehicles such as cars, survey trucks, and vans
that may be used for a direct or indirect cost objective. Costs in this center may include depreciation,
lease costs, maintenance, insurance, and operation costs such as fuel.
3. Equipment
Costs accumulated to this center are similar to both computer and company vehicle pools. Company
equipment can be a wide variety of items from small to large that are used in various activities. Some
examples include nuclear density meters, GPS equipment, and traffic counting machines.
4. Printing/Copying/Plan Reproduction
Costs in this center are generally associated with reproduction from a single page copied to multiple
prints of large specialized drawings or blue prints. In most cases, this cost center includes equipment,
labor, ink or toner, and paper supplies.
No final cost objective shall have allocated to it as a direct cost any cost, if other costs incurred for the
same purpose in like circumstances have been included in any indirect cost pool to be allocated to that or
any other final cost objective.
Note:The“Like‐Cost”Issue.
FAR31.202(a)providesthat“[n]ofinalcostobjectiveshallhaveallocatedtoitasadirectcostanycost,ifother
costsincurredforthesamepurposeinlikecircumstanceshavebeenincludedinanyindirectcostpooltobe
allocatedtothatoranyotherfinalcostobjective.”
Like‐costcategoriesshouldbeallocatedconsistentlyintheaccountingsystem.Asanexample,employeepersonal
vehiclemileagemustbeallocatedtosimilarcostobjectivesinthesamemannerascompanyvehiclemileage.One
categoryoflikecostsmaynotbeallocateddirectlytocontractswhiletherelatedlikecostcategoryarerecovered
aspartoftheindirectcostrate.
9
F. Internal Labor Costs
1. Direct Labor
Labor costs are usually the most significant costs incurred by design and engineering firms in the
performance of Government contracts. Incurred labor costs form the basis for estimating labor for future
contracts. Therefore, it is imperative that engineering consultants establish and maintain a proper,
accurate system of internal control over the labor-charging function.
Unlike other items of cost, labor is not supported by external documentation or physical evidence to
provide an independent check or balance. The key link in any sound labor charging system is the
individual employee. It is critical to labor charging internal control systems that management fully
indoctrinate employees on their independent responsibility for accurately recording time charges. This is
the single most important feature management can emphasize in recognizing its responsibility to owners,
creditors, and customers to guard against fraud, waste, and significant errors in the labor charging
functions.
An adequate labor accounting system, manual or electronic, will create an audit trail whenever an
employee creates a timesheet entry. A system that allows an audit trail to be destroyed is inadequate
because the integrity of the system can be easily compromised. Access to timesheets should be controlled
and preprinted, if possible, with the employee’s name, number and fiscal week. An inadequate system
9
Note: Other common like-cost categories include computers and telephones.
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would allow employees to erase prior entries without recording the adjustment. Employees should initial
all time sheet changes and adjustments should be maintained as part of the audit trail.
The engineering consultant should have procedures to ensure that labor hours are accurately recorded and
that any corrections to timekeeping records are documented, including appropriate authorizations and
approvals. When evaluating the engineering consultant’s timekeeping procedures, the auditor should
consider whether the procedures are adequate to maintain the integrity of the timekeeping system.
The engineering consultant should have policies and procedures for training employees to ensure that all
employees are aware of the importance of proper time charging.
Note:SeeChapter6forfurtherdiscussionofLabor‐ChargingSystemrequirements.
2. Uncompensated Overtime for Salaried Employees
Engineering consultants may not be required to pay overtime to salaried employees for hours worked in
excess of 40 hours per week. Any unpaid hours worked by salaried employees in excess of the normal 40
hours per week are commonly called “uncompensated overtime.”
To ensure the proper allocation/distribution of labor costs, the engineering consultant must establish
procedures requiring the consistent recording and accounting for hours worked, whether paid or unpaid.
This is necessary because labor rates and labor overhead costs can be affected by total hours worked, not
just paid hours worked.
Per DCAA CAM Section 6-410.3.d:
If it is determined that Government contracts are being over charged by a material
amount due to an inequitable allocation of costs because the contractor does not
record all time worked, the contractor should be cited as being in noncompliance with
FAR 31.201-4 and CAS 418. Any material excess allocation of costs to Government
contracts should be questioned or disapproved as applicable. Materiality is the
governing factor when determining whether noncompliances should be cited and
whether a contractor should be required to implement a total-hour accounting system.
For firms with material amounts of uncompensated overtime labor, it is necessary to apply an adjustment
to minimize the risk that Government projects will absorb disproportionate amounts of direct labor costs.
This may be accomplished through either of the following common methods, or any other equitable
method, so long as the method applied is consistently from year to year, and the methodology is
reasonable and supportable:
1. Effective Rate Method. Using this method, effective hourly pay rates are computed weekly,
based on actual time charges. This would require the client to divide each employee’s total
weekly salary by their respective hours worked, which would result in variable wage rates being
charged to contracts. For example, if Employee Smith is paid $1,400 per week and works 40
hours per week, then Smith’s effective hourly wage rate is $35. By contrast, if Smith actually
works 55 hours in week 1 and 50 hours in week 2, then his effective wage rates are $25.45 and
$28, respectively. Billings on Government contracts would be limited to the effective rates.
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2. Salary Variance Method. Under this method, overhead is reduced for the appropriate portion of
labor costs generated by uncompensated overtime hours. The calculation may be completed one
of two ways, based on the engineering consultant’s use of standard or effective hourly rates.
Standard rates are computed as the total paid labor cost compared to total paid hours (e.g., weekly
pay divided by 40 hours, or annual pay divided by 2,080 hours).
(a) Standard Wage Rates: If the engineering
consultant records labor at standard rates,
then at year end the overhead cost pool must be reduced by the number of uncompensated
hours multiplied by the standard wage rate. For example, if Employee Smith earns
$72,800, then his standard hourly wage rate is $35.
10
If Smith actually works 2,600 hours
during the year, then there are 520 hours of uncompensated overtime.
11
Accordingly, the
indirect cost pool must be reduced by $18,200.
12
This example is illustrated below in Table
5-1.
Table 5-1. Salary Variance Method—Standard Rate Example
Employee
Direct
Hours
Indirect
Hours
Hours
Worked
Annual
Salary
Standard
Hourly
Rate
Direct
Labor
Indirect
Labor
Labor
Variance
Total
Labor
Smith 2,000 600 2,600 72,800$ 35$ 70,000$ 21,000$ (18,200)$ 72,800$
Ending Direct Labor: 70,000$
Ending Indirect Labor: 2,800$ ($21,000 - $18,200)
(b) Effective Wage Rates: If the engineering consultant records labor at effective hourly
rates, then at year end the overhead cost pool must be reduced, and the direct labor base
must be increased, by the number of direct labor hours multiplied by the difference
between the standard and effective hourly rates. For example, if Employee Smith earns
$72,800 working 2,600 hours during the year, his effective rate is $28. If 2,000 of Smith’s
hours were spent on direct projects, the indirect cost pool must be reduced and direct labor
base increased by $14,000. This example is illustrated below in Table 5-2.
Table 5-2. Salary Variance Method—Effective Rate Example
Employee
Direct
Hours
Indirect
Hours
Hours
Worked
Annual
Salary
Standard
Hourly
Rate
Effective
Hourly
Rate
Direct
Labor
Indirect
Labor
Total
Labor
Labor
Variance
Smith 2,000 600 2,600 72,800$ 35$ 28$ 56,000$ 16,800$ 72,800$ 14,000$
Ending Direct Labor: 70,000$ ($56,000 + $14,000)
Ending Indirect Labor: 2,800$ ($16,800 - $14,000)
As illustrated in Tables 5-1 and 5-2 above, the end result of using the Salary Variance Method is
the same regardless of whether the engineering
consultant uses the Standard Rate or Effective
Rate option.
Note:Significantamountsofuncompensatedovertimemayhaveamaterialimpactoncostsinvoiceddirectlyto
StateDOTcontracts.Accordingly,StateDOTsmayseekbillingadjustmentswhenappropriate.
10
$72,800 divided by 2,080 standard hours.
11
2,600 actual hours minus 2,080 standard hours.
12
$35 per hour standard wage rate multiplied by 520 uncompensated overtime hours.
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Some engineering consultants may have accounting systems that do not capture costs for hours worked
by salaried employees in excess of 40 hours per week. Because there is a serious risk of incorrect
charging of costs to Government contracts under these circumstances, the following methods of
distributing these salary costs are unacceptable:
1. Distribute labor costs to only those cost objectives worked on during the first 8 hours of the day.
2. Allow employees to select the cost objectives to be charged when more than 8 hours per day are
worked or the engineering consultant has an informal policy as to how employees are to select the
objectives to be charged.
3. Overtime Premium
Engineering consultants must maintain records that segregate overtime premium
13
amounts and classify
them as direct or indirect costs. Additionally, consultants must establish overtime policies that are applied
consistently and result in equitable cost allocations.
When employees normally work on multiple cost objectives (projects or administrative activities), it may
be difficult to determine which cost objective “caused” the overtime; accordingly, many companies adopt
policies requiring overtime premium to be allocated to the indirect labor cost pool. In the alternative,
when overtime premium can be identified with specific cost objectives, the premium should be allocated
to those cost objectives.
Note:Consultantsmusttreatovertimepremiumcostsconsistentlyforallcontracts,regardlessofthecustomer
(Governmentversuscommercial)ortypeofcontractinvolved.
EXAMPLE 5-2. OVERTIME PREMIUM
Sample Design Firm has eight total active projects, including three lump-sum contracts and five cost-plus
fixed fee contracts. Only two of the cost-plus fixed fee contracts allow overtime premium to be billed as
a direct cost. Sample Firm’s policy is to allocate project-related overtime premium directly to projects;
accordingly, the overtime premium must be allocated to all eight projects consistently, regardless of
whether the premium costs are billable.
4. Other Considerations Regarding Internal Labor Costs
Approvals and Authorizations. The engineering consultant should have procedures to ensure that
labor hours are recorded accurately and that any corrections to timekeeping records are
documented, including appropriate authorizations and approvals.
Reconciliation of Labor System to Payroll and General Ledger. The engineering consultant
should have procedures requiring that the total labor costs reflected in labor distribution
summaries (job cost) agree with the total labor charges as entered in the timekeeping, payroll
systems and general ledger. This reconciliation ensures the labor charges to contracts represent
actual paid or accrued costs and that such costs are appropriately recorded in the accounting
records.
Reconciliation of General Ledger and Indirect Cost Rate Schedule to Payroll Tax Returns
(IRS Form 941s). The engineering consultant should have procedures requiring that the total
labor costs recorded in the general ledger, and included on the indirect cost rate schedule,
reconcile to the payroll data submitted to the Internal Revenue Service.
13
“Overtime premium” is the difference between an employee’s standard hourly wage rate and the special hourly
wage rate paid for hours worked in excess of 40 per week. For example, an employee whose standard hourly rate is
$10 for the first 40 hours worked per week and $15 per hour for hours worked in excess of 40 has overtime premium
of $5 for each hour worked in excess of 40. In cases where overtime is project related, the straight-time rate paid for
overtime hours worked must be included in the direct labor base, while the premium amount is subject to additional
considerations (see discussion above).
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Labor Costs Directly Associated with Unallowable Activities. The engineering consultant should
have procedures requiring that direct and indirect labor costs directly associated with unallowable
costs are identified and segregated.
5. Potential Areas of Risk Regarding Internal Labor
Overrun Contracts. When contract costs have exceeded or are projected to exceed the
maximum contract value, the excess costs must not be diverted to other cost objectives such as
indirect labor, overhead accounts, or other contracts.
Significant Changes in Direct/Indirect Labor Accounts. Trend analyses may disclose
instances where charges to direct or indirect labor accounts have increased significantly. Two
common ratios often used for trend analysis are the Productivity Ratio (direct labor/total labor)
and the Multiplier Ratio (fee revenue/direct labor). A review should be performed to determine
the nature of any significant changes from prior years.
Reorganization/Reclassification of Employees. The organizational structure of the
engineering consultant should be analyzed to determine if the potential exists for the inconsistent
treatment of similar labor. For example, a program manager should not charge direct on cost-type
contracts and indirect on fixed-price/commercial contracts.
Adjusting Journal Entries/Exception Reports (Labor Transfers). Adequate rationale and
supporting documentation should be available for all significant labor transfers.
Budgetary Control. Engineering consultants may operate management systems that require
strict adherence to budgetary controls. If the system is inflexible, then labor charges may tend to
follow the identical route of the budgeted amounts. Rigid budgetary control systems can result in
predetermined labor charges.
Mix of Contracts. Engineering consultants must identify and allocate costs consistently in the
accounting system, regardless of contract type. For firms that use combinations of lump-sum
contracts and cost-reimbursement contracts, there is a significant risk that direct labor and other
direct costs may not be allocated to the correct cost objective, resulting in the understatement of
direct labor and overstatement of indirect labor or incorrect direct project charging.
Note:Forfurtherdiscussion,seeChapter9–GeneralAuditConsiderations.
6. Sole Proprietors’ and Partners’ Salaries
The compensation of owners or partners must be allocated as direct labor when they are personally
engaged in performing tasks on contracts. If sole proprietors or partners do not receive a salary, then their
compensation must be determined by advance agreements or negotiation.
G. Contract Labor/ Purchased Labor
[Reference: CAS 418]
In some cases, engineering consultants contract for services provided by outside engineers, technicians,
and similar staff rather than hiring these individuals as employees. These individuals commonly are
referred to as “contract labor” or “purchased labor.” The accounting treatment varies, depending on the
circumstances under which the purchased labor costs are incurred.
Two acceptable methods of accounting for this labor are:
1. Allocated as a direct cost to projects, or
2. Treated as other labor (direct or indirect as appropriate)
CAS 418 requires pooled costs to be allocated to cost objectives in reasonable proportion to the causal or
beneficial relationship of the pooled costs to cost objectives. Contract labor must share in an allocation of
indirect expenses where such a relationship exists and the allocation method is consistent with the
engineering consultant’s disclosed accounting practices. A separate allocation base for purchased labor
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may be necessary to allocate significant costs to contract labor, such as supervision and occupancy costs,
or to eliminate other costs, such as fringe benefits, that do not benefit purchased labor.
5.5—Other Direct Costs-Outside Vendors/Employee Expense Reports
Other Direct Costs (ODCs) typically include items such as subcontractors, travel, and outside printing.
ODCs also may include internally-allocated costs based on charge-out rates developed by the firm, such
as company vehicle mileage and copying (see earlier discussion in Section 5.4.E).
Note:Tobetreatedasadirectcost,theitemmusthavebeenrequiredfor,andusedexclusivelyon,aspecificjob.
The“but‐for”principleshouldapply.“Butforthisjob,thecostwouldnothavebeenincurred.”Allsimilarcosts
mustalsobetreatedasdirectcostsandexcludedfromindirectcosts.
The audit procedures for ODCs involve determining if unallowable costs were handled correctly. Per
CAS 405-40 (Fundamental Requirement): “All unallowable costs shall be subject to the same cost
accounting principles governing cost allocability as allowable costs. If a direct cost is unallowable, then it
must remain allocated as a direct cost and may not be included in any indirect cost pool.”
5.6—Field Office Rates
[Reference: FAR 31.203(f)]
A. Generally
Engineering consultants are not always able to perform contracted services from their established home-
or branch offices, as certain contracts may require establishment of offices in field locations, or the
engineering consultant may be required to locate personnel in office space provided by a State DOT.
Some engineering consultants may even establish a separate company for field projects. Engineering
consultants may have both field (construction management) and project (design) office rates. Both rates
may be required or established by contract if the consultant did not have previously established field rate
accounting.
Per FAR 31.203(f): “Separate cost groupings for costs allocable to offsite locations may be necessary to
permit equitable distribution of costs on the basis of the benefits accruing to the several cost objectives.”
In some cases, projects involve engineering consultants working in State DOT provided office(s) for an
extended period of time, and the life of the field office is determined by the duration of the project.
For projects where the engineering consultant’s employees do not work out of their own offices and do
not receive office support in their day-to-day activities, the hours billed for them may not qualify for the
engineering consultant’s full overhead rate. The purpose of the field rate is to pay the engineering
consultant for the fringe benefits, project employee management, and home office administrative support
they do provide to their field employees.
Approved costs directly identified with the project and consistently treated, as direct costs in the
engineering consultant’s accounting records will be allowed as direct project costs.
Note:Fieldofficesmayexistinseveralforms.Regardlessoftheengineeringconsultant’sorganization,consistency
inallocatingcoststocostobjectivesiscritical.Thisguidepresentsseveralsuggestedmethodsforcomputingfield
officerates.Theuseofalternativemethodsmaybeacceptable.Theuseofallmethodologiesmustbesupported by
notestotheindirectcostratescheduleorinaseparatedisclosurestatement.
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B. Types of Field Offices
There are many situations that may require the development of a field- or project-office rate. For
example:
Construction Contract Administration/Construction Inspection (Field Office). These contracts
involve the management of construction projects and often involve the engineering consultant’s
personnel being located in an on-site project trailer provided by the contractor or the State DOT.
For larger, “mega” projects, the engineering consultant’s personnel may be located in the State
DOT’s main office or regional office.
Project Office. These contracts usually involve services such as design, real estate, traffic center
operations, and utilities. When working on these types of contracts, the engineering consultant’s
personnel typically work out of an office provide by the State DOT.
“On Call” Engineers. Consultants with on-call service contracts for short-term projects and tasks
may be required by contract to apply a field rate if the consultant is located in a State DOT’s
offices.
Contract Employees. State DOTs contract with engineering consultants to provide administrative
functions and the engineering consultant’s personnel are located in the State DOT’s offices to
perform these functions.
C. Cost Accounting Considerations
Engineering consultants must be consistent in the development and application of field rates.
Accordingly, if an engineering consultant has computed a field rate, this rate must be consistently applied
across all business segments and disciplines.
Field rate accounting has an impact on the home office rate. If an engineering consultant has an
established field rate for a particular project or State DOT, then the engineering consultant’s home office
rate will be higher than if the consultant had only a single company-wide rate. As such, for consistent
cost accounting application, a State DOT that does not have a field office project would have a higher
home rate applied to their State DOT projects.
1. Field Office Direct Labor
Direct field labor is based on actual labor hours multiplied by actual labor rates for field assigned
employees. If historical data is not available when establishing a provisional field rate for the first time,
then an estimate of direct hours for the contract(s) may be used to distribute direct labor to the field office
overhead pool and/or a provisional rate may be negotiated.
2. Field Office Indirect Costs
There are many considerations to use when developing methodologies for field and project office rates,
and these may vary between engineering consultants. However, direct labor is the common base used in
the development of field rates. The following method described for allocating costs is a preferred
methodology. Field- and project-office rate calculations based on different methodologies than what is
provided in this guide may be acceptable. Many firms disclose their methodology in their audit footnotes
or have an approved Cost Allocation Disclosure Statement that documents their field office accounting
methodology.
If an alternative allocation method is used, then the consultant’s allocation must have resulted from a
“reasonable and determinable allocation plan, consistently applied.” The engineering consultant should
provide a note or other disclosure to describe the allocation methodology in sufficient detail so an auditor
can examine the methodology and verify its logic and reasonableness.
Generally, State DOTs do not require extensive administrative staffing of engineering consultants’ field
offices. Most administrative and management functions will be performed in the home or branch office.
Therefore, an equitable portion of these offices’ indirect costs should be allocated to the field office. The
costs that are allocated, and the basis for the allocation, depend largely on the engineering consultant’s
customary accounting practices. Some State DOTs require separate cost pools for accumulation of field
office costs. Certain home office indirect cost should be fully allocated to the home office overhead pool,
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and certain field office indirect cost should be fully allocated to the field office pool (see further
discussion in Section 5.6.C.3).
Fringe Benefits. The fringe benefits applicable to the field office direct labor costs should be allocated to
the field office overhead pool. If the engineering consultant’s accounting records do not maintain
separate accounts for field office fringe benefits, then the fringe benefits may be allocated using the Field
Office Direct Labor Rate shown below in Table 5-3:
TABLE 5-3. COMPUTATION OF FIELD OFFICE DIRECT LABOR RATE
Field Direct Labor Cost
= Field Office Direct Labor Rate
Total Direct Labor Cost
Indirect Labor—Non-Project Time. Labor costs pertaining to non-project time of professional staff
working in the field office (training, staff development, staff meetings, and/or similar activities) is
generally recorded specifically within the Field Office Indirect Labor accounts. If these costs are not
identified or accounted for separately, then a ratio based on the Field Office Labor Rate may be used to
allocate costs to the Field Offices, as shown below in Table 5-4:
TABLE 5-4. COMPUTATION OF FIELD OFFICE LABOR RATE
Total Field Labor Cost
= Field Office Labor Rate
Total Labor Cost
Indirect Labor—Support Staff. Indirect salaries, such as accounting, legal, purchasing, personnel,
management, and/or similar costs, should also be allocated to the field office overhead pool. Project
managers who spend significant amounts of time managing field office staff may account for this
management time as actual indirect in the field office overhead pool. This actual time must be supported
and documented on the managers’ time report. All other support staff time that is not specifically
accounted for may be allocated between the home office overhead pool and the field office overhead
pool. A ratio of Field Office Labor Percentage would be a reasonable method to allocate these costs.
3. Other Considerations Regarding Indirect Cost Allocations
Indirect Costs Fully Allocated to Home Office. Certain home office indirect costs should be fully
allocated to the home office overhead cost pool. These costs include, for example, depreciation, facilities
rent, real estate taxes, facility maintenance and repairs, utilities, facility insurance, and/or similar types of
costs associated with home office direct labor. (Costs of support functions that support both home and
field offices should be allocated accordingly.)
Indirect Costs Fully Allocated to Field Office. Likewise, certain field office indirect costs should be
fully allocated to the field office overhead pool. Some examples of these costs include field equipment,
on-site trailer rental, field supplies, field equipment, software specific to projects, and/or similar types of
costs.
Indirect Costs Ratably Allocated to Field Office. Other general indirect costs are allocated to the field
office overhead pool based on a reasonable estimate of the benefits accruing to the field office pool. One
recommended method is to allocate general indirect costs on the basis of the field office labor percentage.
This allocation method involves applying the field office labor percentage to the various general expense
line items on the company’s indirect cost rate schedule. Costs such as rent, real estate taxes, facility
maintenance and repairs, utilities, facility insurance, and/or other similar costs should be allocated
between the G&A portion of the home office costs and to the field offices on a basis that appropriately
reflects the benefits received. For example, the space costs for accounting staff and other support services
benefit all offices, including field offices; therefore, these costs should be allocated proportionately
among the home and field offices.
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Separate Accounting for General and Administrative (G&A) Costs. Some engineering consultants
account for G&A office costs in a separate cost pool. In this situation, G&A costs may be allocated to
both field and home office operations. When G&A costs are allocated on a base other than direct labor
cost, then the G&A allocation rate must be separately disclosed on the indirect cost rate schedule.
Note:Iftheengineeringconsultantcomputesafieldofficeoverheadrate,thenthismustbedisclosedonthe
indirectcostrateschedule.Thescheduleshouldincludeaseparatecolumnlistingtheindirectfieldexpenses,
directfieldlabor,andresultingfieldrate.Theschedulealsoshouldincludeafootnotetodescribetheallocation
method(s)used.Tables5‐6and5‐7showexamplesofanindirectcostrateschedulewithafieldofficerateand
supportingcomputations(seethefollowingpages).
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TABLE 5-5. SAMPLE INDIRECT COST RATE SCHEDULE
SAMPLE CONSULTING COMPANY, Inc.
Statement of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General Overhead
For the Year Ended December 31, 201x
Proposed % of
General Ledger Direct Disallowed Company Direct
Account Number & Description
Account Balance Costs Costs Wide Labor
DIRECT LABOR 1,950,501$ 1,950,501$ -$ 1,950,501$ 100.00%
INDIRECT COSTS:
FRINGE BENEFITS
6300 Benefits: Bonuses......................................... 234,060$ -$ (28,560)$ (a) 205,500$ 10.54%
6310 Benefits: 401(k)............................................ 97,525 - - 97,525 5.00%
6320 Benefits: PTO (vac., sick, and holiday)............ 253,565 - - 253,565 13.00%
6820 Insurance: Disability...................................... 58,515 - - 58,515 3.00%
6830 Insurance: Life.............................................. 21,846 - (800) (b) 21,046 1.08%
6840 Insurance: Medical........................................ 136,535 - - 136,535 7.00%
6850 Insurance: Workers' Comp............................. 15,799 - - 15,799 0.81%
7500 Payroll Taxes: FICA and Med......................... 180,421 - - 180,421 9.25%
7510 Payroll Taxes: FUTA and SUTA..................... 78,020 - - 78,020 4.00%
TOTAL FRINGE BENEFITS 1,076, 286$ -$ (29,360)$ 1,046,926$ 53.67%
GENERAL OVERHEAD
6700 Indirect Labor................................................ 741,190$ -$ (3,300)$ (c) 737,890$ 37.83%
5010 Direct: Lodging, Meals, and Travel.................. 122,101 (122,101) - (d) - 0.00%
5020 Direct: Employee Mileage Reimbursements.... 159,941 (159,941) - (d) - 0.00%
5030 Direct: Rentals and Supplies.......................... 21,651 (21,651) - (d) - 0.00%
5040 Direct: Subconsultants.................................. 44,862 (44,862) - (d) - 0.00%
6000 Advertising and Marketing.............................. 23,991 - (6,750) (e) 17,241 0.88%
6100 Automobile Expense..................................... 68,268 - (13,580) (f) 54,688 2.80%
6200 Bank Service Charges................................... 9,753 - - 9,753 0.50%
6400 Contributions and Gifts.................................. 14,629 - (14,629) (g) - 0.00%
6500 Depreciation Expense................................... 117,030 - - 117,030 6.00%
6600 Dues and Subscriptions................................. 16,189 - (350) (h) 15,839 0.81%
6800 Insurance: Automotive................................... 15,409 - - 15,409 0.79%
6810 Insurance: Business Liability.......................... 23,406 - - 23,406 1.20%
6900 Interest Expense........................................... 36,084 - (36,084) (i) - 0.00%
7000 Licenses and Permits.................................... 21,456 - - 21,456 1.10%
7100 Maintenance and Repairs.............................. 97,135 - - 97,135 4.98%
7200 Meals & Entertainment.................................. 19,310 - (1,050) (j) 18,260 0.94%
7300 Misc. Fees, Fines, Penalties......................... 6,827 - (6,827) (k) - 0.00%
7400 Office Expense: Cleaning............................... 8,192 - - 8,192 0.42%
7410 Office Expense: Postage and Delivery............. 4,486 - - 4,486 0.23%
7420 Office Expense: Office Supplies..................... 32,183 - - 32,183 1.65%
7430 Office Expense: Other Office Expense............ 35,889 - - 35,889 1.84%
7600 Personal Property Tax................................... 42,911 - - 42,911 2.20%
7700 Prof Fees: Accounting and Legal.................... 30,428 - - 30,428 1.56%
7800 Rent............................................................ 180,049 - (2,400) (l) 177,649 9.11%
7900 Telephone.................................................... 60,466 - -
60,466 3.10%
8000 Utilities........................................................ 29,472 - - 29,472 1.51%
Credit for Internal Allocations................................... - - (107,278) (m) (107,278) -5.50%
TOTAL GENERAL OVERHEAD 1,983,306$ (348,555)$ (192,247)$ 1,442,505$ 73.96%
TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS & OVERHEAD RATE 3,059,593$ (348,555)$ (221,607)$ 2,489,431$
127.63%
FAR References and Notes
:
(a)
31.205-6(a)(6)(ii)(B): Owners' compensation in excess of reasonable amount is disallowed (distribution of profits).
(b)
31.205-19(e)(2)(v): Officers' life insurance is disallowed.
(c)
31.201-6(e)(2): Marketing, lobbying, and any labor associated with unallowable activities is disallowed.
(d)
31.202: Excluded direct project costs (both billable & non-billable costs) from indirect cost pool.
(e)
31.205-1: Costs for general marketing materials are disallowed.
(f)
31.205-6(m)(2) & 31.205-46(d): Personal use of a company asset (automobile) is disallowed.
(g)
31.205-8 & 31.205-13(b): Contributions and gifts are disallowed.
(h)
31.205-22: Lobbying costs, paid as a percentage of professional dues, are disallowed.
(i)
31.205-20: Interest is disallowed.
(j)
31.205-14 & 31.205-51: Costs for entertainment and alcoholic beverages are disallowed. (The entertainment cost principle supersedes all others.)
(k)
31.201-4, 31.205-15, & 31.205-20: Disallowed late fees; Government-imposed fines and penalties; and credit card interest.
(l)
31.205-36(b)(3): Related-party rent (not an arm's-length transaction) is limited to actual cost of ownership, net of interest and other unallowable items.
(m)
31.202: Direct costs segregated and removed from indirect cost pool.
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Table 5-6. SAMPLE INDIRECT COST RATE SCHEDULE (WITH
FIELD RATE)
SAMPLE CONSULTING COMPANY, Inc.
Statement of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General Overhead (with Field Rate)
For the Year Ended December 31, 201x
Proposed Proposed Proposed Percent to
General Ledger Direct Disallowed Company Home Field Field
Account Number & Description
Account Balance Costs Costs Wide Office Office Office
DIRECT LABOR 1,950,501$ 1,950,501$ -$ 1,950,501$ 1,826,853$ 123,648$ (n) 6.34%
INDIRECT COSTS:
FRINGE BENEFITS
6300 Benefits: Bonuses........................................... 234,060$ -$ (28,560)$ (a) 205,500$ 193,000$ 12,500$ (n)
6310 Benefits: 401(k).............................................. 97,525 - - 97,525 91,255 6,270 (n)
6320 Benefits: PTO (vac., sick, and holiday).............. 253,565 - - 253,565 241,421 12,144 (n)
6820 Insurance: Disability........................................ 58,515 - - 58,515 54,806 3,709 6.34%
6830 Insurance: Life................................................ 21,846 - (800) (b) 21,046 19,711 1,334 6.34%
6840 Insurance: Medical.......................................... 136,535 - - 136,535 127,880 8,655 6.34%
6850 Insurance: Workers' Comp............................... 15,799 - - 15,799 14,798 1,002 6.34%
7500 Payroll Taxes: FICA and Med........................... 180,421 - - 180,421 168,984 11,437 6.34%
7510 Payroll Taxes: FUTA and SUTA....................... 78,020
- - 78,020 73,074 4,946 6.34%
TOTAL FRINGE BENEFITS 1,076,286$
-$ (29,360)$ 1,046,926$ 984,928$ 61,998$
GENERAL OVERHEAD
6700 Indirect Labor (G&A and support allocation)....... 741,190$ -$ (3,300)$ (c) 737,890$ 680,506$ 38,736$ (o) 5.25%
6700 Indirect Labor (field labor allocation).................. - - - - - 18,648 (n)
5010 Direct: Lodging, Meals, and Travel.................... 122,101 (122,101) - (d) - - - 5.25%
5020 Direct: Employee Mileage Reimbursements...... 159,941 (159,941) - (d) - - - 5.25%
5030 Direct: Rentals and Supplies............................ 21,651 (21,651) - (d) - - - 5.25%
5040 Direct: Subconsultants.................................... 44,862 (44,862) - (d) - - - 5.25%
6000 Advertising and Marketing................................ 23,991 - (6,750) (e) 17,241 16,336 905 5.25%
6100 Automobile Expense....................................... 68,268 - (13,580) (f) 54,688 51,817 2,871 5.25%
6200 Bank Service Charges..................................... 9,753 - - 9,753 9,241 512 5.25%
6400 Contributions and Gifts.................................... 14,629 - (14,629) (g) - - - 5.25%
6500 Depreciation Expense..................................... 117,030 - - 117,030 117,030 - (p)
6600 Dues and Subscriptions................................... 16,189 - (350) (h) 15,839 15,008 831 5.25%
6800 Insurance: Automotive..................................... 15,409 -
- 15,409 14,600 809 5.25%
6810 Insurance: Business Liability............................ 23,406 - - 23,406 22,177 1,229 5.25%
6900 Interest Expense............................................. 36,084 - (36,084) (i) - - - 5.25%
7000 Licenses and Permits...................................... 21,456 - - 21,456 20,329 1,126 5.25%
7100 Maintenance and Repairs................................ 97,135 - - 97,135 92,036 5,099 5.25%
7200 Meals & Entertainment.................................... 19,310 - (1,050) (j) 18,260 17,301 959 5.25%
7300 Misc. Fees, Fines, Penalties........................... 6,827 - (6,827) (k) - - - 5.25%
7400 Office Expense: Cleaning................................. 8,192 - - 8,192 8,192 - (p)
7410 Office Expense: Postage and Delivery............... 4,486 - - 4,486 4,486 - (p)
7420 Office Expense: Office Supplies....................... 32,183 - - 32,183 32,183 - (p)
7430 Office Expense: Other Office Expense.............. 35,889 - - 35,889 35,889 - (p)
7600 Personal Property Tax..................................... 42,911 - - 42,911 42,911 - (p)
7700 Prof Fees: Accounting and Legal...................... 30,428 - - 30,428 28,830 1,597 5.25%
7800 Rent.............................................................. 180,049 - (2,400) (l) 177,649 177,649 - (p)
7900 Telephone...................................................... 60,466 - - 60,466 57,291 3,174 5.25%
8000 Utilities.......................................................... 29,472 - - 29,472 29,472 - (p)
Credit for Internal Allocations..................................... -
- (107,278) (m) (107,278) (107,278) - (p)
TOTAL GENERAL OVERHEAD 1,983,306$
(348,555)$ (192,247)$ 1,442,505$ 1,366,008$ 76,497$
TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS 3,059,593$
(348,555)$ (221,607)$ 2,489,431$ 2,350,936$ 138,495$
127.63% 128.69% 112.01%
Company Wide Home Office Field Office
FAR References and Notes:
(a) 31.205-6(a)(6)(ii)(B): Owners' compensation in excess of reasonable amount is disallowed (distribution of profits).
(b) 31.205-19(e)(2)(v): Officers' life insurance is disallowed.
(c) 31.201-6(e)(2): Marketing, lobbying, and any labor associated with unallowable activities is disallowed.
(d) 31.202: Excluded direct project costs (both billable & non-billable costs) from indirect cost pool.
(e) 31.205-1: Costs for general marketing materials are disallowed.
(f) 31.205-6(m)(2) & 31.205-46(d): Personal use of a company asset (automobile) is disallowed.
(g) 31.205-8 & 31.205-13(b): Contributions and gifts are disallowed.
(h) 31.205-22: Lobbying costs, paid as a percentage of professional dues, are disallowed.
(i) 31.205-20: Interest is disallowed.
(j) 31.205-14 & 31.205-51: Costs for entertainment and alcoholic beverages are disallowed. (The entertainment cost principle supersedes all others.)
(k) 31.201-4, 31.205-15, & 31.205-20: Disallowed late fees; Government-imposed fines and penalties; and credit card interest.
(l) 31.205-36(b)(3): Related-party rent (not an arm's-length transaction) is limited to actual cost of ownership, net of interest and other unallowable items.
(m) 31.202: Direct costs segregated and removed from indirect cost pool.
(n) Field employee labor and fringe specifically identified.
(o) Indirect general administrative and support labor less identified field portion is allocated.
(p) Accounts specifically identified as home office only.
ALLOCATIONS
OVERHEAD RATES (as percentages of direct labor cost)..............................................................................
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TABLE 5-7. FIELD OFFICE COMPUTATIONS
Indirect Labor Bonuses 401(k) Paid Time Off Field-Specific
Employee Name & Classification
Direct Labor (general) (fringe benefit) (fringe benefit) (fringe benefit) Totals
Name 1 - Project Manager - 10,920 - - - 10,920
Name 2 - Senior Engineer 50,176 3,136 7,500 2,620 4,928 68,360
Name 2 - Project Engineer 41,216 2,576 3,500 1,966 4,048 53,306
Name 4 - Technician 1 32,256
2,016 1,500 1,685 3,168 40,625
123,648
18,648 12,500 6,270 12,144 173,210
Direct Labor (Field Office) 123,648 Company Wide
Field Office
÷ Direct Labor 1,950,501 123,648
Total Direct Labor (Home + Field) 1,950,501 PTO (vacation/sick/holiday) 253,565 12,144
Direct Labor Based Field % 6.34% Indirect Labo
r
737,890 18,648
Totals 2,941,957 154,440
÷
Total Company Labor 2,941,957
General Overhead Field % 5.25%
Field Employee Worksheet
Field Office Direct Labor Calculation Field Office Labor Calculation
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AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 45 | Page
Chapter 6—Labor-Charging Systems and Other Considerations
The purpose of this chapter is to provide interpretive guidance only. This chapter is not intended to be
authoritative or to supersede the FAR. The entire text of the FAR should be consulted when determining
proper accounting treatment.
6.1—Background
Compensation for personal services is one of the largest components of cost incurred under Government
contracts. It includes all remuneration paid currently or accrued, in whatever form, for services rendered
by an engineering consultant’s employees during contract performance.
The objective of a compensation system is to provide the level of pay and benefits necessary to attract,
retain, and motivate employees to direct their efforts toward achieving the goals of the organization. To
be considered adequate, an engineering consultant’s compensation system must be reliable, be subject to
applicable management control objectives and activities, and must result in allocable, allowable, and
reasonable compensation costs to be charged to Government contracts in accordance with FAR
provisions.
6.2—Labor Costs, Generally
As discussed previously in Chapter 5, labor costs typically are the most significant costs allocated to
Government contracts and usually comprise the base used for allocating indirect costs. Historical labor
costs frequently are used to estimate labor for follow-on or similar item Government contracts.
Unlike other cost items, labor is not supported by third party documentation such as an invoice, purchase
order, or receipt. Instead, consultants’ employees have complete control over the documents or devices of
original entry, whether consisting of timecards, electronic media, or some other means.
Responsibility for labor reporting is diffused throughout the engineering consultant’s organization.
Consequently, there are significant risks associated with the accurate recording, distribution, and payment
of labor costs.
6.3—Allowability and Reasonableness of Indirect Labor
[Reference: FAR 31.201-3]
Labor cost may take one of two paths—either as a direct charge to a project, or as an indirect charge to
overhead. When consultants use an overhead rate to recover indirect costs, Government contracts will
participate in these costs. To assess the reasonableness of the labor cost pools in accordance with FAR
31.201-3, State DOTs may apply productivity or efficiency measurements. These measurements are
compared to industry standards or State DOTs’ expectations to assess the reasonableness of the submitted
labor costs.
6
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Productivity and/or other efficiency measures may be used by a State DOT to assess the reasonableness
of a consultant’s labor distribution. If indirect labor appears to be unreasonably high, then the State DOT
may make further inquiries of the consultant, may perform additional analytical procedures, and/or may
conduct intensive labor testing.
Conversely, consultants must consistently monitor the recording of direct and indirect labor cost to
ensure accuracy and must monitor staffing levels to ensure the maximum utilization of employees to
minimize excess or idle capacity. Productivity or efficiency measurements consistently below industry
standards should warrant discussions between the consultant and the State DOT(s). However, this type of
ratio/measurement should not be used as the sole measure of reasonableness.
Note:Twoareasofindirectlaborcosts,BidandProposalcostsandSellingcosts,provideconsistentareasof
concerntoStateDOTsandauditagencies.Theallowabilityofthesecostsisdiscussedspecificallybelow.
A. Bid and Proposal Costs (B&P)
[References: FAR 31.205-18, CAS 420.30(a)(2), CAS 420]
1. Definition
FAR 31.205-18(a) and CAS 420.30(a)(2) provide that Bid and Proposal (B&P) costs are the—
[E]xpenses incurred in preparing, submitting, and supporting bids and proposals
(whether or not solicited) on potential Government or non-government contracts,
provided that the effort is neither sponsored by a grant, nor required in the
performance of a contract.
FAR 31.205-18(b) further provides that all contracts, regardless of whether full CAS coverage applies,
are subject to the cost identification and accumulation provisions of CAS 420.
2. Identification and Accumulation of B&P
As further discussed in CAS 420, consultants must identify and accumulate B&P costs by individual
projects. CAS 420 also requires that costs for B&P projects be accounted for in the same manner as
contracts and include costs that would be treated as direct costs of that contract, if incurred in like
circumstances, and all allocable indirect costs, with the exception of general and administrative expenses.
For example, if a consultant charges clerical and technical support costs directly to final cost objectives,
then it must also charge them directly to B&P projects. If, however, the consultant charges these costs to
indirect cost pools, such costs incurred in support of B&P efforts also should be allocated to indirect cost
pools.
3. Efforts Sponsored by Grant or Required by Contract
In accordance with the B&P definition at FAR 31.205-18(a), any efforts that are “sponsored by a grant or
required in the performance of a contract” are not B&P. Accordingly, consultants must not include costs
in the B&P cost pools for developmental efforts that are specifically required in the performance of a
contract, or those efforts that are not explicitly stated in the contract but are necessary to perform the
contract.
Consultants must consistently require senior managers and executives to accurately track and
record their time associated with B&P activities as required by CAS 420. This issue is of
particular concern, as many executives and managers do not track B&P activities separately
from other overhead functions.
The consultant should establish clear guidance regarding the specific activities that comprise B&P
activities and should ensure that all staff members are adequately trained. The consultant should
regularly monitor the time coded by senior managers and executives to B&P activities to
determine the accuracy of efforts expended. Labor costs associated with B&P activities should be
clearly identified and must be segregated from other indirect labor activities.
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B. Selling Effort and Activities
This section contains general guidance in determining the allocability, allowability, and reasonableness
of selling costs under Government contracts, as discussed in FAR 31.205-38.
1. Direct Selling
[Reference: FAR 31.205-38(b)(5)]
Direct selling is characterized by person-to-person contact and includes such efforts as familiarizing a
potential customer with the consultant’s products or services, conditions of sale, service capabilities, and
similar items. It also includes negotiation, liaison between customer and consultant personnel, technical
and consulting efforts, individual demonstrations, and any other efforts having as their purpose the
application or adaptation of the consultant’s products or services for a particular customer’s use.
Generally, the costs of direct selling efforts are allowable.
2. Brokerage Fees, Commissions, and Similar Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-38(c)]
Notwithstanding any other provision of FAR 31.205-38, sellers’ or agents’ compensation, fees,
commissions, percentages, retainer or brokerage fees, whether or not contingent upon the award of
contracts, are allowable only when paid to bona fide employees or established commercial or selling
agencies maintained by the consultant for the purpose of securing business.
3. Other Cost Principles Related to Selling Efforts
[References: FAR 31.205-1, FAR 31.205-12, FAR 31.205-14, FAR 31.205-18, FAR 31.205-27, FAR 31.205-38, CAM Section
7-1200, CAM Section 7-1500]
The nature of costs classified and allocated as selling expense should be compatible with the provisions
of FAR 31.205-38. Although the generic term “selling” encompasses all effort to market a consultant’s
products, the acceptability of the costs of this effort is governed by several subsections of FAR 31.205.
Costs that fall into the following categories should be classified accordingly. These costs should be
evaluated using the appropriate subsection of FAR 31.205 as discussed below:
Advertising Costs (FAR 31.205-1 & -38). Also see DCAA Contract Audit Manual Section
7-1200. In most instances, allowable advertising is limited to help-wanted advertisements.
Corporate Image Enhancement and Public Relations Costs (FAR 31.205-1 & -38). Also see
DCAA Contract Audit Manual Section 7-1200.
Allowable public relations costs include the following examples: costs specifically required by
contract, costs of communicating with the public, costs for participating in community service
activities, and costs of plant tours and open houses (excluding any entertainment costs associated
with these efforts).
Unallowable public relations costs include costs for disseminating messages calling favorable
attention to the firm’s products or services; most costs for trade shows; and costs of sponsoring
meetings, conventions, seminars, and other events when the principal purpose of the event is
other than the dissemination of technical information or the stimulation of production.
Bid and Proposal/Independent Research and Development Costs (FAR 31.205-18). Also see
DCAA Contract Audit Manual Section 7-1500. These costs generally are allowable, subject to
the limitations provided in FAR 31.205-18.
Entertainment Costs (FAR 31.205-14). Entertainment costs are expressly unallowable,
regardless of the purpose or intent of the entertainment. Costs made specifically unallowable
under FAR 31.205-14 are not allowable under any other cost principle.
Long-Range Market Planning Costs (FAR 31.205-12). Costs associated with general long-
range management planning are allowable; however, organizational or reorganizational costs are
unallowable (see FAR 31.205-27 for more details).
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4. Recordkeeping Requirements
[References: FAR 31.201-2(d)]
Pursuant with FAR 31.201-2(d), consultants must maintain adequate records to demonstrate that claimed
costs have been incurred and are allocable to the FAHP contracts. Accordingly, consultants must require
all employees, including senior managers and executives, to maintain a contemporaneous record of all
time devoted to selling activities. To accomplish this, the consultant must establish clear guidance
regarding the specific activities that comprise selling activities and must ensure that all staff members are
adequately trained.
Note:Theconsultantmustregularlymonitorthetimerecordedbyallemployees,includingseniormanagersand
executives,todeterminetheaccuracyofeffortsexpended.Laborcostsassociatedwithsellingactivitiesmustbe
easilyidentifiedandmustbesegregatedfromotherindirectlaboractivities.
6.4—DCAA Accounting Guide
[References: FAR 31.002, DCAAP No. 7641.90]
The Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA) issued Pamphlet No. 7641.90 (DCAAP 7641.90),
Information for Contractors.
14
The DCAAP provides useful guidance but does not have the effect of
law. The DCAAP is referenced at FAR 31.002 and provides extensive guidance regarding labor-charging
systems. Specifically, sections 2-301 through 2-302.2 provide guidance regarding the—
Accounting system,
Labor charging system,
Timecard preparation methods, and
Timekeeping policy.
Note:PertinentsectionsofDCAAPNo.7641.90havebeenextractedandparaphrasedbelowforemphasisand
furtherdiscussion.
A. Accounting System Internal Control
When performing work in connection with Government contracts, it is essential for engineering
consultants to maintain an operable accounting system under general ledger control. A properly designed
system includes the following attributes:
Proper segregation of direct costs and indirect costs.
Identification and accumulation of direct costs by cost objective/contract.
A logical and consistent method for allocating indirect costs to intermediate and final cost
objectives.
Accumulation of costs under general ledger control.
A timekeeping system that identifies employees’ labor by intermediate and final cost objectives.
A labor distribution system that charges direct and indirect labor to the appropriate cost
objectives.
Interim (at least monthly) determination of costs charged to a contract through routine posting to
books of account.
Exclusion from costs charged to Government contracts of amounts that are not allowable
pursuant to FAR Part 31 or other contract provisions.
Identification of costs by appropriate units, if required by the contract.
14
Dated January 2005. The DCAAP is available via the Internet at http://www.dcaa.mil/chap6.pdf.
C HAPTER 6/LABOR-CHARGING S YSTEMS AND O THER C ONSIDERATIONS
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B. Labor Charging System Internal Control
1. Generally
The key link in any sound labor time charging system is the individual employee. It is critical to labor
charging internal control systems that management indoctrinates employees on their independent
responsibilities for accurately recording time charges. This is the single most important feature
management can emphasize in recognizing its responsibility to owners, creditors, and customers to guard
against fraud and waste in the labor charging function.
To be effective, the internal controls over labor charging should meet the following criteria:
The engineering consultant should have adequate segregation of duties for labor-related activities;
for example, the responsibility for timekeeping and payroll accounting should be separated.
Supervisors who are accountable for meeting contract budgets should not have the opportunity to
initiate employee time charges. (It is recognized that, for a very small company, this type of
segregation may not be possible, whereas for a larger company, this type of segregation would be
required in order to have good internal controls over labor costs.)
The engineering consultant’s procedures and controls must be evident, well defined, and
reasonable so there is no confusion concerning the reason for the controls and no
misunderstanding as to what is and what is not permissible.
The engineering consultant must continuously maintain the controls and verify their effectiveness.
Controls must be updated to correct any deficiencies, and violations must be remedied through
prompt and effective action to serve as a deterrent to prospective violations.
Individual employees must be constantly, although unobtrusively, made aware of controls that act
as an effective deterrent against violations. Many businesses accomplish this by emphasizing the
importance of timecard preparation in staff meetings, employee orientation, and through the
posting of signs throughout the workplace to remind employees of the importance of accurate and
current timecards.
The engineering consultant should have a system of feedback to provide employees with
opportunities to report to management any suspected mischarging or violations of the consultant’s
system of internal controls, with anonymity guaranteed.
2. Timecard Preparation
The engineering consultant should provide detailed instructions for timecard preparation in a timekeeping
pamphlet and/or company procedure. Specific issues associated with automated and manual timecard
systems are provided below:
(a) Automated Timekeeping System. When an automated timekeeping system is in place, procedures
should provide for the accurate and current recording of labor hours by authorized employees, as well as
appropriate controls to ensure corrections to labor charges are accurate and authorized. Generally,
controls should be in place to ensure the following:
Only the employee uses his or her labor charging instrument to access the labor system.
Changes are initialed, authorized, and dated by the employee and supervisor and include a
description of the reason for the change. This may be done electronically.
A verifiable audit trail process is in place that collects all initial entries and subsequent changes.
When an engineering consultant uses an employee badge system, badge issuance must be
sufficiently controlled so that no badge number is duplicated and badges are not issued to
unauthorized persons. Additionally, procedures must be in place to require employees to report
lost badges promptly.
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(b) Manual Timekeeping System. When a manual system is in place, procedures should provide for the
accurate and complete recording of labor hours, as well as appropriate controls to ensure corrections to
labor records are accurate and authorized. Generally, controls should be in place to ensure—
Supervisory observation of employee arrival and departure to prevent improper clock-in/clock-
out.
Employee possession of timecard/timesheet.
The employee prepares his or her timecard/timesheet in ink, as work is performed.
Only one timecard/timesheet is prepared per employee per period; timecards/timesheets are
preprinted with employee name and identification number; and timecards/timesheets are
submitted to the designated timekeeping office or are collected by an authorized person.
Pre-coded data is printed on job cards for identification purposes (e.g., codes for various leave
types or indirect labor).
Direct labor employees record their time no less often than daily. Sufficient formal subsidiary
records must be maintained, if necessary, to ensure accuracy in labor recording and the proper
allocation of labor costs to intermediate and final cost objectives when multiple jobs are worked
in a day.
Corrections are made in ink, initialed by the employee, properly authorized, and provide a
sufficient and relevant explanation for the correction.
The correct distribution of time by project numbers, contract number or name, or other identifiers
for a particular assignment. To ensure accuracy, a listing of project numbers and their descriptions
should be provided in writing to the employee.
Recording all hours worked whether they are paid or not. This is necessary because labor costs
and associated overheads are affected by total hours worked, not just paid hours worked.
Therefore, labor rate computations and labor overhead costs should reflect all hours worked.
Unpaid hours worked are termed “uncompensated overtime.”
Employees and supervisors sign the timecards/timesheets in accordance with procedures,
verifying the accuracy of the recorded effort.
The job cost system is reconciled to the general ledger on a regular and consistent basis. This
reconciliation should occur no less frequently than once every 30 days.
Note:Alabor‐chargingchecklistisattachedattheendofthischaptertoassistengineeringconsultantsand
accountingprofessionalsintheassessmentoftheengineeringconsultant’slabor‐chargingsystem.
(SeeTable6‐1.)
3. Timekeeping Policy
The engineering consultant should implement a written policy that requires the following:
Supervisors must approve and cosign all timecards.
The supervisor is prohibited from completing an employee’s timecard unless the employee is
absent for a prolonged period of time on some form of authorized leave. If the employee is on
travel status, the supervisor for the employee may prepare a time sheet. Upon his or her return, the
employee should turn in his/her time sheet and attach it to the one prepared by the supervisor.
The guidance should state that the nature of the work determines the proper distribution of time,
not availability of funding, type of contract, or other factors. Accordingly, direct labor hours must
be assigned to the cost objective/project that caused the hours to be incurred, regardless of
whether the hours are billable to clients. Non-billable labor hours may not be allocated, or later
reassigned, to other projects or to overhead.
Procedures must be established to verify that the total labor hours reflected in labor distribution
summaries agree with the total labor charges as entered into the timekeeping and payroll systems.
This reconciliation attests that the labor charges to contracts represent actual paid or accrued costs
and such costs are appropriately recorded in the according records. Each employee’s time charge
should be distributed as recorded, regardless of whether all the labor is billable to clients.
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The company policy should state that the accurate and complete preparation of timecards is a part
of each employee’s job. The policy also should state that careless or improper preparation of
timecards may lead to disciplinary actions under company policies and/or applicable State and
Federal statutes.
6.5—Compliance and Review
Auditors are encouraged to apply the requirements of DCAAP 7641.90 to their examinations of
engineering consultants’ labor-charging systems, as State DOTs may challenge any FAR audit or
attestation engagement that does not adequately address the reliability and accuracy of a consultant’s
labor-charging system. In the absence of any deficiencies noted in such examinations, State DOTs
generally will accept audit opinions that are developed in compliance with DCAAP criteria. This includes
attestations or audits performed by independent CPAs or Government auditors, such as the DCAA.
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TABLE 6-1. LABOR-CHARGING CHECKLIST
Yes No N/
A
Note
•
•
•
•
•
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(1) operational;
(2)
(3)
(4)
nonexistent.
•
□
□
□
Is there segregation of responsibilities for labor-related activities? For example, the responsibility for
timekeeping and payroll accounting should be separated.
Do supervisors who are accountable for meeting contract budgets have the opportunity to initiate
employee time charges? (It is recognized that, for a very small company, this type of segregation may
not be possible, whereas for a larger company, this type of segregation would be required in order to
have good internal controls over labor costs.)
Are individual employees routinely made aware of controls that act as effective deterrent against
violations? Many businesses accomplish this by emphasizing the importance of timecard preparation in
staff meetings, employee orientation, and through posting of signs throughout the workplace that
reminds employees of the importance of accurate and current timecards.
Were detailed instructions for timecard preparation established through a timekeeping pamphlet and/or
company procedure?
anticipate to be placed into operation; or
set up, but not yet operational;
Changes to the timecard. All changes should be lined through, with the employee's initials beside
the change indicating the employee personally made the change and that the change is correct.
Recording all hours worked whether they are paid or not. This is necessary because labor costs
and associated overheads are affected by total hours worked, not just paid hours worked.
Therefore, labor rate computations and labor overhead costs should reflect all hours worked.
Unpaid hours worked are termed "uncompensated overtime."
Signing the timecard at the end of each work period.
Do supervisors approve and cosign all timecards?
If a manual system is in place, were instructions published to inform employees that they are
personally responsible for the following?
Recording his/her time on a daily basis.
Recording time on the timecard in ink.
The correct distribution of time by project numbers, contract number or name, or other identifiers
for a particular assignment. To ensure accuracy, a listing of project numbers and their descriptions
should be provided in writing to the employee.
Does the accounting system articulate with a timekeeping system that identifies employees' labor by
intermediate or final cost objectives?
Does the accounting system include interim (at least monthly) determination of costs charged to
contracts through routine posting of books of account (i.e., project data is transferred from the labor
distribution system to the cost accounting system)?
Does the consultant's policy state that careless or improper preparation of timecards may lead to
disciplinary actions under company policies as well as applicable Federal statutes?
Does the consultant's accounting system provide for proper segregation of direct and indirect costs?
Evaluation of Accounting System - Critical Elements:
Are supervisors prohibited from completing an employee's timecard unless the employee is absent for
a prolonged period of time on some form of authorized leave?
If the employee is on travel status, the supervisor for the employee may prepare a timesheet. Upon the
employee's return, does the employee turn in his/her time sheet and attach it to the one prepared by
the supervisor, or does the firm in some other way document the reason why the employee did not
prepare and sign the original timesheet?
Does the consultant's published guidance/policy state that the nature of the work determines the
proper distribution of time, not availability of funding, type of contract, or other factors? (Does the
consultant emphasize that the proper characterization/categorization of labor hours is not dependent
upon whether such labor hours are billable to a client?)
Does the consultant's policy state that the accurate and complete preparation of timecards is a part of
each employee's job?
Unacceptable.
Model Characteristics of Labor-Charging Systems:
Final Assessment of Consultant's Accounting System:
Fully Acceptable.
Provisionally Acceptable - Describe requirements for status to be changed to Fully Acceptable.
Does the accounting system include controls to exclude from costs charged to government contracts
amounts that are unallowable, per the Cost Principles of FAR Part 31 and/or other applicable laws or
regulations, including state audit guidance?
Is the accounting system currently in full operation? If not describe which portions of the system are:
Does the accounting system provide for identification and accumulation of direct costs by cost object
(contract)?
Does the accounting system provide for a logical and consistent method for the allocation of indirect
costs to intermediate and final cost objectives? (A contract is a final cost objective).
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 53 | Page
Important Note: Inthis2012editionoftheguide,Chapter7has
beenupdatedonlytoreflecttheissuanceoftheNational
CompensationMatrix(NCM).Otherchangestothischaptermaybe
requiredbasedonthelatestrulingsbytheArmedServicesBoardof
ContractAppeals(ASBCA).However,atthispoint,theimpactof
thoserulingsisunclear.AdditionalupdatestoChapter7willappear
infutureeditionsoftheguide.
Chapter 7—Compensation
7.1—General Principles
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6]
Pursuant to FAR 31.205-6—
(a) Compensation for personal services is allowable subject to the following general
criteria and additional requirements contained in other parts of [FAR 31.205-6] . . . .
(1) Compensation for personal services must be for work performed by the employee
in the current year and must not represent a retroactive adjustment of prior years’
salaries or wages. . . .
(2) The total compensation for individual employees or job classes of employees
must be reasonable for the work performed; however, specific restrictions on
individual compensation elements apply when prescribed.
(3) The compensation must be based upon and conform to the terms and conditions of
the contractor’s established compensation plan or practice followed so consistently as
to imply, in effect, an agreement to make the payment.
(4) No presumption of allowability will exist where the contractor introduces major
revisions of existing compensation plans or new plans and the contractor has not
provided the cognizant state DOT, either before implementation or within a
reasonable period after it, an opportunity to review the allowability of the changes.
(5) Costs that are unallowable under other paragraphs of . . . [FAR] Subpart 31.2 are
not allowable under . . . [FAR] 31.205-6 solely on the basis that they constitute
compensation for personal services.
7.2—Allowability of Compensation
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6]
Total compensation generally includes allocable and allowable wages, salaries, bonuses, deferred
compensation, and employer contributions to defined contribution pension plans. Individual elements of
compensation must be reviewed for allowability in compliance with the FAR.
FAR 31.205-6 distinguishes between allowability and reasonableness of compensation. It lists specific
requirements for the allowability of certain elements of compensation. For an element of compensation to
be allowable, it must meet the FAR requirements specific to that element. The total of all allowable
compensation elements must be reasonable for the work performed. Reasonableness of compensation is
discussed below in Section 7.3.
7
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7.3—Reasonableness of Compensation
[References: FAR 31.201-3, FAR 31.205-6, DCAA CAM Sections 6-413 and 6-414]
Pursuant to FAR 31.205-6(b)(2), compensation not covered by labor-management agreements for each
employee or job class of employees must be reasonable for the work performed. Furthermore,
Compensation is reasonable if the aggregate of each measurable and allowable
element sums to a reasonable total. In determining the reasonableness of total
compensation, consider only allowable individual elements of compensation. In
addition to the provisions of FAR 31.201-3, in testing the reasonableness of
compensation for particular employees or job classes of employees, consider factors
determined to be relevant by the contracting officer. Factors that may be relevant
include, but are not limited to, conformity with compensation practices of other
firms—
(i) Of the same size;
(ii) In the same industry;
(iii) In the same geographic area; and
(iv) Engaged in similar non-government work under comparable
circumstances.
The engineering consultant is responsible for preparing an analysis to support the reasonableness of
claimed compensation costs in accordance with FAR 31.205-6. Typically, this analysis focuses on
executive positions because those positions comprise the highest compensation levels and the most
significant area of audit risk.
Additionally, pursuant to FAR 31.205-6 (a)(6)(i)(A) and (B):
Compensation costs for certain individuals give rise to the need for special
consideration. Such individuals include—
(A) Owners of closely held corporations, members of limited liability
companies, partners, sole proprietors, or members of their immediate
families; and
(B) Persons who are contractually committed to acquire a substantial
financial interest in the contractor’s enterprise.
Accordingly, in compliance with FAR 31.205-6, engineering consultants must ensure and properly
document that the compensation for each employee or job class of employees is reasonable for the work
performed. The auditor is responsible for reviewing/testing the engineering consultant’s compensation
analysis, to the extent considered necessary based on the auditor’s risk assessment. Additional audit
guidance appears in DCAA Contract Audit Manual (DCAA CAM) Sections 6-413 and 6-414. Much of
the guidance included therein has been incorporated into this guide in the following sections.
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7.4—Statutory Compensation Limit: The Benchmark Compensation Amount (BCA)
[References: FAR 31.205-6(p), Public Law 105-85 Section 808(b), DCAA CAM Section 6-413.7]
Pursuant to FAR 31.205-6, an engineering consultant is permitted to charge reasonable compensation to
Government contracts as either a direct cost, indirect cost, or a combination of both. FAR 31.205-6(p)
limits allowable compensation for Senior Executives
(†)
to the Benchmark Compensation Amount (BCA)
as determined by the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP), Section 808(b) of Public Law 105-
85. The BCA is established based on the compensation of executives of publicly-owned U.S.
corporations with annual sales over $50 million for the fiscal year. The BCA applies to Senior Executives
at corporate offices and business segments.
(†)
Note:FAR31.205‐6(p)(2)(ii)(B)defines“SeniorExecutives”as“thefivemosthighlycompensatedemployeesin
managementpositionsateachhomeofficeandeachsegmentofthecontractor,whetherornotthehomeofficeor
segmentreportsdirectlytothecontractor’sheadquarters.”Additionally,CAS410defines“segment”as“oneof
twoormoredivisions,productdepartments,plants,orothersubdivisionsofanorganizationreportingdirectlyto
ahomeoffice,usuallyidentifiedwithresponsibilityforprofitand/orproducingaproductorservice.”
Although the BCA is the statutory maximum for Senior Executive compensation costs that may be
charged to Government contracts, the BCA must not be construed as an entitlement or a guaranteed
amount of cost recovery. Instead, compensation is subject to the FAR allowability criteria discussed in
FAR 31.201-2, including the allocability and reasonableness provisions of FAR 31.201-4 and FAR
31.205-6, respectively.
15
Owners of closely-held firms are subject to an additional restriction—no
payment that represents a distribution of profits may be submitted as a cost against a Government
contract.
7.5—Determining the Reasonableness of Executive Compensation
[References: FAR 31.205-6, DCAA CAM Section 6-414, Techplan Corporation, Information Systems (ASBCA cases)]
A. Generally
Pursuant to DCAA CAM Section 6-414.4c:
Executive positions within a company are usually unique positions within that
company. Only the largest of firms have the potential for a class of employees
performing vice-presidential level duties, which can be described as having similar
rank, function, and responsibility. Normally, executives are not part of a class of
employees and must be evaluated individually.
The engineering consultant’s policies and procedures should provide descriptions of how executive
compensation levels are established and who approves these levels, as well as the eligibility criteria and
basis for establishing base salary, cash bonuses, long-term perquisites, benefits, services, and incentive
pay bonuses.
In developing FAR-allowable overhead rates, engineering consultants should evaluate the reasonableness
of executive compensation costs in accordance with FAR 31.205-6 and should prepare documentation to
support this evaluation. Additional guidance on the evaluation of executive compensation costs appears
in DCAA CAM Sections 6-413 and 6-414, which should be consulted for more details prior to
performing the analysis.
.
15
This was reinforced by the Federal Office of Management and Budget: “While the benchmark executive compensation amount is
the maximum allowable amount of compensation costs for certain executives of Government contractors, the benchmark amount as
applied to a particular executive is not necessarily a safe harbor. Without regard to the benchmark compensation amount, the
allowable compensation costs for each affected executive are still subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation and the Cost
Accounting Standards as applicable and appropriate to the circumstances, e.g., reasonableness and allocability. The Executive
Compensation Cap is implemented at FAR 31.205-6(p).”
(See http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/procurement_index_exec_comp.)
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B. Procedures for Determining Reasonableness
The engineering consultant must determine the reasonableness of executive compensation in a manner
compliant with the criteria established in FAR 31.205-6 and the two major Armed Services Board of
Contract Appeals (ASBCA) decisions dealing with compensation: Techplan Corporation,
16
and
Information Systems and Networks Corporation.
17
The engineering consultant should prepare a compensation analysis in accordance with the procedure
described below in Section 7.5.C. In compliance with FAR 31.205-6, the consultant must disallow costs
in excess of the amount deemed reasonable as determined by the compensation study.
Note:Incaseswhereaconsultantdoesnotperformanacceptablecompensationanalysis,StateDOTsmayusethe
NationalCompensationMatrix(NCM)asabenchmarkfordeterminingthereasonablenessofexecutive
compensation.SeeSection7.7forspecificsregardingtheNCM.
C. Performing a Compensation Analysis in Compliance with FAR 31.205-6,
Techplan
, and
Information Systems
The approach that engineering consultants should use to evaluate compensation reasonableness should
include the following steps:
Step 1. Examine all elements of compensation and eliminate from FAR-allowable overhead those
elements which are defined as unallowable under FAR 31.205-6 or other applicable FAR cost
principles. For example, compensation calculated based on changes in corporate securities (such as
stock options) is expressly unallowable, and should be excluded from overhead and from the
compensation evaluated.
Step 2. For the individual executives or classes of employees to be examined, prepare a schedule listing
all allowable components of compensation and the amount paid for each. Compensation includes
wages, salary, bonuses, incentive compensation, deferred compensation, and employer contributions to
defined contribution pension plans.
Step 3. Obtain nationally-published compensation surveys to match the engineering consultant in terms
of revenue, industry, geographic location, and other relevant factors. Engineering consultants and
auditors should ensure survey data used to support reasonableness determinations is based on reliable
and unbiased surveys that are representative of the engineering consultant’s relevant market or industry.
In most cases, no one survey is sufficient to determine the market rate of pay for all the engineering
consultant’s positions. A primary survey may be selected with secondary surveys used to corroborate
the results of the primary survey. Typically, industry best practices include the use of three surveys.
DCAA CAM Section 5-808.8c(2) provides guidance on evaluating compensation survey data. Some
types of surveys that should generally not be used include magazine or newspaper surveys, free internet
surveys, and GSA schedules.
Nationally-published surveys typically identify the mean, median or percentile amounts of salary,
bonus and other elements of compensation by revenue ranges, number of firm employees, or discipline.
Geographical regions, position title, job descriptions, and additional data analysis typically are standard
topics.
The engineering consultant must match the job description and duties of each of its executives to the
survey data. However, matching positions based solely on job titles may result in an inaccurate
comparison. For instance, in a small business an executive will perform certain duties that are
performed by multiple people in a larger company.
16
Techplan Corporation, ASBCA Nos. 41470, 45387, and 45388, 1996 ASBCA LEXIS 141. Techplan is the
seminal case that established a methodology for applying the reasonableness provisions of FAR 31.205-6 to
compensation issues.
17
Information Systems and Networks Corporation, ASBCA No. 47849, 1997 WL 381263 (A.S.B.C.A.), 97-2 BCA P
29132.
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AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 57 | Page
Step 4. From these surveys, develop an estimated reasonable compensation amount for each executive
position. First, determine the survey median compensation amounts for each comparable position,
selecting survey data for firms of comparable size and geographic area. Some surveys will classify
firms by size based on number of staff, while others will use total revenues. Use the category that best
matches the survey data to the subject firm.
For example, assume the subject firm has 45 employees and revenues of $9 million. Survey data, such
as the sample shown below in Table 7-1, should be analyzed as described in the following steps.
TABLE 7-1. SAMPLE SURVEY DATA FOR DETERMINING
REASONABLENESS OF COMPENSATION
Position: President/CEO
Survey 1
Number of Salary
Bonus/
Incentive
Other
Compensation
Total
Compensation
Employees (median) (median) (median) (median)
1–20 $101,000 $15,000 $8,000 $124,000
21–50 145,000 32,000 11,000 188,000
51–100 210,000 47,000 18,000 275,000
101–200 241,000 82,000 24,000 347,000
Step 5. Apply appropriate escalation factors to adjust survey data to a common date of July 1 of the
same year or the mid-point of the Consultant’s Fiscal Year. The escalation factor used should be
supported by survey data on trends in compensation for the years examined. Often, surveys will include
an executive summary section that will present data on such trends.
Step 6. Develop a composite median amount by averaging the median total compensation amounts,
after application of any necessary escalation factors.
Step 7. Next, increase the composite median by 10 percent, based on DCAA guidance (see DCAA
CAM Section 6-414.4) which allows for a 10 percent range of reasonableness to be applied in
developing estimated reasonable compensation.
Disclaimer: The following data in Table 7-2 are presented for illustration purposes only and must not be
relied upon or applied to an analysis of actual compensation costs.
TABLE 7-2. ESTIMATED REASONABLE COMPENSATION
Position: President / CEO
Salary
Bonus/
Incentive
Other
Compensation
Total
Compensation
(median) (median) (median) (median)
Survey 1 Staff size 21–50 $145,000 $32,000 $11,000 $188,000
Survey 2 Revenue $5–10M 127,000 35,000 15,000 177,000
Survey 3 Revenue $5–15M 146,000 42,000 14,000 202,000
Average 189,000
Range of reasonableness (ROR) factor * 10%
Adjusted for 10% ROR 207,900
President/CEO estimated reasonable
compensation 207,900
(M = million)
Note: If survey data from prior years is used, then adjust to the current year using an
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appropriate escalation factor. In this example, only one year of data is presented.
Note:Onlyallowableelementsofcompensationshouldbeincludedintheanalysis.Surveyandactualdatashould
bereviewedforallowabilitypriortoinclusion.AllowabilityofspecificcompensationelementsisdiscussedinFAR
31.205‐6andelsewhereinthischapter.Theterm“OtherCompensation”asusedhereincludesallFAR‐allowable
compensationotherthansalaryandbonusorincentivecompensation.
Step 8. Compare total actual compensation for each executive to the estimated reasonable
compensation developed in Step 7 for that position.
Disclaimer: The following data in Table 7-3 are presented for illustration purposes only and must not be
relied upon or applied to an analysis of actual compensation costs.
TABLE 7-3. COMPARISON TO ACTUAL EXECUTIVE
COMPENSATION:
Actual
Salary
Actual
Bonus/
Incentive
Actual
Other
Comp.
Actual
Total
Comp.
Estimated
Reasonable
Total Comp.(†)
Potential
Unreasonable
Comp.
President /
CEO
$144,000
$52,000
$18,000
$214,000 $207,900
$6,100
Perform this analysis for each executive as defined in this chapter, and accumulate total potential
unreasonable compensation.
(†)Note:NocompensationclaimedforanySeniorExecutivemayexceedthebenchmarkcompensationamount
(BCA)discussedpreviouslyinSection7.4.
Step 9. In the cases where total compensation exceeds the estimated reasonable amount, FAR-
allowable compensation for that executive should generally be limited to the estimated reasonable
compensation, with one notable exception, as explained in Section 7.6.
7.6—Criteria for Demonstrating Superior Performance
[References: DCAA CAM Section 6-414.4h]
A. Generally
Pursuant to DCAA CAM Section 6-414.4h (entire text reproduced below)—
Often contractors will propose that their executives should be paid more than 110
percent of the reasonable compensation based on the average compensation paid by
comparable firms for executives with similar duties. Above average levels of
compensation are usually identified by percentiles, such as the 75th percentile. For an
executive with responsibility for overall management of a segment or firm, such a
proposal may be justified by clearly superior performance as documented by financial
performance that significantly exceeds the particular industry’s average. The
ASBCA, in its decision on Information Systems and Networks Corporation ASBCA
No. 47849, “capped” executive compensation at the 75th percentile when justified by
performance.
(1) Examples of financial performance measures may include the following:
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Revenue Growth
Net Income
Return on Shareholder’s [sic] Equity
Return on Assets
Return on Sales
Earnings per Share
Return on Capital
Cost Savings
Market Share
(2) The contractor must show that the measure chosen is representative of the
executive’s performance. Consideration should be given to the competitive
environment in which the contractor operates. There should be no extra compensation
awarded because of high performance measured by a standard which is not affected
by the executive’s performance, and certainly there should be no extra compensation
due to performance which results primarily from the contractor’s status as a
Government contractor. Performance is typically measured using more than one
criterion of performance. For example, a contractor may have significant sales growth
through acquisitions and mergers while operating at a loss. In this situation, the
contractor would not be considered to have superior performance based on the lone
measure of sales growth.
(3) Use of a particular measure to justify higher than average compensation should be
applied consistently over a period of years, with both increases and decreases in the
performance measures reflected in the changes to compensation claimed as
reasonable.
B. Procedure for Establishing Compensation Amounts in Excess of Survey Medians
To justify the superior performance necessary to evaluate an engineering consultant’s executive
compensation at higher than the median (up to but not exceeding the 75th percentile), the consultant must
prepare and document an analysis of the firm’s performance in comparison to selected performance
measures from the list above (as excerpted from DCAA CAM 6-414.4h(1)). Typically, superior
performance may not be based on only one performance measure; instead, superior performance in
comparison to three or more measures must be established to present a compelling case for the
allowability of higher than median executive compensation.
The analysis methodology steps include the following—
Step 1. Calculate a minimum of three financial performance measures stated above using the
engineering consultant’s actual financial data for the same time period.
Step 2. Calculate the firm’s composite financial performance measure. This is done by calculating the
simple average of the financial performance measures calculated in the previous step.
Step 3. Using proxy data available from SEC filings and the following criteria, identify the same
financial performance measures used in the engineering consultant’s analysis:
in SIC code 87;
in the same revenue range; and
for the same time period as the engineering consultant’s data.
Note:IfnoSECproxydataareavailablecommensuratewiththeengineeringconsultant’srevenueamount,itmay
beappropriatetoconsiderfinancialdatafromothersources,suchasDunandBradstreetorStandard&Poor’s.
Step 4. Calculate the proxy composite financial performance measure. This is done by calculating the
simple average of the financial performance measures calculated in the previous step.
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Step 5. Compare the engineering consultant’s composite financial performance measure to the proxy
composite financial performance measure to identify the consultant’s applicable percentile.
Step 6. Provide a copy of each executive’s position description, job duties, and the relationship
between executives’ performance and the firm’s performance.
If the engineering consultant can successfully demonstrate superior performance, then the analysis
performed in compliance with this Section (7.6) should be performed using survey data at the applicable
percentile. For example, if the firm’s financial performance is at the 75
th
percentile, then the
compensation analysis should use compensation survey data at the 75
th
percentile as well. Some surveys
are robust enough to provide data at any percentile ranking; however, it may be necessary to extrapolate
survey data if the applicable percentile is not presented. Additionally, pursuant to DCAA CAM Section
6-414.4h(3):
Use of a particular measure to justify higher than average compensation should be
applied consistently over a period of years, with both increase and decreases in the
performance measures reflective in the changes to compensation claimed as
reasonable.
Note:Regardlessoffirmperformance,executivecompensationcostsinexcessoftheBenchmarkCompensation
Amount
18
areunallowable.
7.7—State DOT Oversight: Review of Executive Compensation
[References: FAR 31.205-6, Techplan Corporation, Information Systems Corporation (ASBCA cases)]
A. Reviewing the Engineering Consultant’s Compensation Analysis
As discussed previously in Section 7.5.B, engineering consultants are responsible for preparing a
compensation analysis to demonstrate that claimed compensation costs are reasonable, and otherwise
allowable,
19
in compliance with FAR 31.205-6, as interpreted and clarified by the ASBCA in Techplan
and Information Systems. State DOTs and/or independent CPA auditors should review the consultant’s
analysis to validate compliance with the procedures described in Section 7.5.B.
Note:Iftheengineeringconsultant’scompensationanalysisisfullycompliantwiththeTechplanandInformation
SystemscriteriadiscussedpreviouslyinSection7.5.B,thenStateDOTswillberequiredtoaccepttheconsultant’s
analysis.
B. Using the National Compensation Matrix (NCM) to Evaluate Executive Compensation
In cases where engineering consultants do not prepare an acceptable compensation analysis, State DOTs
must use other tools and techniques to obtain reasonable assurance that executive compensation costs are
reasonable and otherwise allowable. To promote consistency in this process, a group
20
was formed to
prepare a “National Compensation Matrix” (NCM or Matrix) for use in determining reasonable levels of
executive compensation for engineering consultants in compliance with the criteria established in Section
7.5.B. The NCM Team began its deliberations on October 24, 2011, and the NCM was issued on May 8,
2012. The NCM is available at http://audit.transportation.org/Pages/default.aspx.
In future periods, the NCM will be updated as deemed appropriate by the NCM Team. In the event that
the NCM is not updated in any given year, the amounts stated in the most recent NCM should be adjusted
(escalated or de-escalated, as appropriate) based on instructions issued with the NCM.
18
See prior discussion in Section 7.4.
19
Only the net amount of total compensation attributable to allowable business activities is subject to the
reasonableness test. Accordingly, before performing a review for reasonableness, the engineering consultant must
first disallow all unallowable forms of compensation and compensation associated with unallowable activities.
20
The group (NCM Team or Team) includes representatives from AASHTO, various State DOTs, the FHWA,
ACEC, independent CPAs, and an independent Certified Compensation Professional (CCP).
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NoteRegardingStateDOTContractingTerms:
Engineeringconsultantsshouldbeawarethat,ifaStateDOTimposesadirecthourlyratelimitationpursuantto
contractualagreement(andconsistentwiththeFARcostprinciples),thenthedifferencebetweencompensation
paidversuscompensationbilledisstilldirectlaborandmustbeallocatedtoprojectsaccordingly.Theamountnot
reimbursedbytheStateDOTmustnotbemovedtoanotherprojectortransferredtoanindirectlaboraccount.
Accordingly,theunrecovered/unbilledamountrepresentsareductiontotheprofitabilityofaspecificcontract.
7.8—Executive Compensation—Required Supporting Documentation
Engineering consultants are required to prepare a schedule to demonstrate the application of, and
compliance with, either:
A complete compensation analysis prepared in accordance with all the criteria discussed in
Section 7.5, or
The NCM.
(†)
(†)Note:Regardlessofwhethertheengineeringconsultantpreparesitsowncompensationstudyusingpublished
compensationsurveysorinsteadusestheNCM,theconsultantmustperformtheproceduresdescribedinSection
7.5.C,Steps1,2,8,and9.(ConsultantsthatusetheNCMarenotrequiredtocompleteSteps3through7from
Section7.5.C.)
Each year, the schedule must be submitted to the engineering consultant’s home State DOT and the
consultant’s CPA along with an updated indirect cost rate schedule. For engineering consultants working
in multiple states, the non-home State DOT should contact the home State DOT to ensure that the
schedule has been submitted by the consultant and accepted by the home State DOT. If the engineering
consultant receives a cognizant audit, the schedule would only be submitted to the State DOT that
performs the cognizant agency review.
For each executive, the engineering consultant must voluntarily disallow all compensation that exceeds
the maximum amounts established by the consultant’s analysis, or alternatively, the amount in excess of
the applicable NCM threshold. The following information must be provided on the schedule and must be
disclosed separately for each applicable position:
1. Employee/owner/officer first and last name or employee identification (ID) number.
2. Position title.
3. Total wages/salaries paid including taxable fringe benefits.
4. Total bonuses paid.
5. Total employer contributions to defined contribution pension plans (whether paid, earned, or
otherwise accrued).
6. Total of items 3 through 5 above.
7. The applicable amount from the consultant’s analysis or the NCM.
8. The excess compensation required to be disallowed from the indirect labor or bonus line item.
Note:ThereviewingStateDOTmustbeabletoverifyandreconcilethescheduletotheengineeringconsultant’s
financialrecords.
7.9—Additional Procedures—Related Parties
An important aspect of a FAR-compliant audit is the identification of related parties and transactions with
related parties. This aspect of the audit is important because of (1) the requirement under GAAP to
disclose material related-party transactions and certain control relationships, (2) the potential for distorted
or misleading financial statements in the absence of adequate disclosure, and (3) the instances of
fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets that have been facilitated by the use of an
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undisclosed related party.
Potential related-party indicators
21
that may impact audit risk include, but are not limited to, the
following:
Agreements under which one party pays expenses on behalf of another party.
Circular business arrangements and transactions between related parties.
Engaging in business deals (such as leases) at greater or less than market value.
Discovery of an undisclosed related party.
Inadequate disclosure.
Payments for services at inflated prices.
Revenue recognition based on sales that lack economic substance.
Sale of land with arranged seller financing.
Sale of securities.
Services or goods purchased from a party at nominal cost or no cost.
Unusual, high-value transactions, particularly close to quarter- or year-end.
Use of a related party to mitigate market risks.
The consultant must provide a list of all employees who are related to company executives as reported
above. For each related party, the list should include the following six items:
1. Employees’ first and last names or employee IDs.
2. Name or employee ID of related executive, and nature of relationship.
3. Position title or job classification.
4. Brief description of the employee’s job duties.
5. Total wages or salaries paid, including taxable fringe benefits.
6. Total bonuses paid.
Auditors should review this information to evaluate whether there is a risk that compensation paid to a
related party is unreasonable given the nature of their position or job responsibilities. Based on auditor
judgment and risk assessment, the auditor should determine if additional audit procedures are necessary.
7.10—Special Consideration for Closely-Held Firms
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(a)(6)(i)(A)]
Pursuant to FAR 31.205-6(a)(6)(i)(A), compensation for certain individuals in closely-held firms requires
special review and consideration. This is required because small firms typically do not have
compensation committees, and the owners and officers of these firms may exercise considerable
influence over their own levels of compensation.
Additionally, small firms typically have principals who are responsible for a variety of job duties. For
example, it is common for a principal in a small firm to perform some overlapping job duties of CEO,
CFO, Division Manager, and/or Project Manager. Many of these duties involve material amounts of
direct labor that must be tracked to the appropriate projects. However, the following practices may cause
a disproportionate distribution/allocation of principals’ labor to the direct and indirect labor pools—
Principals take infrequent draws in lieu of taking regular salaries.
Principals take low salaries coupled with high bonuses.
Principals wait until the firm’s profitability is known at year end and treat any remaining cash
surplus as compensation.
21
As discussed in the AICPA Publication, Accounting and Auditing for Related Parties and Related Party Transactions, A Toolkit
for Accountants and Auditors. December 2001.
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Note:Foradditionalguidanceregardinglabordistribution,seeChapter5 (CostAccounting)andChapter6
(LaborChargingSystemsandOtherConsiderations).
To address the issue stated above, consultants must review executive compensation to ensure that labor is
appropriately distributed to the direct and indirect labor pools. Absent other guidance, compensation
costs should be distributed based on the ratio of each principal’s direct and indirect labor hours. If
material, an adjustment should be made to correct distortions of the labor pools.
7.11—Bonus and Incentive Pay Plans
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(f)(1), FAR 31.205-6(a)(6)(ii)(B)]
Payments made under bonus and incentive-pay plans frequently represent a large portion of the total
compensation costs claimed by consultants. To be allowable charges against Government contracts,
bonus payments must be allocable to Government contracts, reasonable in amount, and must not
represent a distribution of profits to owners.
22
FAR 31.205-6(f)(1) further specifies that bonus payments
are allowable, provided the:
Awards are paid or accrued under an agreement entered into in good faith between
the contractor [consultant] and the employees before the services are rendered or
pursuant to an established plan or policy followed by the contractor [consultant] so
consistently as to imply, in effect, an agreement to make such payment; and . . .
[b]asis for the award is supported.
FAR 31.205-6(a)(6)(ii)(B) states that for owners of closely-held firms, allowable bonus amounts may not
represent a distribution of profits. Accordingly, there must be clear distinctions of the various portions of
total compensation; specifically, which portion is a true bonus based on stated objectives and which
portion is a profit distribution.
A. Bonus Plans
Typically, bonus plans are applicable to a broad class of employees. Some plans include eligibility for all
employees, while others limit eligibility to professional and management staff. Individual participation
may be based on the productivity of an individual, team, overall company, or some combination of these
factors. Bonuses may be based on a percentage of an employee’s base salary, or alternatively may be
issued as lump sum distributions, based on the available pool of money to be distributed.
B. Profit-Distribution Plans
By contrast, profit-distribution plans involve a distribution of net earnings to owners. Individual
distributions are based on partners’ capital account balances, level of partnership (e.g., junior versus
senior partner), number of owned shares, or some other factor linked to ownership.
C. Documentation of Bonus and Profit-Distribution Plans
Some companies have both bonus plans and profit-distribution plans. However, only the portion that is a
valid bonus is allowable as a recoverable overhead expense. Consultants should prepare and maintain
written bonus plans that identify eligibility requirements and provide details regarding how bonus
payments are determined. Profit-distribution agreements also should be in writing. This will serve to
reduce confusion as to what is a bonus and what is a profit distribution. An acceptable bonus policy
should include an adequate description of the performance measures used to determine bonus amounts,
such as employee performance evaluation ratings, contributions toward the firm’s revenue growth, and
responsibilities for cost containment.
Written bonus plans should include, at a minimum, the following components–
Eligibility criteria.
Period of bonus plan.
22
See FAR 31.201-3, FAR 31.201-4 and FAR 31.205-6(a)(6)(ii)(B), respectively.
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Performance criteria (e.g., individual expectations—must be measurable and verifiable criteria).
Incentives awards/spot bonuses must be related to performance, as measured by quantitative and
qualitative factors.
Form of payment to be received.
Distribution timeline.
7.12—Fringe Benefits
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(m)]
Fringe benefits are defined at FAR 31.205-6(m) as the cost of “vacations, sick leave, holidays, military
leave, employee insurance, and supplemental unemployment benefit plans.” Fringe benefit costs are
allowable to the extent that they are reasonable and are required by law, an employer-employee
agreement, or an established policy of the consultant.
Frequently, additional fringe benefits are available to all employees. The more common elements are
discussed in the following sections.
A. Deferred Compensation, Generally
[References: FAR 31.001, CAS 415]
FAR 31.001 defines deferred compensation as:
[A]n award made by an employer to compensate an employee in a future cost
accounting period or periods for services rendered in one or more cost accounting
periods before the date of the receipt of compensation by the employee. This
definition shall not include the amount of year end accruals for salaries, wages, or
bonuses that are to be paid within a reasonable period of time after the end of a cost
accounting period.
To be allowable as charges against Government contracts, the cost of deferred awards must be measured,
allocated, and accounted for in compliance with CAS 415.
B. Pension Plans
[References: FAR 31.001, FAR 31.205-6(j), ERISA, I.R.C., CAS 412, CAS 413]
Defined. FAR 31.001 defines a pension plan as a “deferred compensation plan established and
maintained by one or more employers to provide systematically for the payment of benefits to plan
participants after their retirements, provided that the benefits are paid for life or are payable for life at the
option of the employees.” Pension plan accounting is complex and is subject to various laws, regulations,
and policies including FAR Part 31, the Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) and related regulations, the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), CAS 412 (cost accounting standard for composition
and measurement of pension cost), and CAS 413 (adjustment and allocation of pension cost).
Accordingly, costs associated with pension plans must be reviewed carefully to determine the
allowability of claimed costs.
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Funding Requirements. “Qualified pension plans” are definite, written programs that meet the eligibility
criteria set forth in the Internal Revenue Code. All other pension plans are considered unqualified
pension plans. Costs for either type of plan may be allowable, depending on the specific circumstances.
Except for nonqualified pension plans using the pay-as-you-go method, one of the critical FAR
requirements is that, for pension costs to be allowable in the current year, they must be funded by the due
date for filing the Federal income tax return, including extensions. Pension costs assigned to the current
year but not funded timely are unallowable in any subsequent year.
Allowable Contributions. The amount contributed to qualified pension- or profit-sharing plans on behalf
of principals and other employees is allowable. However, the payments must be reasonable in amount
and be paid pursuant to an agreement entered into in good faith between the consultant and employees,
before the work or services are performed and pursuant to the terms and conditions of the established
plan. Contributions for pension costs must comply with FAR 31.205-6(j), which incorporates CAS 412
and 413.
Changes in Pensions Plans. As noted in FAR 31.205-6(j)(1), the cost of changes in pension plans are
not allowable if the changes are discriminatory to the Government or are not intended to be applied
consistently for all employees under similar circumstances in the future. Additionally, one-time-only
pension supplements not available to all plan participants are generally unallowable, unless the
supplemental benefits represent a separate pension plan, and the benefits are payable for life at the option
of the employee. Finally, increased payments to retired participants for cost-of-living adjustments are
allowable if paid in accordance with a consistent policy or practice.
C. Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)
[References: FAR 31.205-6(q), CAS 412, CAS 415]
Defined. An ESOP is a stock bonus plan designed to invest primarily in the stock of the employer
corporation. The consultant’s contributions to an Employee Stock Ownership Trust (ESOT) may be in
the form of cash, stock, or property. An ESOP may be designed as a deferred compensation plan or as a
supplementary pension plan; each would be covered by different regulations. To determine whether
certain ESOP costs are allowable, FAR 31.205-6(q) should be referenced along with applicable CAS
provisions (see note below). Private companies must have an annual outside valuation performed to
determine the market value of their ESOP shares.
Note:OnMay1,2008,theCostAccountingStandardsBoard,OfficeofFederalProcurementPolicy,issuedafinal
ruleamendingCostAccountingStandard412,“CostAccountingStandardforcompositionandmeasurementof
pensioncost,”andCAS415,“Accountingforthecostofdeferredcompensation.”ThesechangestotheCASdirect
thatcostsofallEmployeeStockOwnershipPlans,regardlessoftype,beaccountedforinaccordancewithCAS
415,andprovidecriteriainCAS415formeasuringESOPcostsandassigningthosecoststocostaccounting
periods.TheamendmentsspecifythattheprovisionsofCAS415,andnotanyotherstandard,governaccounting
forESOPcosts.PursuanttoCASB9904.415‐20,CAS415appliestothecostofalldeferredcompensationexcept
thecostforcompensatedpersonalabsence,andthecostforpensionplansthatdonotfitthedescriptionofan
ESOP,asdefinedinCASB9904.415‐30.ThefinalrulealsorevisesCASB9904.415‐40tospecifytherequirements
formeasurementandassignmentofESOPcosts.
*TheFARhasnotbeenrevisedtoreflectthechangesinCAS412and415.
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General Considerations. FAR 31.205-6(q)(2) provides that the costs of ESOPs are allowable subject to
the following conditions:
(i) For ESOPs that meet the definition of a pension plan at [FAR] 31.001, the contractor—
A. Measures, assigns, and allocates the costs in accordance with 48 CFR 9904.412;
B. Funds the pension costs by the time set for filing of the Federal income tax return or
any extension. Pension costs assigned to the current year, but not funded by the tax
return time, are not allowable in any subsequent year; and
C. Any amount funded in excess of the pension cost assigned to a cost accounting
period is not allowable in that period and shall be accounted for as set forth at 48
CFR 9904.412-50(a)(4). The excess amount is allowable in the future period to
which it is assigned, to the extent it is not otherwise unallowable.
(ii) For ESOPs that do not meet the definition of a pension plan at [FAR] 31.001, the contractor
measures, assigns, and allocates costs in accordance with 48 CFR 9904.415.
(iii) Contributions by the contractor in any one year that exceed the deductibility limits of the
Internal Revenue Code for that year are unallowable.
(iv) When the contribution is in the form of stock, the value of the stock contribution is limited to the
fair market value of the stock on the date that title is effectively transferred to the trust.
(v) When the contribution is in the form of cash—
(A) Stock purchases by the ESOT in excess of fair market value are unallowable; and
(B) when stock purchases are in excess of fair market value, the contractor shall credit the
amount of the excess to the same indirect cost pools that were charged for the ESOP
contributions in the year in which the stock purchase occurs. However, when the trust purchases
the stock with borrowed funds which will be repaid over a period of years by cash contributions
from the contract to the trust, the contractor shall credit the excess price over fair market value
to the indirect cost pools pro rata over the period of years during which the contractor
contributes the cash used by the trust to repay the loan.
(vi) When the fair market value of unissued stock or stock of a closely held corporation is not
readily determinable, the valuation will be made on a case-by-case basis taking into
consideration the guidelines for valuation used by the IRS.
Note:GiventhecomplexityofESOPs,specificguidanceshouldbeconsultedforthepropercostaccounting
treatmentrelatingtoESOPcosts,includingstockforfeituresandsimilaritems.
D. Severance Pay
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(g)]
The FAR defines severance pay as “a payment in addition to regular salaries and wages by contractors
to workers whose employment is being involuntarily terminated.” Severance pay does not include
payments under early-retirement incentive plans.
FAR 31.205-6(g)(2) provides that severance pay is allowable only when payment is required either by:
(1) law, (2) an employer-employee agreement, (3) an established policy that is, in effect, an implied
agreement on the consultant’s part, or (4) the circumstances of the particular employment.
Normal severance pay relates to recurring, partial layoffs, cutbacks, and involuntary separations. These
costs are allowable when they are properly allocated. By contrast, abnormal severance refers to any mass
termination of employees, which is usually unpredictable. Actual costs of normal severance pay must be
allocated to all work performed at the consultant’s facility. Accruals of normal severance pay are
acceptable if the amount is both (1) reasonable in light of prior experience, and (2) is allocated to both
Government and non-government work. For accruals, FAR 31.205-6(g)(5) notes that “Abnormal or mass
severance pay is of such a conjectural nature that accruals for this purpose are not allowable. However,
the Government recognizes its obligation to participate, to the extent of its fair share, in any specific
payment. Thus, the Government will consider allowability on a case-by-case basis.” Special
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compensation paid to terminated employees after a change in management control is unallowable to the
extent that it exceeds normal severance pay.
7.13—Supplemental Benefits
In many cases, executives have available to them enhanced or supplemental benefits that are not available
to the majority of the workforce. These supplemental benefits or executive benefits should be evaluated
on a case-by-case basis to determine their levels of compliance with applicable subparts of FAR 31.205-6
and the Cost Accounting Standards. The reasonableness of these benefits should be evaluated based on
market surveys or other available data. The prevalence of such plans within the industry should also be
considered in determining reasonableness.
A. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans (SERPs)
[References: FAR 31.205-6, CAS 412, ERISA]
These plans are designed to provide executives with earned benefits in excess of amounts payable under
qualified retirement plans. These plans are often referred to as “ERISA Excess Plans.” These plans
should be evaluated in accordance with FAR 31.205-6(j) and CAS 412.
B. Long-Term Incentive (LTI) Plans
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(i)]
LTI plans are compensation plans that have an award period of two or more years. These payments
typically are based on the achievement of long-term business goals or as a method of retaining key
executives. The most common LTI plans for publicly-traded companies are based on stock options,
which are unallowable per FAR 31.205-6(i).
C. Executive Severance
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(g)]
Severance payments should be evaluated in accordance with FAR 31.205-6(g). Most severance policies
are based on a formula that relies on length of service/employment as the determining criterion in the
calculation of the severance amount. In many cases, executives are awarded severance in excess of the
normal or established policy. In many instances, severance payments are based on executive employment
contracts; however, the fact that a severance payment is based on an executive employment contract does
not necessarily support the amount as reasonable.
D. Golden Parachutes
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(l)(1)]
“Golden parachutes” are payments made under a contract entered into by a consultant and key personnel
under which the consultant agrees to pay certain amounts to its key personnel in the event of a change in
ownership or control of the consultant. The costs of golden parachute benefits are expressly unallowable
per FAR 31.205-6(l)(1).
E. Golden Handcuffs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(l)(2)]
FAR 31.205-6(l)(2) provides that special compensation paid to an employee is unallowable if the
compensation is contingent on an employee remaining with the organization after an actual or
prospective change in management control. These costs are frequently referred to as “golden handcuffs.”
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Chapter 8—Selected Areas of Cost
This chapter was designed to provide FAR interpretation guidance only. This chapter is not meant to be
authoritative or to supersede the FAR. The entire text of the FAR should be consulted when determining
proper accounting treatment (see Appendix D for a listing of resource materials). Specific requirements
for State DOTs based on individual State statutes or policies must be separately addressed with the
individual DOTs. For use as a quick reference, a listing of common unallowable expenses appears in
Section 8.30.
8.1—Background
The purpose of this chapter is to provide guidance for selected items of cost, as identified in FAR 31.2.
This chapter is organized by FAR 31.2 sub-sections in ascending order, numerically.
As with all costs billed to Government contracts, the selected items of cost discussed in this chapter are
allowable only if they are reasonable in amount, allocable to intermediate or final cost objectives, are
properly assigned/allocated to appropriate cost objectives, and are not otherwise prohibited by FAR Part
31 and/or related Federal and State laws, regulations, and policies.
Additionally, the deductibility of costs per the Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) is not necessarily
determinative of their allowability under Government cost-reimbursement type contracts, as there are
many types of costs that are deductible for Federal tax purposes but fail to satisfy the allocability,
allowability, or reasonableness criteria of FAR Part 31. For example, the I.R.C. allows deductions for
advertising; interest; 50 percent of entertainment costs, including alcoholic beverages; and full rental
costs of property under common control. By contrast, FAR Part 31 requires these items to be disallowed.
Note:Foradditionalusefulguidance,seetheFARCostPrinciplesGuide,whichispublishedbytheDefense
ContractAuditAgency:http://www.dcaa.mil/FAR_Cost_Principles_Guide.pdf.
A. Directly-Associated Costs
One of the concepts that must be addressed, per FAR 31.201-6 Accounting for Unallowable Costs, is that
costs that are expressly unallowable or mutually agreed to be unallowable, including mutually agreed to
be unallowable directly associated costs, shall be identified and excluded from any billing, claim, or
proposal applicable to a Government contract. A directly associated cost is any cost that is generated
solely as a result of incurring another cost, and that would not have been incurred had the other cost not
been incurred. When an unallowable cost is incurred, its directly associated costs are also unallowable.
B. Burden of Proof
Costs must be supported and, per FAR 31.201-2(d), engineering consultants must maintain adequate
records, including supporting documentation, to demonstrate that the costs comply with applicable FAR
8
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cost principles. The contracting officer may disallow all or part of a claimed cost that is inadequately
supported.
C. Determining Reasonableness
In accordance with FAR 31.201-3, a cost is reasonable if, in its nature and amount, it does not exceed
that which would be incurred by a prudent person in the conduct of competitive business. The
reasonableness of specific costs must be examined with particular care in connection with firms or their
separate divisions that may not be subject to effective competitive restraints. No presumption of
reasonableness shall be attached to the incurrence of costs by an engineering consultant. The burden of
proof shall be upon the consultant to establish a cost is reasonable.
What is reasonable depends upon a variety of considerations and circumstances, including:
Whether it is the type of cost generally recognized as ordinary and necessary for the conduct of
the engineering consultant’s business or the contract performance;
Generally accepted sound business practices, arm’s-length bargaining, and Federal and State laws
and regulations;
The engineering consultant’s responsibilities to the Government, other customers, the owners of
the business, employees, and the public at large; and
Any significant deviations from the engineering consultant’s established practices.
D. Direct Costs
In accordance with FAR Part 31, a direct cost is a cost attributable to a single final cost objective. The
fact that a direct cost is not reimbursed through a contract does not allow the engineering consultant to
include the cost in the indirect cost pool. Any direct cost, whether reimbursed or not, is unallowable as
part of the indirect cost rate, except as follows: for reasons of practicality, the engineering consultant may
treat any direct cost of a minor dollar amount as an indirect cost if the accounting treatment—
Is consistently applied to all final cost objectives; and
Produces substantially the same results as treating the cost as a direct cost.
8.2—Advertising and Public Relations
[Reference: FAR 31.205-1]
Per FAR 31.205-1(c), advertising and public relations costs include “ . . .the costs of media time and
space, purchased services performed by outside organizations, as well as the applicable portion of
salaries, travel, and fringe benefits of employees engaged in the functions and activities . . . .”
A. Advertising Costs
Selected allowable advertising costs include:
Employee recruitment, including help-wanted advertising costs in accordance with FAR 31.205-
34; and
Costs of activities to promote sales of products normally sold to the U.S. Government, including
trade shows, which contain a significant effort to promote exports from the United States.
Allowable advertising can recruit direct as well as indirect labor. Costs of recruiting employees with
skills needed only for commercial contracts are unallowable, however. Costs are considered unallowable
when no specific vacancies are to be filled or if the advertising done is out of proportion to the number or
importance of the positions to be filled.
B. Trade Show Expenses and Labor
Per FAR 31.205-1(f)(2), unallowable public relations and advertising costs include “[a]ll costs of trade
shows and other special events which do not contain a significant effort to promote the export sales of
products normally sold to the U.S. Government.”
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The unallowable costs specified in FAR 31.205-1(f)(2) pertain to exhibiting products and services at
trade shows. Accordingly, labor costs for booth attendants, and other associated costs such as booth
rental and promotional items, must be disallowed—unless incurred for the export sales purposes
described above. By contrast, labor costs generally are allowable for employees who merely attend trade
shows for the purpose of training.
C. Public Relations Costs
Public relations include functions and activities dedicated to enhancing an organization’s image or
products and maintaining or promoting favorable relations with the public.
Specifically, costs of promotional material, motion pictures, videotapes, brochures, handouts, and
magazines that are designed to elicit favorable attention to the engineering consultant are unallowable
unless used primarily for employee training and orientation. Costs of memberships in civic and
community organizations and costs of souvenirs, models, imprinted clothing, buttons and other
mementos provided to customers or the public are also unallowable. Costs of sponsoring meetings,
symposia, seminars and other special events when the principal purpose of the event is other than the
dissemination of technical information are unallowable.
Allowable public relations costs include costs incurred for (a) responding to inquiries on company
policies and activities; (b) communicating with the public, press, stockholders, creditors, and customers;
and (c) conducting general liaison with news media and Government public relations officers, to the
extent that such activities are limited to communication and liaison necessary to keep the public informed
on matters of public concern such as notice of contract awards, plant closings or openings, employee
layoffs or rehires, and financial information.
D. Bad Debts and Collection Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-3]
Bad debts, including actual or estimated losses arising from uncollectible accounts receivable due from
customers and other claims, and any directly associated costs such as collection and legal costs are
unallowable.
8.3—Compensation
[Reference: FAR 31.201-3, FAR 31.205-6]
Costs must be reasonable in amount considering what is normal for a comparable business, the
established compensation plan or practice of a given engineering consultant, or restraints imposed by
business circumstances. (See FAR 31.201-3 and 31.205-6(b) for more information.) Auditors may
challenge either the reasonableness of individual components of employee compensation or the
reasonableness of total compensation costs.
For more specifics and details regarding Compensation, see Chapter 7.
8.4—Personal Use of Company Vehicles
[Reference: FAR 31.205-6(m)(2)]
This cost is unallowable, including the portion of cost related to transportation to and from work
regardless of whether the cost is reported as taxable income to the employees. Costs associated with
luxury vehicles warrant additional attention to ensure costs are reasonable, allowable, and allocable.
8.5—Contributions or Donations
[Reference: FAR 31.205-8]
Contributions or donations, including cash, property, and services, are unallowable except for costs of
participation in community service activities such as blood bank drives, charity drives, disaster
assistance, and/or similar types of activities.
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8.6—Facilities Capital Cost of Money (FCCM)
[Reference: FAR 31.205-10, CAS 414, FAR 15.404-4]
Facilities capital cost of money (FCCM) is an imputed cost related to an engineering consultant’s
investment in fixed assets/facilities used in contract performance, regardless of whether the source of the
investment is equity or borrowed capital. FCCM is billed as a rate, however, FCCM is not a form of
interest on borrowing. The costs of the capital investment must be determined, measured, and allocated to
contracts in accordance with CAS 414.
Engineering consultants are not required to propose FCCM in pricing and performing a contract.
However, when an engineering consultant chooses to claim cost of money, the estimated FCCM must be
specifically identified in the cost proposals relating to the contract under which the cost is to be claimed.
Accounting for FCCM generally occurs through a memorandum entry of the cost. The engineering
consultant must maintain, in a manner that permits audit and verification, all relevant schedules, cost
data, and other data necessary to support the entry.
On the engineering consultant’s indirect cost rate schedule, the FCCM amount must be shown as a
separate line item or, alternatively, must be disclosed in the notes. This is necessary to distinguish cost of
money from the company’s other expenses. This is required because, per FAR 15.404-4, profit/fee does
not include amounts applicable to FCCM.
The interest rate used to compute FCCM is the arithmetic mean of the Federal Prompt Payment Act
Interest Rate, as determined semiannually by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. These rates are
published semiannually in the Federal Register
23
on or about January 1 and July 1. For a fiscal year
ending December 31, the arithmetic mean would be the simple average of the rates for the January 1
through June 30 period and the July 1 through December 31 period.
The average book value of the investment base is multiplied by the cost of money rate. The resulting
value is divided by the allocation base units (e.g., direct labor hours or dollars of total cost input) for the
corresponding indirect cost pool.
Appendix A to CAS 414 contains the standard form used to compute facilities capital cost of money and
includes a detailed example in which the total cost of money on facilities capital is computed on a step-
by-step basis.
8.7—Depreciation
[Reference: FAR 31.205-11]
Depreciation of plant, equipment and other capital/fixed assets is allowable if it does not exceed the
amount used for financial reporting purposes, is reasonable, and is allocable to assets used in the
engineering consultant’s primary business activities. Depreciation for financial reporting should be
determined using a systematic and rational method of cost recovery based on the useful business life of
an asset. Accordingly, depreciation claimed on the indirect cost rate schedule should not be based on
accelerated cost recovery methods that may be used for IRS tax purposes (e.g., IRC Section 179 write-
offs or “bonus depreciation”).
When reviewing depreciation expense, special considerations apply to organizations under common
control, fully depreciated assets, asset disposals, capital leases, rentals and other special CAS provisions
contained in the FAR. Consistency is a key element.
Most of the engineering consultants under contract to State DOTs are not subject to full CAS coverage;
therefore, the following would generally apply:
23
The rates also are available on the Internet. See http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/rates/tcir/tcir_opdprmt2.htm.
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A. Depreciation Expense Presented Is Same for Both Financial and Income Tax Purposes
Costs are reasonable if the engineering consultant follows policies and procedures that are: (a) consistent
with those followed in the same cost center for business other than Government, and (b) reflected in the
engineering consultant’s books of accounts and financial statements.
B. Depreciation Expense Presented For Financial Purposes Differs From Income Tax
Purposes
Reimbursement of fixed asset costs shall be based on the asset costs amortized over the estimated useful
life of the fixed assets using depreciation methods acceptable for financial purposes (e.g., straight line,
double-declining balance, or sum-of-the-years’-digits). Allowable depreciation shall not exceed the
amounts used for book and statement purposes and shall be determined in a manner consistent with the
depreciation policies and procedures followed in the same cost center on non-government business (FAR
31.205-11(c)). In addition, if the amounts used for book and financial statement purposes are not
reasonable or equitable, costs should be questioned.
Note:Asdiscussedpreviously,expensescomputedbasedonspecialtaxdeductionmethodologies(e.g.,I.R.C.
Section179or“bonusdepreciation”)arenotallowable.
For those engineering consultants that are required to follow CAS, the consultant must comply with the
provisions of CAS 409, Depreciation of Tangible Capital Assets, and CAS 404, Capitalization of
Tangible Assets. CAS 404 and CAS 409 are incorporated into FAR Part 31. (See Section 8.11 for a
discussion of the treatment of gains and losses on sale of assets per FAR 31.205-16.)
8.8—Employee Morale, Health, and Welfare
[Reference: FAR 31.205-13]
Employee welfare and morale expenses incurred on activities to improve working conditions, employer-
employee relations, employee morale, and employee performance are allowable. Expenses and income
generated by employee welfare and morale activities should comply with FAR 31.205-13.
Although gifts are an expressly unallowable expense, the cost principle specifically excludes two
categories of awards from the unallowable gift definition:
Awards covered by the compensation cost principle FAR 31.205-6; and
Awards made pursuant to an established plan or policy for recognition of employee
achievements.
Note:Employeemoraletypeexpensesareoftencoveredbytheentertainmentcostprinciple,FAR31.205‐14.FAC
90‐31,effectiveOctober1,1995clarifiedthatentertainmentcostsareunallowableunderanycostprinciple,
withoutexception.Consequently,theentertainmentcostprincipleatFAR31.205‐14overridesallothercost
principles.
Recreation expenses are expressly unallowable unless they meet the following criteria:
The claimed cost is for employee participation in a sports team or employee organization.
The team or organization is company sponsored.
The team’s or organization’s activity is designed to improve company loyalty, team work, or
physical fitness.
Taken together, the cost principles at FAR 31.205-13, Employee Morale, and FAR 31.205-14,
Entertainment, expressly disallow certain costs that some engineering consultants may have considered
allowable prior to the effective date of the current rule, October 1, 1995. Examples of unallowable costs
include, but are not limited to:
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Entertainment provided as part of public relations, employee relations, or company celebrations;
Gifts to the public;
Gifts to employees which are not for performance or achievement or are not made according to
an established plan or policy;
Travel tickets or tickets to shows or sporting events; and
Recreational trips, shows, picnics, or parties.
Costs associated with the reimbursement of employee travel expenses are allowable, provided that the
employee is in travel status for an official business purpose, the nature of the cost is allowable, and the
cost does not exceed the per diem rates established in the Federal Travel Regulation. Reasonableness is
considered in nature and amount both for the engineering consultant as a whole and for the employee(s)
benefited by the expenditure.
Types of activities that fall under this subsection are very restrictive and limited. Examples of allowable
activities include in-house publications, health clinics, wellness/fitness, employee counseling services,
and food and dormitory services.
8.9—Entertainment
[Reference: FAR 31.205-14]
Costs of amusement, diversions, social activities, and any directly associated costs (such as tickets to
shows or sports events, meals, lodging, rentals, transportation, and gratuities) are unallowable. Costs of
membership in social, dining, country clubs or other organizations having the same purposes are also
unallowable, regardless of whether the cost is reported as taxable income to the employees. Examples of
unallowable company sponsored employee social events, include but are not limited to, outings to
professional and college sporting events, company picnics, theme and holiday parties, and expo fairs.
8.10—Fines and Penalties
[Reference: FAR 31.205-15]
Costs of fines and penalties resulting from violations of, or noncompliance with, Federal, State, local, or
foreign laws and regulations, are unallowable except when incurred as a result of compliance with
specific terms and conditions of the contract or written instructions from the contracting officer.
8.11—Gains and Losses on Depreciable Property
[Reference: FAR 31.205-16]
Gains and losses from the sale, retirement, or other disposition (but see FAR 31.205-19) of depreciable
property shall be included in the year in which they occur as credits or charges to the cost grouping(s) in
which the depreciation or amortization applicable to those assets was included (but see last paragraph
below). However, no gain or loss shall be recognized as a result of the transfer of assets in a business
combination (see FAR 31.205-52).
Gains and losses on disposition of tangible capital assets, including those acquired under capital leases
(see FAR 31.205-11(h)), shall be considered as adjustments of depreciation costs previously recognized.
The gain or loss for each asset disposed of is the difference between the net amount realized, including
insurance proceeds from involuntary conversions, and its undepreciated balance. The gain recognized
shall be limited to the difference between the acquisition cost (or for assets acquired under a capital lease,
the value at which the leased asset is capitalized) of the asset and its undepreciated balance.
Gains and losses on the disposition of depreciable property shall not be recognized as a separate charge
or credit when either of the following conditions exists:
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Gains and losses are processed through the depreciation reserve account and reflected in the
depreciation allowable under FAR 31.205-11; or
The property is exchanged as part of the purchase price of a similar item, and the gain or loss is
taken into consideration in the depreciation cost basis of the new item.
8.12—Idle Facilities and Idle Capacity Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-17]
The term idle facilities refers to completely unused facilities that exceed the engineering consultant’s
current needs. Costs of idle facilities must be excluded from overhead unless:
The costs are necessary to meet fluctuations in workload, or
The facilities, when acquired, were necessary but have become idle because of changes in
requirements, production economies, reorganization, or other unforeseeable causes. Costs of idle
facilities are allowable for a reasonable period, which generally may not exceed one year.
Costs of idle capacity are costs of doing business and are a factor in the normal fluctuations of usage or
overhead rates from period to period. Such costs are allowable provided the capacity is necessary or was
originally reasonable and is not subject to reduction or elimination by subletting, renting, or sale, in
accordance with sound business, economics, or security practices. Widespread idle capacity throughout
an entire plant, or among a group of assets having substantially the same function, may be idle facilities.
8.13—Bid and Proposal Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-18]
The composition of bid and proposal (B&P) costs is frequently a key issue. Although marketing
24
and
B&P activities can be similar in nature and frequently are performed by the same employees, there is an
important distinction between the activities. That is, basic B&P costs are costs incurred in preparing,
submitting, and supporting bids and proposals (whether or not solicited) on potential Government or non-
government contracts. By contrast, marketing costs are more general in nature. Therefore, engineering
consultants must establish procedures for segregating B&P costs from selling and marketing costs.
B&P costs are allowable and should be treated as indirect costs, unless a specific contract requires
submission of a proposal for subsequent work and authorizes the costs to be charged directly to that
contract.
8.14—Precontract Costs
[References: FAR 31.205-32 and FAR 31.109(h)]
FAR 31.205-32 provides that (emphasis added):
Precontract costs means costs incurred before the effective date of the contract
directly pursuant to the negotiation and in anticipation of the contract award when
such incurrence is necessary to comply with the proposed contract delivery schedule.
These costs are allowable to the extent that they would have been allowable if
incurred after the date of the contract.
Precontract costs are associated with specific contracts and therefore may not be included in the indirect
cost pool. Precontract costs that meet the requirements of FAR 31.205-32 may be billable as direct
project charges; however, an advance agreement may be required (see FAR 31.109(h)). Precontract labor
must remain allocated as a direct cost regardless of whether it is billable to a client.
24
This guide uses the word “marketing” to identify unallowable types of selling, advertising, corporate image
enhancement, and market planning costs.
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Note:Contractingagenciesandengineeringconsultantsshouldbeawarethatanyprojectcostsincurredpriorto
Federalauthorizationofthatproject,orphaseofworkwithintheproject,arenoteligibleforreimbursement
fromFederalfunds.
8.15—Insurance
[Reference: FAR 31.205-19]
A. Insurance on Lives of Key Personnel
Costs of insurance on the lives of key personnel, such as officers, partners, or proprietors are allowable
only to the extent that: (1) the insurance represents additional compensation, and (2) the amount paid is
reasonable. However, if the company or its owners are beneficiaries, the costs are unallowable.
B. Professional Liability Insurance
Professional liability insurance (also referred to as errors and omissions insurance) protects against
damages to clients or third parties resulting from professional errors or judgments. The cost of
professional liability insurance is allowable, subject to tests of allocability and reasonableness.
Alternately, the costs incurred by an engineering consultant to correct its own defects, settle claims in
lieu of correcting its own defects, or similar acts are unallowable costs as either a direct or an indirect
charge, however represented. Simply changing the label to “warranty” or “settlement” does not render
the costs allowable.
C. Losses and Insurance Deductibles
Per FAR 31.205-19(d)(3), actual losses are unallowable unless expressly provided for in the contract,
except :
(i) Losses incurred under the nominal deductible provisions of purchased insurance,
in keeping with sound business practice, are allowable; and
(ii) Minor losses, such as spoilage, breakage, and disappearance of small hand tools
that occur in the ordinary course of business and that are not covered by insurance,
are allowable.
D. Self Insurance
Engineering consultants may elect to provide coverage for certain risks from their own resources under a
program of self-insurance. The engineering consultant’s decision to self-insure should be based on a
determination that the coverage can be provided by self-insurance at a cost not greater than the cost of
obtaining equivalent coverage from an insurance company or State fund. If purchased insurance is
available, the charge for any self-insurance coverage plus insurance administrative expenses shall not
exceed the cost of comparable purchased insurance plus associated insurance administrative expenses.
Generally, engineering consultants will rely on self-insurance to cover ordinary risks and losses and will
maintain various forms of purchased insurance to cover major risks and catastrophic losses.
The self-insurance charge plus insurance administration expenses may be equal to, but must not exceed,
the sum of comparable purchased insurance plus the associated insurance administration expenses. The
engineering consultant’s actual loss experience shall be evaluated regularly and self-insurance charges
for subsequent periods shall reflect such experience in a similar manner to purchased insurance.
As discussed in FAR 31.205-19(c)(2), the requirements of FAR 28.308 must be met. This requires self-
insurance programs to be submitted for pre-approval when 50 percent or more of the self-insurance costs
to be incurred at a segment will be allocated to negotiated Government contracts and the self-insurance
costs at the segment are expected to be $200,000 or more annually.
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8.16—Interest Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-20]
Interest on borrowings (however represented), bond discounts, costs of financing and refinancing capital
(net worth plus long-term liabilities), legal and professional fees paid in connection with preparing
prospectuses, and costs of preparing and issuing stock rights are unallowable (but see FAR 31.205-28).
However, interest assessed by State or local taxing authorities under the conditions specified in FAR
31.205-41(a)(3) is allowable.
8.17—Lobbying Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-22]
Lobbying and political activity costs are generally unallowable. Some examples of these types of costs
are activities that attempt to influence the outcomes of Federal, State, or local elections, contribute to
political parties or organizations, influence Federal, State, or local legislation, legislative liaison activities
or influence employees of the executive branch of government.
Certain activities may be allowable if detailed records are maintained. They may include activities such
as providing technical and factual presentation of information through testimony, statements or letters in
response to a document request on topics directly related to contracts, or lobbying activities that may
directly reduce contract cost.
8.18—Losses on Other Contracts
[Reference: FAR 31.205-23]
Any excess of costs over income under any other contract (including the engineering consultant’s
contributed portion under cost-sharing contracts) is unallowable. This would include costs applicable to
direct project labor and/or expenses not fully reimbursed due to contractual limitations.
8.19—Organization and Reorganization Costs
[References: FAR 31.205-6, FAR 31.205-27]
All costs incurred in connection with planning or executing the organization or reorganization of the
corporate structure of a business, including mergers and acquisitions or raising capital, are unallowable.
However, an exception to this appears in FAR 31.205-27(b); the cost of activities primarily intended to
provide compensation (acquiring stock for executive bonuses, employee savings plans, and employee
stock ownership plans), are not considered organizational costs, but instead are governed by
FAR 31.205-6.
8.20—Patent Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-30]
Patent costs not required by the Government contract are unallowable. Certain costs may be allowable if
they are incurred as a requirement of a Government contract. They include costs such as preparing
disclosures, filing documentation, searching records and counseling related to general patent matters.
8.21—Retainer Agreements
[Reference: FAR 31.205-33]
Work performed by professionals and engineering consultants with special skills are allowable but must
be supported by detailed evidence of the nature and scope of the work performed.
Engineering consultants may engage outside professionals and consultants on a retainer-fee basis. FAR
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31.205-33(e) requires that allowable retainer fees be supported by evidence that:
The services covered are necessary and customary,
The fee is reasonable in comparison with maintaining an in-house capability, and
The level of past services justifies the amount of the retainer fees.
The supporting evidential matter requirements also apply to retainer agreements, except retainer
agreements are not required to (and generally do not) have specific statements of work.
FAR 31.205-33(f) contains three specific documentation requirements that must be met for any
professional and consultant service costs including those on retainer-fee basis to be allowable. These
requirements are:
Details of all agreements (e.g., work requirements, rate of compensation, and nature and amount
of other expenses if any) and details of actual services performed.
Invoices or billings submitted by consultants, including sufficient detail as to the time expended
and nature of the actual services provided.
Consultant work products and related documents, such as trip reports indicating persons visited
and subjects discussed, minutes of meetings, and collateral memoranda and reports.
8.22—Relocation Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-35]
Certain costs of relocating permanent employees are allowable if numerous requirements are met. For
more details see FAR 31.205-35(a). Limitations for considering costs allowable include the following
criteria, as set forth in FAR 31.205-35(b):
(1) The move must be for the benefit of the employer.
(2) Reimbursement must be in accordance with an established policy or practice that
is consistently followed by the employer and is designed to motivate employees to
relocate promptly and economically.
(3) The costs must not be otherwise unallowable under [FAR] Subpart 31.2.
(4) Amounts to be reimbursed shall not exceed the employee’s actual expenses,
except as provided for in paragraphs (b)(5) and (b)(6) of this subsection.
(5) For miscellaneous costs of the type discussed in paragraph (a)(5) of this
subsection, a lump-sum amount, not to exceed $5,000, may be allowed in lieu of
actual costs.
(6) Reimbursement on a lump-sum basis may be allowed for any of the following
relocation costs when adequately supported by data on the individual elements (e.g.,
transportation, lodging, and meals) comprising the build-up of the lump-sum amount
to be paid based on the circumstances of the particular employee’s relocation:
(A) Costs of finding a new home, as discussed in paragraph (a)(2) of this subsection.
(B) Costs of travel to the new location, as discussed in paragraph (a)(1) of this
subsection (but not costs for the transportation of household goods).
(C) Costs of temporary lodging, as discussed in paragraph (a)(2) of this subsection.
When reimbursement on a lump-sum basis is used, any adjustments to reflect actual costs are
unallowable.
The following types of relocation costs are unallowable:
(1) Loss on the sale of a home.
(2) Costs incident to acquiring a home in the new location as follows:
(i) Real estate brokers’ fees and commissions.
(ii) Costs of litigation.
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(iii) Real and personal property insurance against damage or loss of property.
(iv) Mortgage life insurance.
(v) Owner’s title policy insurance when such insurance was not previously carried by the
employee on the old residence. (However, the cost of a mortgage title policy is allowable.)
(vi) Property taxes and operating or maintenance costs.
(3) Continuing mortgage principal payments on a residence being sold.
(4) Costs incident to furnishing equity or nonequity loans to employees or making arrangements with
lenders for employees to obtain lower-than-market rate mortgage loans.
Some examples of the conditions which would cause the costs to be unallowable include the following:
The claimed costs include mortgage-related costs, and the employees were not homeowners prior
to the move.
The move is for a period less than 12 months.
The move does not benefit the employer.
The employer does not have a consistent relocation policy for all employees.
The claimed costs include a loss on the sale of a home.
The claimed costs represent continuing mortgage principal payments on a sold residence.
8.23—Rent/Lease
[Reference: FAR 31.205-36]
An operating lease is the most common type of agreement used to lease realty or personal property.
Under an operating lease, the engineering consultant pays rent to a third party at prevailing market rates.
Operating lease payments generally are allowable in full, provided that the leased assets are allocable to,
and used in, the engineering consultant’s primary business activities. By contrast, special consideration is
required for arrangements that are either structured as capital leases (a.k.a. “financing leases”) or involve
common control.
A. Capital Leases
In some cases, leased property is considered a purchased asset and must be accounted for as a capital
lease. Accounting for capital leases requires the property acquired through the lease to be capitalized and
amortized/depreciated over the property’s useful life. The criteria for classifying leases are discussed in
paragraph 7 of FASB Statement No. 13. If a lease meets one or more of the following four criteria, the
lease shall be classified as a capital lease; otherwise, it shall be classified as an operating lease:
1. The lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee by the end of the lease term.
2. The lease contains a bargain purchase option.
3. The lease is equal to 75 percent or more of the estimated economic life of the leased property.
4. The present value at the beginning of the lease term of the minimum lease payment (with certain
exclusions) equals or exceeds 90 percent of the fair value of the leased property to the lessor at the
inception of the lease over any related investment tax credit retained by the lessor and expected to
be realized by him.
B. Common Control and Cost of Ownership
Common control is another important issue when considering the allowability of rental costs. In
accordance with FAR 31.205-36(b)(3), charges in the nature of rent for property between any divisions,
subsidiaries, or organizations under common control, are allowable to the extent that they do not exceed
the normal costs of ownership, such as depreciation, taxes, insurance, facilities capital cost of money, and
maintenance, provided that no part of such costs shall duplicate any other allowed cost.
Per FASB Statement No. 57—Related Party Disclosures, common control is defined as “The possession,
direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of an
enterprise through ownership, by contract or otherwise.” The key question is whether a party involved in
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the transaction has the ability to exercise control over the operating and financial policies of any related
party. An individual does not need to have over 50 percent ownership to have control. The auditor needs
to review the transactions that actually occurred to determine whether common control exists. A review
of the actual decision-making process and the reasonableness of lease terms are required.
Note:Ifanyportionofbusinessassets,includingsquarefootageofabuilding,isusedforapurposeotherthanthe
engineeringconsultant’sbusinessoperations,thentheassociatedcostsmustbeexcludedfromthecost‐of‐
ownershipcomputation.Thisincludespersonaluseofassetsand/orthesubletofofficespacetoanotherbusiness
entity.Coststhatcanbespecificallyidentifiedwiththesubletspaceshouldbedisallowedentirely,anda
commensurateamountofsharedcosts(e.g.,depreciationandpropertytaxes)shouldbedisallowedbasedonthe
relativesquarefootageofthesubletspace.
(Forfurtherdetails,seeSection11.4.G.1,Example11‐8.)
Sale and leaseback rental costs are allowable only up to the amount the engineering consultant would be
allowed if the consultant retained title, computed based upon the net book value of the asset on the date
the consultant becomes a lessee of the property adjusted for any gain or loss recognized in accordance
with FAR 31.205-16(b). The gain or loss is the difference between the net amount realized and the net
book value (the undepreciated balance) of the asset on the date of the sale and leaseback transaction. The
annual lease cost limitation should reflect the amortization of the adjusted net book value and other costs
of ownership which may include facilities capital cost of money, taxes, insurance, and/or similar types of
costs.
For personal property (property other than real estate) under common control, rental costs are allowable
to the extent that they do not exceed the normal costs of ownership as indicated above unless the same
(or similar) property also is rented at the same price to unaffiliated organizations.
8.24—Selling Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-38]
Generally. Selling is a generic term that includes efforts to market a company’s goods and services.
Selling costs usually are considered necessary for the overall operation of a business, but not all types of
selling costs are allowable charges against Government contracts. Costs in the following categories
should be reviewed for allowability:
Advertising (FAR 31.205-1).
Corporate image enhancement and public relations costs (FAR 31.205-1).
Bid and Proposal costs (FAR 31.205-18).
Entertainment costs (FAR 31.205-14).
Long-range market planning costs (FAR 31.205-12).
Determining Allowability. Selling costs are allowable if they:
Are reasonable and allocable in accordance with FAR 31.201-3 and FAR 31.201-4, respectively;
Meet the criteria established in FAR 31.205-1(d) through (f), FAR 31.205-12, and FAR 31.205-
18 (as applicable); and
Are not specifically disallowed by other FAR cost principles (e.g., the FAR 31.205-14
Entertainment cost principle).
Note:Oneexampleofallowablesellingcostsisdirectselling,whichinvolvesperson‐to‐personcontacttoinducea
particularcustomertopurchasetheengineeringconsultant’sservices.
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Selling and marketing costs cannot be adequately identified by mere reference to account titles. Such a
cursory analysis is not sufficient to assess the allocability and allowability of costs within an account. The
actual composition of the account or the activities it represents must be known and analyzed.
Allocability. Any selling and marketing costs are subject to Government challenge if the costs can be
considered unnecessary/unallocable to Government contracts. In determining the reasonableness of
selling costs, the Government considers the nature and amount of the expense in light of the expenses
that a prudent individual would incur in a competitive business, the proportionate amounts expended as
between Government and commercial business, the trend and comparability of current costs with
historical costs, the general level of selling costs in the industry, and the nature and extent of the selling
and marketing efforts in relation to the contract value.
General Advertising. Costs of promotional material, brochures, handouts, magazines, or other media
designed to call favorable attention to the company and its activities are unallowable. FAR 31.205-38
prohibits claiming these costs as selling expenses since FAR 31.205-1 specifically identifies these costs
as unallowable advertising or public relations costs.
8.25—Taxes
[References: FAR 31.201-4, 31.205-20, 31.205-27, and 31.205-41]
Federal income taxes and excess profits taxes are unallowable, as are taxes in connection with financing,
refinancing, refunding operations, or reorganizations. State and local taxes are allowable (e.g., property,
franchise, income, and use taxes). However, if taxes are paid late or in error, any penalties or interest
assessed by the Government (Federal, State, or local) are unallowable.
Engineering consultants that elect Subchapter S Corporation tax status are not taxed at the corporate
level; accordingly, no payments or accruals for income taxes should be recorded in the consultant’s
financial records. S Corporation income passes through to the shareholders and is taxed on their personal
income tax returns.
Note:AuditorsshouldensurethatengineeringconsultantsthathaveelectedSubchapterStaxstatus
25
claimonly
theStateorlocaltaxesthatarerequiredtobepaidby,orareotherwiseaccruedby,theengineeringconsultantat
thecorporatelevel.TheStateandlocalincometaxesresultingfromtheindividualshareholders’pass‐through
incomearenotallocabletoGovernmentcontractsandmustnotbeincludedintheengineeringconsultant’s
indirectcostrate.
8.26—Travel Expenses
[Reference: FAR 31.205-46]
A. Generally
Depending on their nature and purpose, travel expenses may be allowable as either indirect or direct
contract charges. Travel costs incurred in the normal course of overall administration of the business are
allowable and should be treated as indirect costs. Travel costs attributable to specific contract
performance are allowable and may be charged to the contract, subject to any special limitations
contained in said contract.
Costs for transportation may be based on mileage rates, actual costs incurred, or on a combination
thereof. Costs of lodging, meals, and incidental expenses may be based on per diem, actual expenses, or a
combination thereof, provided the method used results in a reasonable charge as provided in the Federal
Travel Regulation (FTR). In accordance with FAR 31.205-46(a)(2), lodging, meals, and incidental costs
must be disallowed to the extent that, on a daily basis, they exceed the FTR per diem rates.
25
The same applies for any other tax status in which taxes on the pass-through income of the corporation must be
paid by the individual shareholders (e.g., limited liability companies).
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B. Substantiation of Travel Costs
As provided in FAR 31.205-46(a)(7), travel costs shall be allowable only if the following information is
documented:
Date and place of the expenses;
Purpose of the trip; and
Name of person on trip and that person’s title or relationship to the contractor.
C. Aircraft Costs
Costs of travel in aircraft owned, leased, or chartered by the engineering consultant require additional
substantiation and should be subject to additional audit scrutiny. Refer to FAR 31.205-46(c)(1) for
additional information.
D. Vehicle Costs
In cases where transportation costs and consultant-owned or -leased vehicles are involved, only the
portion of mileage incurred in connection with company business are allowable; accordingly, engineering
consultants should maintain mileage logs. Auto lease payments incurred without a documented business
purpose do not meet the criteria contained in FAR 31.205-46(d); therefore, these costs are unallowable in
full. Related costs such as insurance, gasoline, and car repair also would be unallowable. Extra scrutiny
should be applied to costs associated with luxury vehicles.
8.27—Legal Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-47]
In the reviewing the allowability of legal costs, the following must be considered:
Costs incurred in connection with any proceeding brought by a Federal, State, or local
government for violation of a law or regulation by the engineering consultant generally are
unallowable. (Specific criteria appear in FAR 31.205-47.)
Costs of legal, accounting, and other related costs that arise as a result of a dispute between
engineering consultants that are partners in a joint venture, or similar shared interest arrangement,
are unallowable. FAR 31.205-47 also requires for these costs, including directly associated costs,
which may be unallowable, to be segregated in the accounting system.
Legal costs pertaining to organization or reorganization activities are unallowable.
In certain situations, significant legal costs may be incurred in one or more accounting periods
and recoveries from settlements may be received in subsequent periods. A portion of the
recoveries should be credited to the accounts where the legal costs were incurred.
Note:Indeterminingwhetherretainerfeesareallowable,seeSection8.21andthecriteriaestablishedbyFAR
31.205‐33.
8.28—Goodwill and Business Combination Costs
[Reference: FAR 31.205-49 and -52]
Generally. A business combination occurs when a corporation and one or more other businesses are
combined into a single accounting entity. These combinations are classified as mergers or consolidations
and historically were accounted for as purchases or pooling of interests. However, on July 5, 2001, the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement 141, which eliminated the pooling of
interests accounting method. FASB 141 requires the purchase method of accounting to be used for all
business combinations initiated after June 30, 2001.
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The Purchase Method and Goodwill. Under the purchase method, a business combination is accounted
for as the acquisition of one company by another (a merger). Goodwill may result in these transactions
and is computed as the difference between:
The purchase price of the acquired company (acquiree), and
The sum of the book values of the acquiree’s net assets (total tangible and identifiable intangible
assets less liabilities).
Allowability of Business Combination Costs. When the purchase method is used, allowable costs for
depreciation and cost of money are limited to the amounts that would have been allowable if the
combination had not occurred. Costs for amortization, expensing, or write-down of goodwill (including
costs that arise from the impairment
26
of goodwill) are unallowable. Engineering consultants must
maintain detailed records to identify and track elements of costs for future reporting periods.
8.29—Alcoholic Beverages
[Reference: FAR 31.205-51]
Costs of alcoholic beverages are unallowable, and the engineering consultant’s records should clearly
segregate these costs, which must be excluded from the indirect cost schedule. Additionally, these costs
must be excluded from any direct billings to Government contracts.
8.30—Listing of Common Unallowable Costs
The table on the following page lists expenses that generally are ineligible for cost reimbursement on
Government contracts (either as direct or indirect costs). The list is not exhaustive, but it identifies many
types of costs commonly incurred by engineering consultants.
26
FASB Statement 142 changed the accounting for goodwill from an amortization approach to an impairment-only
approach. Thus, the amortization of goodwill, including goodwill recorded in past business combinations, ceased
upon adoption of FASB 142 on January 1, 2002. FAR 31.205-49 has not been updated to recognize this distinction
and therefore continues to refer to “amortization.”
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TABLE 8-1. LISTING OF COMMON UNALLOWABLE COSTS
FAR
Reference Unallowable Costs
31.205-1 and 31.205-
38(b)(1)
Advertising
31.205-1(f)(2) Trade Show Expenses
31.205-1(f)(2) Trade Show Labor
31.205-1(f)(5) Brochures and Other Promotional Material
31.205-1(d)(2) Souvenirs/Imprinted Clothing Provided to Public
31.205-1(f)(7) Membership in Civic and Community Organizations
31.205-3 Bad Debts
31.205-3 Collection Costs
31.205-6(m)(2) Personal Use of Company Vehicles
31.205-8 and 31.205-1(e)(3) Contributions or Donations
31.205-13(b) Employee Gifts and Recreation
31.205-14 Membership in Social, Dining, and Country Clubs
31.205-14 Social Activities
31.205-15(a) Fines, Penalties, and Mischarging Costs Related to Violation
of Laws
31.205-19(e)(2)(v) Life Insurance on Key Employees
31.205-19 Costs to Correct Defects in Materials and Workmanship
31.205-20 Interest Expense
31.205-22 Lobbying and Political Activity Costs.
31.205-27 Organization/Reorganization Legal Fees
31.205-27 Organization/Reorganization Accounting Fees
31.205-27 Organization/Reorganization Incorporation Fees
31.205-27 Organization/Reorganization Labor
31.205-27 Capital Raising (Equity or Long-Term Debt) Legal Fees
31.205-27 Capital Raising (Equity or Long-Term Debt) Accounting Fees
31.205-27 Capital Raising (Equity or Long-Term Debt) Lender Fees
31.205-30(c) Patent Costs
31.205-33(e) Retainer Agreements (unless properly supported)
31.205-35 Relocation Costs (in certain circumstances)
31.205-46 Travel Costs in Excess of FTR Rates
31.205-49 Goodwill
31.205-51 Alcoholic Beverages
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Chapter 9—General Audit Considerations
9.1—Background
Auditors must exercise significant judgment in planning and performing engagements and must consider
both the environment in which the engineering consultant operates and the adequacy of the consultant’s
accounting systems and procedures to comply with Federal requirements. Auditors must consider specific
Government regulations and individual contract provisions when designing, performing, and evaluating
audit procedures. A wide variety of tools and publications is available to provide guidance in determining
the appropriate procedures, testing methods, and reporting formats (see Appendix D – Listing of
Resource Materials). The following are some publications that may be helpful:
Government Auditing Standards (also referred to “Generally Accepted Government Auditing
Standards,” “GAGAS,” or “Yellow Book Standards”) by U.S. Government Accountability
Office.
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards, related Statements on Auditing Standards (SASs) and
Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAEs) by American Institute of Certified
Public Accountants (AICPA).
DCAA Contract Audit Manual (CAM) by the Department of Defense Contract Audit Agency.
Internal Control–Integrated Framework by Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of
the Treadway Commission.
OMB Circular A-123 Revised, Management’s Responsibility for Internal Control, by the U.S.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
Auditing Standards promulgated by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)
by SEC as a result of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
Cost Accounting Standards (CAS), 48 CFR, Chapter 99, by Cost Accounting Standards Board
(CASB), an independent board located administratively within the Office of Federal Procurement
Policy (OFPP).
9.2—Compliance Requirements
In performing audits of engineering consultants that provide services on projects funded by the Federal
Government, auditors must assess the consultant’s compliance with Government regulations (e.g., FAR
Part 31 and relevant sections of the Cost Accounting Standards (CAS)) and contract terms. This is an
important objective; accordingly, auditors should obtain reasonable assurance that management has met
its obligations, including:
Developing a system of internal controls to ensure compliance with applicable laws and
regulations;
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Ensuring that employees are made aware of compliance policies; and
Ensuring that procedures are enforced and are updated in accordance with changes in applicable
laws, regulations, and interpretive guidance.
9.3—Internal Control
A. Generally
Management is responsible for maintaining an effective internal control structure. In recent years, a
significant amount of guidance has been issued regarding appropriate internal control assessment
procedures. For example, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission
(COSO) has established a common internal control model, which is discussed in detail below in
subsection B. The unique requirements of cost-based Government contracting require the evaluation of
cycles and elements of internal control as part of the engagement. The following important elements
should be considered during the auditor’s evaluation of internal control of an engineering consultant—
Systems for monitoring compliance with Government regulations.
Estimating systems and proposal preparation practices.
Contract cost accounting practices, including:
Systems for tracking and allocating labor cost,
Systems for allocating non-labor direct costs, and
Systems for allocating costs through cost centers.
Billing procedures and controls.
Processes for accounting for miscellaneous revenues and credits.
Change order identification, pricing, and reporting.
Cost aspects of related-party and inter-organizational transactions.
B. COSO Internal Control Framework
The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) issued an integrated
internal control framework
27
designed to provide businesses with guidance in meeting the three primary
objectives of internal control: (1) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, (2) reliability of financial
reporting, and (3) compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The COSO framework consists of
five interrelated components derived from common business operations. According to COSO, these
components provide an effective framework for describing and analyzing the internal control system
implemented in an organization. The five components include the following:
1. Control Environment
The control environment sets the tone of an organization/entity by influencing the control consciousness
of its managers and employees. The control environment provides discipline and structure and is the
foundation for all other components of internal control. Control environment factors include integrity,
ethical values, management’s operating style, systems used to delegate authority, and the processes used
to develop and manage employees.
2. Risk Assessment
Every entity faces a variety of risks from external and internal sources that must be assessed. A
precondition to risk assessment requires the establishment of objectives; accordingly, risk assessment is
the identification and analysis of relevant risks in relation to the achievement of an entity’s assigned
objectives. Risk assessment is a prerequisite for determining how risks should be managed.
27
Available on the Internet at http://www.coso.org/IC-IntegratedFramework-summary.htm.
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3. Control Activities
Control activities are composed of policies and procedures that help ensure that management directives
are achieved. Control activities help ensure that appropriate actions are taken to address risks that may
hinder the achievement of the entity’s objectives. Control activities occur throughout the organization, at
all levels and in all functions, and include a range of activities such as approvals, authorizations,
verifications, reconciliations, reviews of operating performance, as well as procedures for safeguarding
assets and maintaining adequate segregation of duties.
4. Information and Communication
Information systems play a key role in internal control systems, as these systems are used to compile and
report on operational, financial, and compliance-related information used to run and control a business
entity. In a broader sense, effective communication procedures should be developed to ensure that
information is disseminated appropriately within the organization. For example, formalized procedures
should exist for employees to report suspected fraud. Effective communication procedures also should be
developed to ensure adequate communication with external parties, such as customers, suppliers,
regulators, and shareholders.
5. Monitoring
Internal control systems must be monitored—a process that assesses the quality of the systems’
performance over time. This is accomplished through ongoing monitoring activities or separate
evaluations. Internal control deficiencies detected through these monitoring activities should be reported
upstream, and corrective actions should be taken to ensure continuous improvement of the system.
9.4—Estimating and Proposal Systems
Controls over estimating systems and proposal preparation are important to minimize the risk of contract
losses. Management must establish these controls to ensure that reliable cost estimates support contract
proposals, that the cost data are accurate, current and complete, and that the source of cost data is well
documented. The controls should be documented in written policies and procedures, and auditors should
perform procedures to determine whether (a) the estimating process is consistent and (b) whether
management adequately monitors the estimating/proposal system to ensure compliance with the written
policies.
9.5—Cost Accounting Systems
A. Generally
Contract cost accounting practices and systems are critical for Government contracting. Well-controlled
systems ensure that costs are distributed to cost objectives accurately and form a basis for comparing
actual costs with estimated costs. Auditors should perform testing of the engineering consultant’s control
systems to obtain reasonable assurance that:
Costs are accurately distributed to cost objectives,
Costs are reasonable and in accordance with contract provisions,
Unallocable or other otherwise unallowable costs are segregated from allowable costs,
Cost-allocation practices are reasonable and in conformity with applicable Cost Accounting
Standards and GAAP, and
Costs incurred on all projects are periodically reconciled to the financial accounting system.
B. Labor Tracking
Accurately accounting for labor is paramount to accurate cost-based accounting. Detailed records must
be maintained, accumulated, and controlled to ensure that both the direct labor and indirect labor amounts
are accurate. Procedures must be in place to ensure that direct labor charges are distributed to respective
contracts. Indirect labor must be captured and assigned to appropriate indirect labor categories. Auditors
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should ensure that the combined total cost of direct and indirect labor displayed in the general ledger
reconcile to the overall labor recorded in the payroll system for the accounting period under audit.
28
C. Other Considerations
The engineering consultant’s management is responsible for ensuring the accuracy of recorded financial
data; accordingly, management must establish controls to ensure that transactions are reviewed and
approved and that errors are promptly corrected. Management also must maintain records to support the
transactions and to provide an audit trail. When integrated accounting systems are in place, management
must implement procedures to ensure accuracy in the manner in which transactions are recorded,
summarized, and transferred through the systems.
Auditors should perform testing to assess the adequacy of the engineering consultant’s controls over
disbursements and expenditures, allocations of other direct costs, billing procedures, related-party
transactions, and inter-organizational transfers. Auditors frequently use internal control questionnaires
(ICQs) to document the existing controls.
29
The ICQs should be used in conjunction with additional
procedures (see Chapter 10) to determine whether the engineering consultant’s controls are adequately
designed and function properly.
9.6—Understanding the Engineering Consultant’s Business
A. Risk Assessment
To perform effective risk assessments, it is crucial for auditors to obtain an understanding of the
engineering consultant’s business. Risk assessments provide an understanding of the engineering
consultant and its environment, including the internal control structure. The risk assessment process
allows auditors to gather appropriate evidence related to the likelihood of the occurrence of a material
misstatement in the engineering consultant’s financial statements regarding the classes of transactions
and the operation, and effectiveness of, the consultant’s internal control structure.
B. Types of Audit Risk
Audit risk includes inherent risk, control risk, and detection risk. During the planning phase of an audit
engagement, auditors should obtain the following types of information for use in establishing materiality
levels for high-risk cost items—
The engineering consultant’s products and services, including the relationship of those products
and services to cost-based Government contracts;
The nature, size, and location of the engineering consultant’s operations;
Mix of Government and commercial business;
Competition in the industry;
Types of contracts (e.g., lump sum, cost plus fixed fee, and time and materials);
The engineering consultant’s accounting policies and procedures;
Key data for significant contracts including the following:
Government agency or department
Type of contract
Contract price
Revenues, costs, and profit or loss recognized to date
Incentive, escalation, or other relevant contract provisions;
Government regulations affecting contract accounting, such as FAR cost principles and State
laws;
Key changes in operations, systems, or segments of the business;
28
See Chapter 10 for additional details regarding minimum recommended audit procedures.
29
Appendix B contains the standard internal control questionnaire used by State departments of transportation.
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CAS Disclosure Statement and revisions, if applicable;
Key information-processing systems;
Related party and inter-organizational transactions;
Litigation, claims and disputes;
Prior audited indirect cost rates;
Prior filings with the SEC such as Form 10-K; and
Minutes from board of directors’ meetings.
Note:Themajorityoftheaboveitemswillbedisclosedintheengineeringconsultant’sresponsestothestandard
AASHTOInternalControlQuestionnaireforConsultingEngineers.SeeAppendixB.
9.7—Other Audits as a Resource
In planning for an audit, auditors may obtain information from the engineering consultant pertaining to
other audits. Such audits may include FAR-compliant audits performed by independent CPAs, other State
DOTs, local government agencies, or Federal Government agencies (e.g., the Defense Contract Audit
Agency, U.S. Department of Transportation, or Army Audit Agency), as well as general-purpose
financial statement audits, compilations, and/or attestations performed by CPA firms.
9.8—Computerized Accounting Information Systems
Considering the prevalence of technology and its rapid rate of change, auditors should carefully assess
the impact of technology on the control environment. Accounting records may be stored in a wide range
of internal information systems, including large host-based systems, networked environments, and stand-
alone desktop computer applications. Many engineering consultants also use outside service providers for
payroll, benefits, and related tax services. Additionally, the Internet commonly is used for transmitting
data or for accessing regulations and other information involved in Government contracting.
Auditors should apply the same standards for evaluation of controls to highly automated environments
and manual systems. However, the audit tests may vary significantly depending on the level of
automation and integration of management information systems. In certain instances, auditors may need
to employ experts to conduct a proper assessment of internal controls. Particular attention should be
focused on the engineering consultant’s internal controls as new automated accounting systems are
implemented or significant upgrades are applied to legacy systems. Engineering consultant personnel
must be adequately trained on new systems and must be knowledgeable of the interrelationship between
these systems and the overall internal control environment.
9.9—Audit Risk and Materiality
A. Audit Risk
Audit risk involves the possibility that the auditor’s testing and review may not detect material
misstatements, mischarging, or violations of Government regulations. Accordingly, risk assessment is
crucial to planning and conducting any audit engagement.
If the auditor assesses a firm’s internal control risk as low, then the auditor may decide to accept a higher
level of “detection risk” by limiting the audit procedures. Conversely, when internal control risk is
assessed as high, the auditor should perform a greater amount of testing to reduce the detection risk.
When determining control risk, the auditor should consider all factors that may identify risk areas, such
as the engineering consultant’s:
Size, business volume, and types of accounting systems;
Familiarity with the Federal Acquisition Regulation and applicable Cost Accounting Standards;
Employee labor classifications;
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Structure of cost/profit centers and departments;
Performance metrics tied to meeting budgets or other project-related financial measures;
Changes in procedures and practices for direct/indirect time charging; and
Contract/cost objectives where the potential for labor mischarging is high (see further discussion
below in Section 9.10).
B. Materiality
[References: GAGAS 4.47 and 5.46]
When performing risk assessments in connection with FAR-compliant audits, auditors must consider
materiality, which generally must be set at a low level in accordance with the “public accountability”
principle:
4.47 The AICPA standards require the auditor to apply the concept of materiality
appropriately in planning and performing the audit. . . . Additional considerations
may apply to GAGAS financial audits of government entities or entities that receive
government awards. For example, in audits performed in accordance with GAGAS,
auditors may find it appropriate to use lower materiality levels as compared with the
materiality levels used in non-GAGAS audits because of the public accountability of
government entities and entities receiving government funding, various legal and
regulatory requirements, and the visibility and sensitivity of government programs.
5.46 The AICPA standards require that one of the factors to be considered when
planning an attest engagement includes preliminary judgments about attestation risk
and materiality for attest purposes. . . . Additional considerations may apply to
GAGAS examination engagements of government entities or entities that receive
government awards. For example, in engagements performed in accordance with
GAGAS, auditors may find it appropriate to use lower materiality levels as compared
with the materiality levels used in non-GAGAS engagements because of the public
accountability of government entities and entities receiving government funding,
various legal and regulatory requirements, and the visibility and sensitivity of
government programs.
Note:SeeSection10.2foradiscussionofauditsamplingasappliedtooverheadaudits.
9.10—Type and Volume of Contracts
The level of risk related to an engineering consultant audit varies depending on the types of contracts
employed by the consultant as well as the mix of contract types (i.e., fixed-price or cost-plus contracts
30
).
If the engineering consultant uses primarily fixed-price (lump sum or unit rate) contracts, then the auditor
should place more emphasis on the consultant’s estimating procedures and controls designed to ensure
that all direct costs are excluded from indirect cost pools. Conversely, if the engineering consultant
primarily enters into cost-plus contracts, then the audit emphasis should be on allowability and should
focus on determining whether the costs recorded in the cost accounting system reflect actual costs,
regardless of whether such costs are billable. Engineering consultants with a mix of fixed-price and cost-
plus type contracts require special emphasis on consistent allocation of costs regardless of whether
contract revenues are based on costs incurred.
The relationship of an engineering consultant’s cost-plus Government contracts to total contracts and the
mix of Government and commercial work also will affect the auditor’s assessment of audit risk and
planning materiality and will have a significant influence the design of appropriate audit procedures.
30
These contracts are generally structured as cost plus fixed fee contracts. Such agreements provide that all the cost
factors, except the fixed fee, are based on the engineering consultant’s actual allowable costs. The fixed fee is a
specific, predetermined amount, as identified in the agreement.
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Accordingly, these considerations will influence audit procedures and may have a significant impact on
the control environment and management’s commitment to internal control aspects unique to
Government contracting.
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Chapter 10—Guidance for Developing Audit Procedures
Before accepting a FAR-compliant audit report, the home State DOT or other reviewing State DOT must
determine whether the auditor has adequately complied with the procedures described in Chapter 9
(General Audit Considerations) and performed adequate testing in compliance with the recommended
minimum audit testing procedures discussed in the following sections.
31
When employing a CPA firm (or other service provider/auditor) to perform a FAR-compliant audit, the
engineering consultant must inform the CPA that:
The audit should comply with AASHTO’s minimum recommended audit procedures, as
discussed in the following sections.
All CPA workpapers used as the basis to establish an audited overhead rate must be made
available to the home State DOT, or surrogate/agent, for review at a location of mutual
agreement, as determined by the State DOT and engineering consultant. (Audit documentation
also may be subject to review by the Federal Highway Administration, the U.S. DOT OIG, and/or
the U.S. Comptroller General.)
A sufficient audit trail of the sampling performed by the CPA, or other auditor, must be
maintained by the engineering consultant and made available for State DOT review, as stated
above.
The CPA should consider meeting with representatives of the reviewing State DOT to discuss the
audit process. This is especially important in cases where the auditee is a new client of the CPA or
in cases where the CPA has limited experience in performing FAR indirect cost rate audits. Any
such meetings should occur during the planning phase of the CPA’s audit, with subsequent
follow-up meetings, if deemed necessary.
10.1—Planning and General Procedures
[References: SAS No. 108, DCAA CAM Appendix B-102.c]
Audit work must meet professional standards (Government Auditing Standards and either Generally
Accepted Auditing Standards or Attestation Standards), and the audit must be planned and performed to
provide reasonable assurance that the indirect cost rate presented on the indirect cost rate schedule
complies with the Cost Principles of FAR Subpart 31.2.
32
31
Note: As further discussed in this chapter, deviations from the recommended minimum audit procedures may be
allowable, provided that these deviations are documented and adequately justified in the CPA’s audit workpapers.
32
See Sections 2.5.B and 2.5.C for further discussion regarding auditors’ responsibilities and factors that should be
considered when selecting a CPA to perform an overhead audit.
10
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The auditor should begin this process by gaining familiarity with the auditee, as described in Statement
on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 108:
Obtaining an understanding of the entity and its environment, including its internal
control, is an essential part of planning and performing an audit in accordance with
generally accepted auditing standards. The auditor must plan the audit so that it is
responsive to the assessment of the risk of material misstatement based on the
auditor’s understanding of the entity and its environment, including its internal
control.
Note:Asapracticeaid,auditorsareencouragedtoobtainacompletedcopyoftheAASHTOInternalControl
QuestionnaireforConsultingEngineersfromtheengineeringconsultant/auditee(seeAppendixB).
After gaining an understanding of the consultant’s business and evaluating the client’s internal control
structure, the auditor should develop a plan for substantive testing. This plan may include both statistical
and non-statistical sampling techniques which, when combined with other audit procedures, must be
designed to provide sufficient, appropriate audit evidence to support the auditor’s opinion on the
compliance of the indirect cost rate schedule with the Cost Principles of FAR 31.2. The auditor may
obtain audit evidence through a variety of procedures, including planning and performing risk
assessments, analytical procedures (e.g., comparisons with historical cost patterns using comparative,
ratio, and/or trend analysis), directed inquiries, tests of transactions, and other procedures described in the
professional standards. An auditor often considers the combined evidence obtained from various types of
procedures to determine whether there is sufficient audit evidence.
As discussed in DCAA CAM Appendix B-102.c, auditors should note that:
Although the extent of the auditor’s examination of records can be minimized by
other sources of reliance, it seldom can be eliminated when substantial dollar values
or sensitive issues are involved. In all audits, a certain amount of record examination
is required to ascertain that controls are actually effective and that procedures and
practices, which were satisfactory in the past, have not changed. Furthermore, the
auditor must consider the objectives as well as the effectiveness of internal controls.
For example, controls designed to assure that costs are properly recorded from
purchase orders and vouchers to appropriate accounts would influence a sample
selection that is designed to determine if those costs were assigned to appropriate
contracts.
Additionally, auditors should be aware of the following:
The indirect cost rate schedule should be prepared based on cost data from the engineering
consultant’s general ledger, after the adjusting entries have been posted to the accounts and
reconciled with any published financial statements.
The indirect cost rate schedule must be reconciled to the post-closing trial balance or general
ledger.
All unallowable costs uncovered through audit testing must be removed from the indirect cost
rate schedule, regardless of amount. Accordingly, any type of materiality level or testing threshold
established by the auditor for use in determining large-dollar items
33
may not be used as a
minimum tolerance level, or “floor,” to allow expressly unallowable costs to remain in the
indirect cost pool. Examples of expressly unallowable costs include, but are not limited to,
interest expense, bad debts, donations, and advertising.
34
33
See the following sections for recommended testing procedures to be applied to large-dollar or sensitive (LDS)
items.
34
See Section 8.30 for additional cost items that are ineligible for reimbursement.
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10.2—Audit Sampling
[References: DCAA CAM Appendix B-302.a, B-302.g, B-303.a, B-304, B-402, B-502, B-503.1.b; GAGAS 4.26]
Decisions related to sample selection are dependent on the audit objectives. When a representative
sample is required, the use of statistical sampling approaches generally yields better results than those
obtained from non-statistical techniques. However, when a representative sample is not required, a
targeted, judgmental selection may be effective if the auditors have isolated certain risk factors or other
criteria to isolate the selection.
This chapter presents some basic issues to be considered in designing an audit sample. For further
guidance, auditors are encouraged to consult DCAA CAM Appendix B: Statistical Sampling Techniques,
which presents essential principles and methods of statistical sampling as applied to overhead audits.
A. Audit Objectives and Sampling Methods
Appendix B of the DCAA CAM provides the following guidance:
B-302.a: A prerequisite to the application of any sampling process is the need to
identify the specific audit objectives to be attained by examination of the area under
evaluation. Prior to initiation of the sampling process, the auditor should definitively
set forth in the sampling plan the characteristics and values to be examined during the
audit. The auditor’s sampling objective should satisfy the audit objectives of the area
being audited.
B-302.g: When the auditor has reason to believe that a cost category includes a
significant amount of unallowable expenses, the purpose in taking a sample will
generally be to estimate the total amount of unallowable expenses. On the other hand,
if the auditor has no reason to believe the costs being audited include unallowable
amounts, the purpose will generally be to obtain additional assurance that the costs do
not, in fact, include a significant amount of unallowable expenses. In either case, the
auditor should seek to develop a sampling plan that will provide maximum support
for conclusions in return for the time spent in the selection, examination, and
evaluation of the sample. In addition, the sample size should provide a reasonable
balance between: (1) the amount of support the sample will provide for audit
conclusions and (2) the expenditure of auditor resources the sample will require.
Depending on the audit objectives, acceptable sampling methods may include any one or more of the
following, among others:
Judgmental Sampling. A method in which items are selected based on auditor judgment, without
regard to the parameters of a statistical model.
Block Sampling. A judgmental method in which items are grouped and selected in sequential
order; once an initial item in a group is chosen, the rest of the group also is selected.
Haphazard Sampling. A judgmental method based on the arbitrary selection of items.
Statistical Sampling. A collection of procedures and methods that allow for the proper
application of statistical procedures, such as the extrapolation of an audit finding to all the cost
elements within a defined test stratum.
Random Sampling. A statistical sampling technique in which each member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected.
Systematic Sampling (Nth Record Sampling). A statistical sampling technique involving the
selection of items from an ordered sampling frame. After the required sample size has been
calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members.
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B. Sampling for Attributes and Sampling for Variables
Based on the sampling objective and purpose of the test, it is critical for the auditor to consider when it is
most appropriate to use attribute sampling, variable sampling, or some combination of the two methods.
DCAA CAM Appendix B provides the following guidance—
B-303.a: The sampling of characteristics may be divided into two broad categories of
sampling for attributes and sampling for variables [emphasis added]. When sampling
to determine the rate or proportion of errors in the records or to obtain assurance that
an error rate is not excessive, the auditor is sampling for attributes. Sampling for
variables is performed when a sample is selected in order to estimate an amount such
as the dollar value of unallowable costs contained in the total dollar value of material
invoices charged to a Government contract. The distinction is important because the
methods used to evaluate sample results differ.
B-402: Use of Sampling for Attributes.
a. Attribute sampling can be classified into two approaches of acceptance and
estimation sampling. Their use depends on audit objectives. With acceptance
sampling, the goal is to either accept or reject the universe. With estimation sampling,
the goal is to estimate the actual error rate in the universe.
b. Attribute sampling is performed when there are only two possible outcomes from
the evaluation of a sample item: the sampled item either is or is not in compliance
with the control being tested. An audit can be built around questions answerable by
either “yes” or “no”, a feature that distinguishes sampling for attributes from
sampling for variables.
B-502: Use of Sampling for Variables.
Variable sampling is generally used to verify account balances or cost elements and
note any differences. This type of sampling is substantive testing (as opposed to
compliance testing) whereby sample items are evaluated for error amounts or
variables (as opposed to attributes). The audit sampling universe (e.g., accounts,
vouchers, or bill of material) is the entire grouping of items from which a sample will
be drawn. Variable sampling can be applied to proposals, incurred costs, progress
payments, forward pricing rates, and defective pricing.
An important objective of variable sampling is to estimate a particular universe
characteristic such as total unallowable costs (or questioned cost). The estimated
questioned cost is commonly known as the “point estimate.” A point estimate strikes
a balance between potential understatement (considering both likelihood and amount)
and potential overstatement of the true universe amount. In statistical sampling,
“confidence level” and “precision” are used to measure the reliability of the point
estimate. The confidence level deals with “sureness” (or assurance) while precision
deals with “closeness” (or accuracy). Auditors must establish desired levels of
reliability (discussed in B-504)
35
[footnote added] in order to properly evaluate the
sample results.
35
DCAA CAM Appendix B-504 discusses precision and confidence level, two interrelated parameters used to
develop reliability parameters for variable sampling.
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Note:ConsistentwithDCAACAMAppendixB‐304,beforeselectingastatisticalauditsampleusingvariable
samplingtechniquestotestforunallowablecostitems,auditorsareexpectedtoscantheengineering
consultant’sgeneralledgersothatlargedollarorsensitive(LDS)transactionscanberemoved/stratified
36
for
completeexamination,includingverificationtosourcedocuments.Accordingly,thesamplinguniverseshouldbe
limitedtothegroupofitemsthatremainaftertheLDSitemshavebeenremoved.
C. Determining Sample Size
The auditor should determine an appropriate sample size after considering the size of the firm, the
auditor’s previous experience with the firm, the number of transactions and high-risk accounts in the
indirect cost pool, and the assessed level of control risk. The test sample of an account balance or line
item must be sufficient to comply with GAGAS 4.26. Additionally, in accordance with SAS No. 111, the
auditor should document the sampling plan, including factors used in the determination of sample sizes.
Auditors are encouraged to consult the AICPA’s Audit Sampling guide,
37
an interpretive publication
designed to assist practitioners in the application of the guidance found in SAS No. 111. The Audit
Sampling guide includes detailed information and tables for determining sample sizes based on the facts
and circumstances of an engagement, assessed risks, expected deviation, reliability of controls, and the
type of sampling being used. Additionally, the DCAA’s EZ-Quant statistical analysis software program is
useful for determining and analyzing audit samples using either attribute sampling or variable sampling
techniques. EZ-Quant is a free program available for download at http://www.dcaa.mil/ezquant.htm.
38
Note:Althoughthereisnosingleoptimalsamplesizeforuseonallengagements,auditorsareencouragedto
applysamplingmethodsusinga95‐percentconfidencelevelwithaprecisionlevelintherangeof2to5percent.
39
Additionally,asstatedpreviously,allunallowablecostsuncoveredthroughaudittestingmustberemovedfrom
theindirectcostrateschedule,regardlessofamount,asFARPart31doesnotestablishatoleranceleveltopermit
anyamountofunallowablecoststoremainintheindirectcostpool.
Isolated Errors Versus Systemic Errors. When an unallowable cost (error) is uncovered during audit
testing, the auditor must determine if the error is isolated or instead is due to a systemic internal control
deficiency or other problem. If determined to be an isolated error, the auditor should document the basis
for this determination and should remove the unallowable cost from the overhead pool. However, if the
error is systemic, then, in addition to removing the unallowable cost from the overhead pool, the auditor
must determine the effect of the error on the overhead rate and must perform additional testing of the
account or line item, as deemed necessary.
36
Per DCAA CAM Appendix B-503.1.b: “Stratification of the universe into several dollar ranges or strata can be
used to improve audit reliability and reduce the overall number of items evaluated. Normally, the universe is
stratified into a high-dollar stratum (for 100 percent evaluation) and several other strata from which samples are
selected for evaluation. Audit effort is concentrated on the high-dollar items where the risk is greater. Samples are
statistically selected from each of the other strata, which are used as the basis for projecting individual stratum
sample results to the corresponding universe.”
37
See https://www.cpa2biz.com/AST/Main/CPA2BIZ_Primary/AuditAttest/TopicSpecificGuidance/PRDOVR~PC-012530/PC-
012530.jsp.
38
If auditors have any questions or concerns regarding the adequacy of a sampling plan, they are encouraged to
discuss the sampling plan with the cognizant State DOT.
39
Precision level, also known as “sampling error,” is the range in which the true value of the population is estimated
to be found. When using variable sampling, precision often is expressed as a dollar amount (materiality threshold);
accordingly, when establishing a precision amount for a given account or line item of cost, the auditor should apply
judgment based on the results of the risk assessment and internal control testing procedures described in Chapter 9
and in other sections of this chapter.
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Note:Theauditorandconsultingengineershoulddiscussallerrorsuncoveredduringtheauditprocess,
regardlessoftypeoramount.Material,systemicerrorsmayrequireenhancedinternalcontrolsoverthecostsin
question.
10.3—Testing Labor Costs
A. Generally
For the majority of engineering consultant contracts, labor is the largest single component of cost. Labor
costs are composed of direct labor assigned to contracts (regardless of whether the labor is billable) and
indirect labor charges allocated to contracts through an overhead rate. Verification of labor costs should
begin with the examination of the engineering consultant’s internal control structure and testing of those
controls, as discussed in Section 9.2. Based on the assessed level of control risk, the auditor should
determine an appropriate labor sample with a minimum of 26 timesheets chosen for testing across an
appropriate mix of direct-charge employees,
40
including supervisors and/or project managers. The
following examples are presented for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to encompass the full
range of acceptable labor testing. The sample size should increase appropriately based on the size of the
labor population and conclusions drawn from the risk assessment for labor testing.
EXAMPLE 10-1.
The auditor is planning labor testing for a firm with 200 full-time employees. Assume that the auditor
assessed control risk as low, as the auditor’s initial procedures revealed that the firm’s controls over
labor were well designed, fully documented, and properly administered. The firm pays employees
biweekly but requires each employee to submit timesheets at the end of each workweek. The auditor
could randomly select 26 unique employees and test a single weekly timesheet for each employee across
separate and discrete weeks, resulting in the review of timesheets covering 26 unique weeks within the
audit period. Alternatively, the auditor could randomly select 13 employees and test two weekly
timesheets from randomly selected pay periods for each employee (or perform similar testing that would
provide adequate coverage).
EXAMPLE 10-2.
Assume the same facts as above, except that the auditor assessed control risk as high, based on the
firm’s lack of consistent written controls over labor charging practices. The auditor conducted
preliminary interviews with several managers and employees, several of whom had different
understandings of the proper methods for labor approval and charging. In this instance, it would be
appropriate to increase the audit sample beyond the 26 minimum timesheets, and the auditor would be
advised to consider stratifying the sample based on his or her expectation of areas that would be most
prone for risk.
B. Recommended Testing Procedures
After the timesheet sample is selected, the auditor should apply the following minimum procedures:
1. The sample should be traced from employee time records to:
The payroll records, to ensure hours are recorded and properly allocated.
The cost system, to ensure hours are posted properly to jobs.
The general ledger, to ensure that the total posted is recorded in the financial accounting
system.
2. The timesheets also should be reviewed for compliance with the model time-charging practices established by
DCAAP 7641.90 Chapter 2-302, as referenced in FAR 31.002. For example, auditors should determine
whether individual employees prepared and signed their own timecards, whether supervisors approved the
timecards, and how labor movement was documented and approved. (See Section
6.4 for further discussion
of the DCAAP 7641.90 factors.)
40
In this context, “direct-charge employees” means any employees, supervisors, and/or principals who spend a
portion of their time working on A/E projects.
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3. The overall labor costs recorded in the general ledger accounts must be reconciled to:
The job cost system.
The payroll reports submitted to the Internal Revenue Service (i.e., Form 941s—
Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return).
4. Audit procedures also must be performed to determine if the labor accounts and individual time card entries
sufficiently screen labor to:
Determine the allowability of payroll cost. Do the timecards identify time spent on
unallowable activities?
Determine the proper allocation of labor. Do the records charge all labor performed on
similar tasks the same way?
Determine if labor is posted in a manner from which the labor base can be computed. If
the base is direct labor costs excluding premium overtime, do the records accumulate
direct labor and direct premium overtime?
Note:Anauditorwhoselectsasmallersamplesizethanthatrecommendedabovemustincludeanadequate
explanationintheworkpaperstojustifythedeviation.IftheStateDOTconductingthereviewdeterminesthatthe
deviationisnotproperlyjustified,theStateDOTmayrejecttheoverheadratedeterminedthroughtheaudit.
10.4—Testing Indirect Costs
A. Generally
The auditor must examine indirect cost accounts for compliance with the cost principles of FAR 31.2 and
the general financial statement assertions: occurrence, completeness, accuracy, authorization, cutoff, and
classification. The auditor may use a combination of analytical testing and detailed transaction testing to
obtain reasonable assurance that the indirect costs accounts substantially comply with applicable laws
and regulations; however, the auditor should structure audit testing in a manner consistent with the
following discussion.
Based on the risk assessment process previously described, the auditor should determine high-risk
accounts or line items and should perform adequate detailed testing of these accounts. In this testing—
Large-dollar
41
or sensitive (LDS) transactions should be removed/stratified for complete examination,
including verification (vouching) to source documents. The auditor should prioritize the LDS items in terms
of risk and materiality to determine whether the LDS items constitute adequate audit coverage of the
aggregate account balance. If this coverage is deemed adequate, then no further examination of the account
may be required.
Based on the complexity of the engineering consultant’s financial records, the specific risk associated with
each account, and the magnitude of specific account balances in relation to the company’s total costs, it
may be necessary to compute multiple LDS thresholds, on an account-specific basis. For example,
individual expenses of $500 or greater might be significant for a Travel account, but the LDS threshold likely
would be considerably higher for a Rent account. Accordingly, sufficient indirect cost testing generally will
not occur when an auditor applies a single testing threshold computed based on a percentage of direct labor
cost, total costs, total revenue, etc.
In situations where the auditor determines that additional testing beyond the LDS items is required, the
auditor should test the remaining indirect costs in the high-risk accounts (the sampling universe) on a sample
basis, using the sampling parameters discussed in Section 10.2.
42
A minimum random sample in the range of
2 to 20 transactions is recommended for each high-risk account. This requires transactions to be verified
41
Auditors should select large-dollar items based on appropriate testing thresholds, which will vary based on the
unique facts and circumstances of each audit client. Auditors are advised to fully document how the thresholds were
determined and applied.
42
A 95-percent confidence level with a precision level (materiality threshold) in the range of 2 to 5 percent.
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from the indirect cost rate schedule back to the general ledger and requires that the transactions be vouched
from the general ledger to source documents.
Note:Theauditorshouldincreasethesamplesizeappropriatelybasedontheresultsoftheriskanalysisand
assessment,whenthepopulationsizewouldsojustify,orwhenanaccountincludescostsassociatedwith
unallowableactivities.Aseriesofrecurringtransactions,suchasmonthlyrent,shouldcountasonlyone
transactiontowardobtainingtheminimumsample.
B. Baseline for Determining Risk
Although the following cost items will not necessarily constitute high-risk areas in all engagements, the
auditor should consider the following factors in deciding which accounts to examine in detail. The
auditor should expand or reduce the list, as appropriate for each engagement:
1. Printing/Reproduction. Were direct costs consistently allocated to cost objectives/projects and properly
removed from the indirect cost pool?
2. Dues and Subscriptions. Review for civil/country club dues, Political Action Committee (PAC)
contributions and other lobbying costs, scholarship donations, and non-business purchases.
3. Travel.
Were entertainment costs, alcoholic beverages, and personal charges removed from the indirect cost
pool? (FAR 31.205-14 and FAR 31.205-51)
Were costs for personal use of company vehicles removed from the indirect cost pool?
Were travel costs in compliance with the Federal Travel Regulation? (FAR 31.205-46)
Were direct travel costs treated consistently, and were all direct costs removed from the indirect cost
pool?
4. Seminars and Conventions. Review registration forms for allowability/business purpose, sponsorships, golf
fees, door prize donations, entertainment, and booth rental costs.
5. Insurance. Did the premiums cover only the audit period? (Review for prepayments related to future periods
and late payments for coverage provided in prior periods.) If the company is self insured, were the associated
costs in compliance with FAR 31.205-19?
6. Professional and Consultant Service Costs. Review for organization and reorganization costs (FAR 31.205-
27), bad debt collections (FAR 31.205-3), direct project costs, and other unallowable activities. Examine
retainer fees for reasonableness and adequate support (FAR 31.205-33(d)).
7. Rent. Review costs for facilities and other property, including personal property, to determine if common
control exists (FAR 31.205-36). Review lease contracts to ensure that only costs for business-use assets were
claimed on the indirect cost rate schedule. Costs associated with sublet, idle, or otherwise unallocable space
were identified and disallowed (FAR 31.205-17).
8. Depreciation. Compare claimed depreciation to tax return, and review for a systematic and rational allocation
method that was applied consistently over a period of years. Ensure that the amount on the indirect cost rate
schedule was properly limited to the amount used for financial reporting purposes (no section 179 write-offs
or special tax depreciation are permitted). Ensure the assets are ordinary and necessary business assets with
reasonable costs that are allocable to the engineering consultant’s primary business activities (FAR 31.205-
11(a) and (c)).
9. Employee Morale. Review for unallowable entertainment costs such as parties, picnics, outings, and sporting
events (FAR 31.205-14); unallowable gifts; and other allowable costs per FAR 31.205-13. See also DCAA
CAM Sections 7-2103(e)(3) and (4).
10. Accounts Titled “Miscellaneous Expense,” “Other Indirect Costs,” “General Office,” or Similar Titles.
Review for allocability, reasonableness, business purpose, direct costs, etc. (See Section 8.30 for a list of
common unallowable costs.)
11.
Subconsultants/Outside Consultants. Ensure proper segregation of direct and indirect cost, business purpose
and allowability of activities performed, and reasonableness.
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12. Other/Miscellaneous Income Accounts. Review for any amounts that should be credited to an indirect cost
account.
13. Gains on Sale of Assets. Ensure proper credit on gains on sales of assets originally included as part of the
depreciation expense cost.
14. Loss on Sale of Assets. Ensure proper reporting within the year the transaction occurred, appropriate
calculation, appropriate application of credits or charges to the cost groupings in which the depreciation or
amortization was originally recorded, and appropriate recording of cash received in connection with the
retirement or disposal of assets.
Note:Theauditorshouldfullydocumenttheidentificationofhigh‐riskaccounts,basedonariskassessmentand
theapplicationofprofessionaljudgment.Iftheauditor’sproceduresvarysignificantlyfromthoselistedabove,the
auditormustprovideanadequateexplanationtojustifythedeviation.IftheStateDOTconductingthereview
determinesthatthedeviationisnotproperlyjustified,theStateDOTmayrejecttheoverheadratedetermined
throughtheaudit.Additionally,whendesigningatestingapproach,auditorsshouldbeawarethata
representative/officialfromtheengineeringconsultant’smanagementgenerallywillberequiredtocertifythe
accuracyoftheindirectcostratebeingproposed.
43
Thatis,mostStateDOTsrequireanaffirmativestatement
thattheindirectcostratewascomputednetofallknownunallowablecosts.
10.5—Allocated Costs
A general discussion of allocated costs (cost centers) appears in Section 5.3 of this guide. With respect to
FAR indirect cost rate audits, auditors should consider the following issues when performing risk
assessments of cost centers and allocated costs:
Allocability. Are costs posted to the cost center properly allocated? Do the costs belong to the
function being priced?
Allowability. Are costs posted to the cost center allowable? Do the costs exclude interest, profit,
and/or other costs expressly unallowable per FAR Part 31?
Consistency. Do the unit charge records indicate the consistent assignment of all similar charges to
projects?
Note:Thethirditem(consistency)isthemostcommonlyoverlookedissueandcanresultinsubstantialaudit
adjustments.
State DOTs must review and approve overhead rates submitted by engineering consultants. The
engineering consultant bears the burden of establishing the accuracy of the overhead rates and that direct
costs were properly removed from the indirect cost pool. The overhead audit report should include
disclosure notes regarding the audited direct cost rates and a listing of cost categories that the engineering
consultant charges directly to contracts.
Some firms choose not to create cost centers. These firms estimate the cost of providing certain services
by extracting certain cost elements from ledger accounts (e.g., automobile depreciation from a general
ledger depreciation account). Once established, these unit charges are offset to overhead as they are
utilized on projects. This type of costing is less precise and should not be used if the total accumulated
unit charges are significant to the firm’s overall operations.
43
See http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/legsregs/directives/orders/44701a.htm - FHWA Policy for Contractor Certification
of Costs in Accordance with Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) to Establish Indirect Cost Rates on Engineering
and Design-related Services Contracts. In this Order, the FHWA encouraged State DOTs to adopt policies requiring
engineering consultants to certify the allowability of costs submitted on indirect cost schedules. This Order is
reproduced in Appendix F.
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10.6—Other Direct Costs (ODCs)
Invoices received from vendors and/or employee expense reports support ODCs. ODCs are processed
through the cost accounting system and must be assigned directly to the appropriate cost objectives
(projects). To ensure that ODCs are properly excluded from the overhead cost pool, the engineering
consultant should establish dedicated accounts in the general ledger to accumulate the various types of
ODCs. Examples of common ODCs include project travel, vendor printing, employee mileage, rented
vehicles and equipment, and costs of subcontractors.
Note:Auditorsshouldbeawarethat,insteadofestablishingdedicatedODCaccountsasrecommendedabove,
someengineeringconsultantscapturebothODCsandindirectcostsinsummaryaccountsthatappearonthe
indirectcostrateschedule.
44
Accordingly,auditorsshouldexamineindirectexpenseaccountstodetermine
whether—
● TheindirectcostpoolwasproperlyreducedfortheODCsthatwerebilledtoprojects,
●Costswereallocatedconsistentlytoprojectswhensuchcostswereincurredforsimilarpurposes,and
●Costswereallocatedconsistentlytodirectandindirectcostobjectives.
10.7—Failure to Meet Minimum Audit Procedures
[Reference: AICPA Code of Professional Conduct Section 501-5]
In cases where a CPA fails to meet the minimum audit procedures, the reviewing State DOT may
consider referring the CPA to the appropriate Board of Accountancy for review under the AICPA Code
of Professional Conduct, which provides the following in Section 501-5–Failure to Follow Requirements
of Governmental Bodies, Commissions, or Other Regulatory Agencies in Performing Attest or Similar
Services:
Many governmental bodies, commissions or other regulatory agencies have
established requirements such as audit standards, guides, rules, and regulations that
members are required to follow in the preparation of financial statements or related
information, or in performing attest or similar services for entities subject to their
jurisdiction. For example, the Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal
Communications Commission, state insurance commissions, and other regulatory
agencies, such as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, have established
such requirements.
If a member prepares financial statements or related information (for example,
management’s discussion and analysis) for purposes of reporting to such bodies,
commissions, or regulatory agencies, the member should follow the requirements of
such organizations in addition to generally accepted accounting principles. If a
member agrees to perform an attest or similar service for the purpose of reporting to
such bodies, commissions, or regulatory agencies, the member should follow such
requirements, in addition to generally accepted auditing standards (where applicable).
A material departure from such requirements is an act discreditable to the profession,
unless the member discloses in the financial statement or his or her report, as
applicable, that such requirements were not followed and the reason therefore.
When reviewing a CPA’s workpapers, if the reviewing DOT determines that the CPA auditor has failed
to follow the minimum audit procedures presented in this guide, then:
The submitted/audited overhead rate will be rejected by the reviewing DOT, and the rate will not
be considered cognizant.
44
For example, the consultant might use single Travel account for both direct and indirect costs.
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If the reviewing DOT rejects the audited overhead rate, the engineering consultant will be
afforded the opportunity to correct the defects in the audit. Generally, this will require more
extensive testing by the auditor.
Before the engineering consultant resubmits the audited indirect cost rate schedule to the
reviewing DOT, the engineering consultant must ensure that the auditor performs additional audit
procedures in compliance with the minimum testing procedures.
If the follow-up submittal still does not meet the minimum procedures, then the reviewing DOT
may disallow all audit fees associated with the overhead audit that were included in the submitted
overhead rate. The reviewing DOT may be required to perform additional audit procedures
before an acceptable overhead rate can be established.
Note:StateDOTsgenerallywilldeemanoverheadauditinsufficientduetoanauditor’sfailuretocomplywiththe
recommendedminimumtestingproceduresasestablishedinthischapter(unlessdeviationsfromtheminimum
testingrequirementsareadequatelyidentifiedandjustifiedintheauditor’sworkpapers),failuretoapply
properlytheFARSubpart31.2costprinciples,and/orfailureofaCPAorotherauditgrouptoprovideaccessto
allauditworkpapersusedtodeterminetheauditedoverheadrate.Foradditionalguidance,seeChapter11and
theCPAWorkpaperReviewPrograminAppendixA.
C HAPTER 10/GUIDANCE FOR D EVELOPING A UDIT P ROCEDURES
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AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 105 | Page
Chapter 11—Audit Reports and Minimum Disclosures
11.1—Generally
[Reference: GAGAS Reporting Standards for Financial Audits or Attestation Engagements]
Although auditors’ reports may be presented in a variety of formats and styles, in all cases these reports
must meet the GAGAS Reporting Standards for Financial Audits or Attestation Engagements.
Accordingly, CPAs must perform appropriate examination procedures before they opine on, or attest to,
the reliability of the engineering consultant’s overhead rate.
GAGAS reporting standards first incorporate the AICPA reporting standards for each type and then
require additional GAGAS standards. There are ten standards for financial audits and nine standards for
attestation engagements. See Chapter 2 of this guide for a summary matrix of the standards. The
complete text of the standards is available in the Yellow Book.
This chapter provides basic guidelines for reporting and minimum disclosures that must be made by the
engineering consultant’s management and included in auditors’ reports. A typical report package
contains the following:
Independent Auditor’s Report on indirect cost rate schedule.
Indirect cost rate schedule.
Listing of unallowable account adjustments with FAR References.
Notes to the indirect cost rate schedule, including minimum disclosures.
Independent Auditor’s Report on Internal Control.
Note:TheAASHTOAuditSubcommitteeandtheACECTransportationCommitteehaveapprovedthereport
formats.
11.2—Sample Audit Report on Indirect cost rate schedule
The following is an example of a typical audit report that would be issued by a CPA firm or a State or
Federal agency on the indirect cost rate schedule for a consulting engineering firm. If the auditor
performed an “attestation engagement examination,” then the report wording would be modified, but in
both cases, an auditor’s opinion is required. The complete report would include the indirect cost rate
schedule and footnote disclosures (see following pages).
11
C HAPTER 11/AUDIT R EPORTS AND M INIMUM D ISCLOSURES
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 106 | Page
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT ON THE
STATEMENT OF DIRECT LABOR, FRINGE BENEFITS, AND GENERAL OVERHEAD
Board of Directors
The Company
We have audited the Statement of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General Overhead (hereinafter
referred to as “indirect cost rate schedule” or “the Schedule”) for the fiscal year ended December 31,
2XXX. The Schedule is the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to
express an opinion on the Schedule based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and the financial audit
standards contained in the Government Auditing Standards issued by the Comptroller General of the
United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the Schedule is free of material misstatement. An audit includes
examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the Indirect Cost
Schedule. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made
by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the Schedule. We believe that our audit
provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
The accompanying indirect cost rate schedule was prepared on a basis of accounting practices prescribed
by Part 31 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and is not intended to be a presentation in
conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.
In our opinion, the indirect cost rate schedule referred to above presents fairly, in all material respects,
the direct labor, fringe benefits, and general overhead of the Company for the year ended December 31,
2XXX on the basis of accounting described in Note B.
In accordance with the Government Auditing Standards we have issued a report dated April 4, 2XXX on
our consideration of the Company’s internal controls and its compliance with laws and regulations.
This report is intended solely for the use and information of the Company and government agencies or
other customers related to contracts employing the cost principles of the Federal Acquisition Regulation
and should not be used for any other purpose.
(Signature of Official Representative/CPA Firm)
DATE, 2XXX
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AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 107 | Page
Description
General Ledger
Balance
Portion
Unallowable
FAR
Ref.
Total
Proposed
Home
Office Costs
Field Office
Costs
Direct Labor
12,500,000$
12,000$ (1) 12,512,000$ 12,011,520$ 500,480$
Fringe Benefits
Vacation/Holiday/Paid Leave................... 1,700,000$ 1,700,000$ 1,632,000$ 68,000$
Payroll Taxes............................................ 1,550,000 1,550,000 1,488,000 62,000
Group Insurance....................................... 1,100,000 1,100,000 1,056,000 44,000
Pension and Profit Sharing....................... 1,016,000 (500,000) (2) 516,000 495,360 20,640
Incentive Payments................................... 1,550,000 1,550,000 1,488,000 62,000
Seminars/Education.................................. 400,000 400,000 384,000 16,000
Employee Welfare.................................... 10,000 (4,000) (3) 6,000 5,760 240
Total Fringe Benefits
7,326,000$
(504,000)$ 6,822,000$ 6,549,120$ 272,880$
General Overhead
Non-Project Labor.................................... 4,900,000$ (12,000)$ (1) 4,888,000$ 4,808,000$ 80,000$
Recruiting................................................. 190,000 190,000$ 189,126 874
Building Costs (Rent)............................... 1,400,000 (20,000) (4) 1,380,000$ 1,380,000 -
Other Occupancy Costs............................ 464,000 464,000$ 464,000 -
Supplies.................................................... 380,000 380,000$ 380,000 -
Field Supplies and Equipment.................. 100,000 100,000$ - 100,000
Postage and Shipping................................ 78,000 78,000$ 77,641 359
Equipment Rent/Maintenance................... 386,000 386,000$ 384,225 1,775
Interest...................................................... 20,000 (20,000) (5) -$ - -
Telephone................................................. 290,000 290,000$ 288,667 1,333
Business Insurance................................... 194,000 194,000$ 193,108 892
Legal & Other Professional Fees.............. 376,000 (25,000) (6) 351,000$ 349,386 1,614
Administrative Travel............................... 597,000 (30,000) (7) 567,000$ 564,393 2,607
Dues, Memberships, and Registrations..... 173,000 173,000$ 172,205 795
Subscriptions and Publications................. 41,000 41,000$ 40,811 189
Depreciation and Amortization................. 628,000 (10,000) (8) 618,000$ 615,159 2,841
Outside Payroll Service............................ 45,000 45,000$ 44,793 207
State Income & Personal Property Taxes. 27,000 27,000$ 26,876 124
Direct Cost Credit..................................... (833,000)
- (833,000)$ (829,170) (3,830)
Total General Overhead
9,456,000$
(117,000)$ 9,339,000$ 9,149,221$ 189,779$
Total Indirect Costs
16,161,000$
15,698,341$ 462,659$
129.2% 130.7% 92.4%
FAR References:
(1) 31.202 - Uncompensated overtime for salaried employees considered to be direct labor and removed from indirect labor costs.
(2) 31.205-6(a)(6)(ii)(B) - Compensation paid to owners in excess of reasonable amount and considered distribution of profits.
(3) 31.205-14 - Costs of dues for social clubs are unallowable and considered entertainment.
(4) 31.205-36 - Adjusted rental costs to actual costs incurred to eliminate markups between subsidiaries under common control.
(5) 31.205-20 - Interest and other financial costs not allowable.
(6) 31.205-27 - Accounting and legal fees considered as organization costs are not allowable.
(7) 31.205-6(m)(2) - Portion of the cost of company-furnished automobiles that relates to personal use by employees.
(8) 31.205-49 - Amortization of acquisition intangibles (goodwill).
Firm X, Inc.
Statement of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General Overhead (with Field Rate)
For the year ended December 31, 201x
Percentage of Direct Labor
Allocations
(See Section 11.4 for recommended Standard Notes to the indirect cost schedule.)
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11.3—Sample Report on Internal Control and Compliance
The following is an example of a report on internal control with no reportable conditions, which is a
GAGAS requirement for financial audits (see Chapter 2). For both financial audits and attestation
engagements, auditors’ reports should disclose deficiencies in internal control, fraud, illegal acts,
violations of contracts or grant agreements, and abuse. (See the Yellow Book for specific reporting
requirements.)
INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE
Board of Directors
The Company
We have audited the indirect cost rate schedule of the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2XXX, and have issued our
report thereon dated (DATE, 2XXX). We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the
United States of America and the standards applicable to financial audits (or examination level attestation engagements) contained
in Government Auditing Standards, issued by the Comptroller General of the United States.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
In planning and performing our audit, we considered the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing
our auditing procedures for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the schedule, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion
on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we do not express an opinion on the
effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining internal control over financial reporting. In
fulfilling this responsibility, estimates and judgments by management are required to assess the expected benefits and related costs
of internal controls over financial reporting. The objectives of internal control over financial reporting are to provide management
with reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that assets are safeguarded against loss from unauthorized use or disposition, and that
transactions are executed in accordance with Part 31 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation. Because of inherent limitations in any
internal control structure, errors or irregularities may nevertheless occur and not be detected. Also, projection of any evaluation of
the structure to future periods is subject to the risk that procedures may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that
the effectiveness of the design and operation of policies and procedures may deteriorate. For the purpose of this report, we have
classified significant internal controls over financial reporting into two categories: cash disbursement and payroll.
A deficiency in internal control exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees, in the
normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis. A significant deficiency
is a control deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, that adversely affects the Company’s ability to initiate, authorize,
record, process, or report financial data reliably in accordance with Part 31 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation such that there is
more than a remote likelihood that a misstatement of the Company’s indirect cost rate schedule that is more than inconsequential
will not be prevented or detected by the Company’s internal control. A material weakness is a significant deficiency, or combination
of significant deficiencies, in internal control, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the
Company’s indirect cost rate schedule will not be prevented or detected, and corrected, on a timely basis.
Our consideration of internal control over financial reporting was for the limited purpose described in the first paragraph of this
section and was not designed to identify all deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting that might be deficiencies,
significant deficiencies, or material weaknesses. We did not identify any deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting that
we consider to be material weaknesses, as defined above.
Compliance and Other Matters
As part of obtaining reasonable assurance about whether the Company’s indirect cost rate schedule is free from material
misstatement, we performed tests of the Company’s compliance with certain provisions of laws, regulations, contracts, and grant
agreements, including provisions of the applicable sections of Part 31 of the Federal Acquisitions Regulation, noncompliance with
which could have a direct and material effect on the determination of the amounts reported on the indirect cost rate schedule.
However, providing an opinion on compliance with those provisions was not an objective of our audit, and accordingly, we do not
express such an opinion. The results of our tests disclosed no instances of noncompliance or other matters that are required to be
reported under Government Auditing Standards.
We noted certain matters that we reported to management of the Company in a separate letter dated (DATE, 2XXX).
This report is intended solely for the use and information of the Company and government agencies or other customers related to
contracts employing the cost principles of the Federal Acquisition Regulation. This report should not be used for any other purpose.
(Signature of Official Representative of Firm)
(DATE, 2XXX)
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11.4—Minimum Audit Report Disclosures
The following subsections describe disclosures that should be included with audit reports, regardless of
whether the audits reports are generated from financial audits or attestation engagements. In cases where
examples are included, they are for illustrative and explanatory purposes only and are not intended to be
comprehensive regarding rules and regulations. Some of the recommended disclosures may not be
appropriate or necessary for certain firms. Conversely, additional disclosures may be required for firms
with unusual or complex issues. Disclosures should be included with the overhead audit report for each
fiscal year and may either be included in the notes to the indirect cost rate schedule or as a separate
section within the report. The standard recommended disclosure notes are listed and discussed below in
Sections 11.4.A through 11.4.I.
A. Description of the Company
Provide an overview of the company including when the company was formed, type of organization
(e.g., corporation, LLC, or LLP), major business activities, primary customer groups, type of ownership
(e.g., subsidiary of corporation, division of another company, privately held firm) and any other pertinent
general company information.
B. Basis of Accounting
The basis of accounting practices should be clearly stated, as described below.
EXAMPLE 11-1. The Company’s indirect cost rate schedule was prepared on the basis of
accounting practices prescribed in Part 31 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR). Accordingly,
the indirect cost rate schedule is not intended to present the results of operations of the Company in
conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
C. Description of Accounting Policies
Describe the financial accounting system (i.e., cash, accrual, or hybrid) and job cost accounting system
(e.g., job order, modified job order, standard, or hybrid). Include a description of accounting policies and
procedures governing the classification of costs as direct or indirect. Describe how project costs are
accumulated and assigned to projects.
D. Description of Overhead Rate Structure
Disclosures should include language to—
Identify the reporting unit. (e.g., company wide; business segment; or technical specialty such as
design, construction administration, geotechnical, or environmental; and/or geographical location
pertaining to the overhead rate or rates).
Identify the company’s overall rate structure in terms of the base(s) for allocation. Describe if
more than one base is used, depending on the customer (e.g., different bases used for Federal and
State projects).
EXAMPLE 11-2:
Single Base
– All costs are allocated based on Direct Labor cost.
Multiple Bases
– Fringe benefits costs allocated based on Direct + Indirect Labor.
– Office overhead costs allocated based on Direct Labor + Fringe Benefits.
– General and administrative costs allocated based on Value Added Costs (all company costs,
excluding subconsultants).
Identify whether a dual rate structure exists for field office projects and home office projects.
Specify the allocation methods used.
Identify cost allocation practices between related business entities (e.g., parent company
allocating costs to subsidiaries or divisions, allocations between subsidiaries or divisions, and/or
allocations to specific product lines).
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E. Description of Labor-Related Costs
The disclosures associated with labor costs must include details regarding—
3. Project Labor. Describe how the company allocates labor to all projects (i.e., actual, average, or
standard hourly rates).
4. Variances. Describe how and when variances are recorded if using other than actual labor costs.
5. Paid Time Off. Explain the company’s policy and accounting practice as to paid vacation, sick
leave and comp time. Include the engineering consultant’s policy as to accounting for accrued
sick leave upon termination.
6. Paid Overtime and Uncompensated Overtime. Indicate where the premium portion of overtime
pay is recorded in the cost accounting system. Detail the procedures for recording uncompensated
overtime incurred by employees charging direct project time.
EXAMPLE 11-3.
Premium Overtime costs are incurred in meeting certain deadlines. If an employee is
eligible for overtime, they have their choice of a cash payment equal to time and a half
(premium portion), or compensatory time off at time and a half. The premium portion of paid
overtime is included in the indirect cost pool.
Uncompensated Overtime: The Company did not pay certain salaried employees for time
worked in excess of 40 hours per week. The time in excess of 40 hours was credited to the
indirect cost pool. The credited amount ($xx,xxx) consisted of hours worked in excess of 40,
times the employee’s standard hourly rate.
7. Highly Compensated Employees/Officers/Owners. As discussed in Section 7.5, the engineering
consultant must perform appropriate procedures to evaluate the allowability and reasonableness
of executive compensation. These procedures should include an examination of the allowability
of the forms of compensation paid to the Company’s executives and an evaluation as to whether
any of the compensation was related to unallowable activities such as entertainment, lobbying,
etc. After eliminating unallowable forms of compensation and compensation amounts related to
unallowable activities, the engineering consultant should then evaluate the reasonableness of total
allowable elements of compensation, for each executive, by either: (1) performing an analysis
using independent survey data as prescribed in Section 7.5, or (2) by examining executive
compensation using the National Compensation Matrix (NCM). If the engineering consultant
performs its own analysis, care should be taken to properly consider the Benchmark
Compensation Amount (BCA), as discussed in Section 7.4.
The audit report footnote should include the following:
A description of the procedures used by the engineering consultant to evaluate allowability of the
elements of executive compensation and the activities performed by executives.
A statement as to whether the consultant performed its own analysis of executive compensation
reasonableness or used the NCM instead. If the consultant performed its own analysis, a
description of the procedures performed should be included. This should include a list of any
independent compensation surveys used in the consultant’s analysis.
A statement regarding how the BCA was considered in evaluating executive compensation,
noting the applicable amount of the BCA.
The total amount of executive compensation disallowed as a result of the evaluation of
allowability and reasonableness, preferably as separate amounts for each executive.
EXAMPLE 11-4. The Company performed an analysis of executive compensation in
accordance with Chapter 7 of the AASHTO Audit Guide. The analysis included an
examination of the activities performed by Company executives, and the forms of
compensation paid to executives. A total of $25,796 was eliminated from overhead related to
unallowable entertainment activities and compensation related to changes in the Company’s
stock price. The analysis also included an evaluation of compensation reasonableness as
described in AASHTO Audit Guide section 7.5, using information from the following
independent compensation surveys: X, Y, and Z. The reasonable compensation amounts
developed using survey data did not exceed the applicable Benchmark Compensation
C HAPTER 11/AUDIT R EPORTS AND M INIMUM D ISCLOSURES
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Amount of $XXX,XXX. As a result of the analysis of executive compensation
reasonableness, a total of $42,512 of executive compensation was disallowed.
8. Pension Plans, Deferred Compensation Plans, and ESOPs. If pension and/or deferred
compensation costs (as defined by FAR 31.205-6(j) and 31.205-6(k), respectively) are included
in indirect costs, identify whether the plan(s) meet the above regulations and explain how the
costs were determined (e.g., cash contribution, stock or options to purchase stock of the
engineering consultant, or assets other than cash). For Employee Stock Option Purchase (ESOP)
plans, identify the dollar amounts of principal, interest, and administrative costs of the
contribution to the Employee Stock Option Trust (ESOT). Identify any other significant impacts
from market valuations.
EXAMPLE 11-5. The Company operates a 401(k) retirement plan that meets the
requirements of FAR 31.205-6(j). During the year, the Company made a cash contribution of
2 percent of participating employees’ salaries.
In addition, the Company has a leveraged deferred compensation ESOP started in 1984. The
plan provides for cash payments of the appraised value of the stock (held by the ESOT for
the employee) upon retirement, leaving the Company after 10 years of service, or death.
Since CAS 9904.415(a)(3) has not been satisfied, the Company assigns the payments to the
period in which the compensation is paid to the employee. The amount of the company’s
share of ESOP expense included in the overhead pool for the year was $xxx,xxx.
9. Contract/Purchased Labor. Provide the methodology used by the engineering consultant to
account for contract labor (not sub-contracts). In some cases, this labor will be considered to be a
direct cost item invoiced to the project, but in other cases the firm may choose to have this labor
treated the same as employee labor and include it in the direct labor base.
EXAMPLE 11-6. The Company uses contract labor for engineering related services, and
bills this labor as if it were for regular employees. The Company provides office space,
administrative support, and controls the contract laborers. Therefore, contract laborers are
considered employees, and their labor costs ($52,000 for the period audited) have been
included in the direct labor base.
F. Description of Depreciation and Leasing Policies
Policies regarding costs related to acquisition and disposition of assets should be clearly identified along
with the related depreciation methods. Costs and accounting treatment for capital and operating leases
should be disclosed.
EXAMPLE 11-7. Certain assets are purchased and depreciated, while others are leased and
considered operating leases, and the annual lease costs are included in the overhead pool. The
depreciation reflected on the Company’s financial statements differs from the acceptable depreciation
for Federal income tax purposes. Since the financial statement amounts included in the overhead pool
are lower than the amounts used for Federal purposes, the amounts included on the indirect cost rate
schedule are allowable under FAR 31.205-11(e).
G. Description of Related-Party Transactions
1. Building Rent. Identify any related parties considered to have common control, to the extent that audit
adjustments are required per FAR 31.205-36.
EXAMPLE 11-8. The Company rents part of an office building owned by the ABC Real-Estate
Partnership (ABC). ABC’s owners include a Company shareholder, his spouse, and an unrelated third
party. (The spouse is not a Company employee or owner.) This shareholder owns only one third of the
ABC partnership, but he has effective control over ABC’s operating and financial policies.
ABC incurred $350,000 of expenses to maintain the building, including $45,000 of interest expense.
The building has 15,000 total square feet, and the Company occupied 12,750 square feet (85 percent
of the total building). ABC rents the remaining building space to an unrelated business. Additionally,
ABC’s Facilities Capital Cost of Money (FCCM) for the building was $22,500 for the year.
The rent expense recorded in the Company’s financial records includes $400,000 in payments to
ABC. The Company excluded $121,625 of the rent expense from the indirect cost schedule, as
follows:
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ABC’s allowable cost of ownership for the property:
Total expenses $350,000
Less: Unallowable interest expense ( 45,000)
Plus: Facilities Capital Cost of Money 22,500
Equals: Cost of ownership $327,500
Multiplied by: Allocation factor 85%
Equals: Cost of ownership $278,375
Company’s adjustment for costs in excess of allowable cost of ownership:
Total rent expense recorded by Company $400,000
Less: Cost of ownership ( 278,375)
Adjustment required by FAR 31.205-36(b)(3) $121,625
2. Personal Use of Company Vehicles. The officers of the Company have personal usage of Company vehicles,
which is tracked through vehicle logs. Amounts attributable to this personal use ($xxxx for 20xx) were disallowed
in compliance with FAR 31.205-6(m)(2)
.
H. Facilities Capital Cost of Money (FCCM)
Provide the FCCM rate, as calculated in accordance with FAR 31.205-10.
EXAMPLE 11-9. The FCCM rate was calculated in accordance with FAR 31.205-10, using average
net book values of equipment and facilities multiplied by the average Federal Prompt Payment Act
Interest Rate (Treasury Rate) for the applicable period. Equipment and facilities include furniture and
fixtures, computer equipment, vehicles, and leasehold improvements. The calculation follows:
Net Book Value of Assets - Prior Year $ 600,000
Net Book Value of Assets - Current Year 700,000
Average Net Book Value $ 650,000
Multiplied by: Average Treasury Rate 3.19%
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Equals: Facilities Capital Cost of Money $ 20,735
Divided by: Direct Labor Cost 3,250,250
Equals: Facilities Capital Cost of Money Rate 0.63%
Note:Additionally,iftheengineeringconsultantcomputeshomeofficeandfieldofficeindirectcostrates,to
allocateprojectcostsappropriately,itmaybenecessarytocomputeseparateFCCMratesbasedontheassetsand
directlaborusedinthehomeofficeandfield,respectively.
I. List of Other Direct Cost Accounts and Charge Rates
Identify whether Nonsalary Direct Project Costs, sometimes referred to as Other Direct Costs (ODCs) are
consistently allocated/costed to all projects, and not just projects that reimburse for ODCs (e.g., computer
costs, reproduction, equipment charges, and vehicle usage). Include a listing of cost items generally
charged directly to projects.
Additionally, if charge rates were established for any of these costs (e.g., CADD), the rates should be
fully disclosed in this note, along with a general description of the audit procedures used to verify the
accuracy of the rates.
J. Management’s Evaluation of Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated subsequent events through _________, 20xx, the date upon which the
Statement of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General Overhead was available for issuance.
45
The year-2010 average Treasury Rate was used this example, and the engineering consultant was assumed to have
a December 31 fiscal year end (FYE). Companies with FYEs other than December 31 must appropriately prorate the
Treasury Rate. For current Treasury Rates, see http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/rates/tcir/tcir_opdprmt2.htm.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 113 | Page
Chapter 12—Cognizance and Oversight
To avoid duplication of audit work, it is common practice for auditors to rely on the work of others. As
stated in GAGAS:
4.16 When performing GAGAS financial audits and subject to applicable provisions
of laws and regulations, auditors should make appropriate individuals, as well as
audit documentation, available upon request and in a timely manner to other auditors
or reviewers. Underlying GAGAS audits is the premise that audit organizations in
federal, state, and local governments and public accounting firms engaged to perform
a financial audit in accordance with GAGAS cooperate in auditing programs of
common interest so that auditors may use others’ work and avoid duplication of
efforts. The use of auditors’ work by other auditors may be facilitated by contractual
arrangements for GAGAS audits that provide for full and timely access to appropriate
individuals, as well as audit documentation.
5.17 When performing GAGAS examination engagements and subject to applicable
laws and regulations, auditors should make appropriate individuals, as well as attest
documentation, available upon request and in a timely manner to other auditors or
reviewers. Underlying GAGAS engagements is the premise that audit organizations
in federal, state, and local governments and public accounting firms engaged to
perform an engagement in accordance with GAGAS cooperate in performing
examination engagements of programs of common interest so that auditors may use
others’ work and avoid duplication of efforts. The use of auditors’ work by other
auditors may be facilitated by contractual arrangements for GAGAS engagements
that provide for full and timely access to appropriate individuals, as well as attest
documentation.
12.1—National Highway System Designation Act Section 307
In 1995, Congress passed the latest version of the National Highway System Designation Act (hereinafter
referred to as “the NHSD Act”). The focus of Section 307 of the NHSD Act was to remove the ceilings
on overhead rates and indirect salaries that had been established by some states, to avoid duplicate
indirect cost audits of the same firm by multiple audit entities, and to reinforce the need for all auditors to
use the FAR for the purpose of determining cost eligibility.
This legislation impacted how some states paid consulting engineers for the overhead portion of their
costs on Federally-participating contracts. Heretofore, approximately one-half of the State DOTS had
self-imposed ceilings on overhead limits and/or maximum hourly rates associated with indirect labor.
Section 307 of the NHSD Act prohibited the use of such limitations on FAHP contracts.
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The NHSD Act, however, provided a one-year window for states to adopt statutes that would establish
“an alternative process intended to promote engineering and design quality and ensure maximum
competition.” If a statute were adopted by a State within this period, Section 307 would not bind the
state. Thirteen states adopted such statutes within the allowed time period. Such states were referred to as
“opt-out States,” and included the following: Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Utah, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
In 2006, the Transportation Appropriations Act (SAFETEA-LU) contained language that eliminated the
concept of opt-out States, thereby promoting greater uniformity. Of the thirteen opt-out States, alternative
processes were repealed for all states except Minnesota and West Virginia.
12.2—Section 174 of the 2006 Transportation Appropriations Act
The underlying guidance concerning cognizant audits is contained in 23 CFR 172 and 23 U.S.C. 112 and
supporting documents published by FHWA. Section 174 of the 2006 Transportation Appropriations Act
and the implementation guidance issued by FHWA served to re-emphasize the importance of cognizant
audits, while not actually changing the underlying regulations specific to issuance or acceptance of
cognizant audits.
23 U.S.C. 112 provides definitive guidance on indirect rates and the acceptance of cognizant audits. 23
U.S.C. 112 (b)(2), Contracting for engineering and design services, provides the following:
(A) General Rule—Subject to paragraph (3), each contract for program management,
construction management, feasibility studies, preliminary engineering, design,
engineering, surveying, mapping, or architectural related services with respect to a
project . . . shall be awarded in the same manner as a contract for architectural and
engineering services is negotiated under Chapter 11 of Title 40.
(B) Performance and audits—Any contract or subcontract awarded in accordance
with subparagraph (A), whether funded in whole or in part with Federal-aid highway
funds, shall be performed and audited in compliance with cost principles contained in
the Federal Acquisition Regulation of part 31 of title 48, Code of Federal
Regulations.
(C) Indirect cost rates—Instead of performing its own audits, a recipient of funds
under a contract or subcontract awarded in accordance with subparagraph (A) shall
accept indirect cost rates established in accordance with the Federal Acquisition
Regulation for one-year applicable accounting periods by a cognizant Federal or State
government agency, if such rates are not currently under dispute.
(D) Application of rates—Once a firm’s indirect cost rates are accepted under this
paragraph, the recipient of the funds shall apply such rates for the purposes of
contract estimation, negotiation, administration, reporting and contract payment and
shall not be limited by administrative or de facto ceilings of any kind.
The AASHTO Audit Subcommittee and ACEC Transportation Committee worked together to develop
the following guidance, which was later incorporated by FHWA into the Administration of Engineering
and Design Related Services Contracts–Questions and Answers prepared by the FHWA and available on
the Internet at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/programadmin/172qa.cfm#r39.
12.3—What Is a Cognizant Agency?
A cognizant agency can be any of the following:
A Federal agency,
The Home State Transportation or Highway Department (the State where the consulting firm’s
accounting and financial records are located), or
A Non-Home State Transportation or Highway Department to whom the Home State has
transferred cognizance in writing for the particular indirect cost audit of a consulting firm.
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12.4—How Is a Cognizant Approved Indirect Cost Rate Established?
Cognizant approved rates may be established by any one of the following methods:
A Cognizant Agency either: (a) performs an indirect cost rate audit, or (b) contracts with and
directs the work of a CPA who performs this work.
A Non-Home State auditor or CPA working under the State’s direction issues an audit report, and
the Home State issues a cognizant letter of concurrence. If the Home State does not accept the
indirect cost rate audit performed by another State, the Home State will have 180 days from
receipt of the audit report to issue a cognizant approved rate; otherwise, the Non-Home State
audit report will be used to establish a cognizant approved rate for the one-year applicable
accounting period.
An indirect cost audit performed by an independent CPA (not part of the engineering consultant’s
organization) hired by the consulting firm will be used to establish a cognizant approved rate if
one of the following conditions is met:
(a) The Home State reviews the CPA’s audit report and related workpapers, and the Home State
issues a cognizant letter of concurrence with the audit report.
(b) A Non-Home State reviews the CPA’s audit report and related workpapers and issues a letter
of concurrence with the CPA report, which is then accepted by the Home State. If the Home
State does not accept the Non-Home State’s review, the Home State will have 180 days from
receipt to complete a review of the CPA audit report and either concur with it, modify it, or
reject it due to a material error requiring re-submittal; otherwise, the CPA audit report with
which the Non-Home State has concurred will be used to establish the cognizant approved rate
for the one year applicable accounting period.
12.5—Guidelines for Reviewing CPA Indirect Cost Audits
A CPA Workpaper Review Program appears in Appendix A of this guide. Government auditors should
use the Program when performing overhead audits or when reviewing the workpapers of others, to
determine whether it is appropriate to issue a cognizant letter of concurrence. The workpaper review
program is a tool to assist in determining whether: (a) the CPA’s audit was conducted in accordance with
GAGAS, (b) the CPA adequately considered the auditee’s compliance with FAR Part 31 and related laws
and regulations, and (c) and the audit report format is acceptable. Chapter 9 of this Audit Guide includes
a recommended format for the audit report and required disclosures.
12.6—Attestations Engagements
Examination level engagements following GAGAS (Yellow Book) requirements are acceptable. This
Uniform Audit and Accounting Guide also should be followed when performing these engagements.
12.7—Risk Analysis: Accepting Overhead Rates Without a Workpaper Review
For many State DOTs, it will not be feasible to perform comprehensive CPA workpaper reviews for all
engineering firms that perform work and are located in their home states; however, the onus remains on
State DOTs to obtain reasonable assurance that the rates submitted by engineering consultants are FAR
compliant. Accordingly, to accept rates without performing a comprehensive workpaper review, the State
DOTs should perform a risk analysis.
The Internal Control Questionnaire provided in Appendix B of this guide provides a framework for
assessing engineering consultants’ internal control structures. Additional steps also may be required,
including a site visit; further desk review, including correlation analysis using data from prior years; or
making additional inquiries of management and/or the provider of the overhead computation (e.g., a CPA
or in-house accountant).
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Risk factors to be considered should include, if applicable:
The dollar volume of contracts with the State DOT.
The engineering consultant’s overall experience in working with State DOT contracts.
The history and professional reputation of the engineering consultant.
The number of States in which the firm operates.
The date of the last audit.
The type and complexity of the accounting system used by engineering consultant.
The size (number of employees and annual revenues) of the engineering consultant.
The relevant professional experience of the CPA who audited the overhead rate.
The engineering consultant’s responses to the Internal Control Questionnaire.
Changes in the engineering consultant’s organizational structure.
Note:EachStateDOTmaydevelopitsownriskanalysis,butallStateDOTsshouldmaintainadequate
documentationtosupporttheacceptanceofengineeringconsultants’indirectcostratecomputations.
12.8—FHWA Guidance: Questions and Answers Regarding Cognizance
The FHWA maintains a web page with guidance to supplement Federal laws and regulations relating to
the procurement, management, and administration of engineering and design related services using
Federal-aid highway program (FAHP) funding. This guidance appears in the form of questions and
answers (Q&A’s) regarding the procurement, management, and administration of engineering and
design-related services.
46
The Q&A’s are organized, by category, as follows:
I. Competitive Negotiation/Qualifications Based Selection Procurement Procedure
II. Other Procurement Procedures
III. Indirect Cost Rates and Audits
IV. Compensation (Payment) Methods
V. Contract Negotiation
VI. Contract Administration
VII. Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) Considerations
VIII. Conflicts of Interest
IX. Other Considerations
Q&A excerpts from Category III, Indirect Cost Rates and Audits, appear below:
1. Are audits required for FAHP funded engineering and design related services contracts?
No, audits are not required by Federal law or regulation for specific engineering and design related
services contracts funded in whole or in part with FAHP funds.
However, contracting agencies must provide assurance that any indirect cost rate considered for
acceptance and use in its contracts has been developed in accordance with the FAR cost principles (as
specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(B), 23 CFR 172.7(a), and 48 CFR 31). A contracting agency may
determine, in accordance with its established risk assessment process/risk management framework (See
Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 3) and its approved written policies and
procedures (as specified in 23 CFR 172.9(a)), when an audit is required and the scope of the audit to be
performed. When contracting agency procedures call for audits of contracts or subcontracts, these audits
shall be performed to test compliance with the requirements of the cost principles contained in the FAR.
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See http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/programadmin/172qa.cfm.
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2. Are pre-negotiation/pre-award audits or reviews allowed for FAHP funded engineering and
design related services contracts?
Yes, contracting agencies may perform pre-negotiation/pre-award audits or reviews and the costs to
perform those audits or reviews are eligible for Federal-aid participation.
A contracting agency may determine, in accordance with its established risk assessment process/risk
management framework and its approved written policies and procedures (as specified in 23 CFR
172.9(a)), when a pre-negotiation/pre-award audit is required and the scope of the audit to be performed.
In some cases, a contracting agency may have to perform a pre-negotiation audit to ensure that the
consulting firm has an acceptable accounting system, has adequate and proper justification for the
various rates charged to perform work, and is aware of cost eligibility and documentation requirements.
Costs of project related audits performed in accordance with GAGAS and benefiting Federal-aid
highway projects are eligible for Federal participation (as specified in 23 CFR 140.803).
3. What does a contracting agency audit risk assessment process/risk management framework
consist of?
The primary objective of contracting agency evaluation and acceptance of consulting firm indirect cost
rates is to ensure such rates are developed in accordance with the FAR cost principles (as specified in 48
CFR 31). A risk management framework may be employed by a contracting agency to provide
reasonable assurance that consulting firm costs, including those stemming from indirect cost rates, are
established in accordance with the FAR cost principles.
A contracting agency risk management framework may include, but is not limited to, the following tools:
FAR compliant audits (which may result in cognizant approved indirect cost rates), desk reviews,
reliance on work performed by other State DOTs (in accepting an indirect cost rate for use in their
respective State), or other procedures, as appropriate. The scope of a risk management framework may
include pre-award and post-award audits, where appropriate. The framework should consider the
following risk criteria: dollar thresholds; history/reputation of the consulting firm; the number of States in
which the consulting firm does business; audit frequency; experience of the CPA firm performing audits
on the consulting firm’s indirect cost rate; responses to the consulting firm’s internal control
questionnaire; and/or other risk criteria, as deemed appropriate.
An audit risk assessment process/risk management framework employed by a contracting agency should
be established as a component of the contracting agency’s approved written policies and procedures (as
specified in 23 CFR 172.9(a)).
4. What are the Federal requirements for use and application of indirect cost rates of a consulting
engineering firm on FAHP funded engineering and design related services contracts?
Contracting agencies shall accept cognizant approved indirect cost rates established in accordance with
the FAR cost principles (as specified in 48 CFR 31) for a consulting firm’s applicable one-year
accounting period, if such rates are not currently under dispute (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(C)
and 23 CFR 172.7(b)). Contracting agencies shall apply accepted (cognizant approved) indirect cost rates
for the purposes of contract estimation, negotiation, administration, reporting, and contract payment; and
the rate shall not be limited by administrative or de facto ceilings of any kind (as specified in 23 U.S.C.
112(b)(2)(D) and 23 CFR 172.7(b)).
Note that the States of Minnesota and West Virginia are granted exceptions from the audit and indirect
cost rate requirements established in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(B)-(E) (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(F)).
However, the allowability of consultant costs remains governed by the FAR cost principles (48 CFR 31)
applicable to commercial, for-profit organizations (as specified in 49 CFR 18.22(b)). (See Indirect Cost
Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 5 for sub-consultant audit requirements and Nos. 17-32 for
additional discussion regarding acceptance, use, and application of indirect cost rates)
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5. Do the cognizant audit requirements (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(C)-(D)) apply to sub-
consultant indirect cost rates?
No, the cognizant audit requirements do not apply to sub-consultant indirect cost rates.
Prime consultants, who were selected under a competitive negotiation/qualifications based selection
(Brooks Act) procurement process, frequently hire sub-consultants to perform specialty work. Sub-
consultants hired by the prime consultant do not fall under the requirements of 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(C)-
(D). As such, sub-consultant indirect cost rates would not be subject to establishment via cognizant
agency audit. However, subcontracts must comply with the FAR cost principles (as specified in 23
U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(B), 48 CFR 31, and 49 CFR 18.22(b)). Should a sub-consultant have a cognizant
approved indirect cost rate, a contracting agency may choose to accept and apply that rate. As required
with all procurements for property and services under a Federal grant, State and local public agencies
must follow all State and local laws, regulations, policies, and procedures which are not in conflict with
applicable Federal laws and regulations (as specified in 49 CFR 18.4 and 18.36(a)).
Although an audit of an indirect cost rate of a sub-consultant on a FAHP funded contract is not required,
State and local public agencies are not precluded from prescribing sub-consultant audit requirements in
their laws, policies, and/or procedures. As such, and in accordance with a State’s established audit risk
assessment process/risk management framework, the requirement to audit or require sub-consultants to
prepare an audit may be incorporated as an acceptable policy and/or procedure of a State or local public
agency consultant services program. Such policies and procedures, which are subject to approval by
FHWA (as specified in 23 CFR 172.9(a)), may be warranted to ensure sub-consultant costs are properly
accumulated and allowable in accordance with the FAR cost principles. Care should be taken by
contracting agencies to avoid placing an undue burden on small firms as a result of such policies and
procedures.
6. What is a “cognizant agency”?
The term “cognizant agency” means any Federal or State agency that has conducted and issued an audit
report of a consulting firm’s indirect cost rate established in accordance with the FAR cost principles (48
CFR 31) (as defined in 23 CFR 172.3). When providing a cognizant indirect cost rate approval, a
cognizant agency may either perform an audit and issue an audit report or review work papers related to
an audit performed by a CPA and then issue a cognizant letter of concurrence. A cognizant agency may
be any of the following: (1) Federal agency; (2) The Home State DOT (the State where the consulting
firm’s accounting and financial records are located); or (3) A Non-Home State DOT to whom the Home
State has transferred cognizance in writing for the particular indirect cost rate audit of a consulting firm.
(See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer Nos. 7-9)
7. Can a local public agency or some other non-State recipient or sub-recipient of FAHP funding
be a cognizant agency?
No, the law requires the cognizant agency to be either a Federal or State government agency (as defined
in 23 CFR 172.3).
8. What is a “cognizant approved indirect cost rate”?
The term “cognizant approved indirect cost rate” refers to the indirect cost rate established by an audit
performed in accordance with GAGAS to test compliance with the FAR cost principles (as specified in
48 CFR 31) and accepted by a cognizant Federal or State agency.
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9. How is a cognizant approved indirect cost rate established?
Cognizant approved rates may be established by any one of the following methods:
1. A cognizant agency performs an indirect cost rate audit and issues an audit report, or contracts
with and directs the work of a CPA who performs the indirect cost rate audit and issues an audit
report.
2. A Non-Home State auditor or CPA working under the Non-Home State’s direction performs an
indirect cost rate audit and issues an audit report, and the Home State issues a cognizant letter of
concurrence. If the Home State does not accept the indirect cost rate audit performed by another
State, the Home State will have 180 days from receipt of the audit report to issue a cognizant
approved rate; otherwise, the Non-Home State audit report will be used to establish a cognizant
approved rate for the one-year applicable accounting period.
3. An indirect cost rate audit performed by an independent CPA (not part of the engineering
consultant’s organization) hired by the consulting firm will be used to establish a cognizant
approved rate if one of the following conditions is met:
i. The Home State reviews the CPA’s audit report and related workpapers, and the Home
State issues a cognizant letter of concurrence with the audit report.
ii. A Non-Home State reviews the CPA’s audit report and related workpapers and issues a
letter of concurrence with the CPA’s report, which is then accepted by the Home State.
If the Home State does not accept the Non-Home State’s review, the Home State will
have 180 days from receipt of the Non-Home State letter of concurrence to complete a
review of the CPA audit report and either concur with it, modify it, or reject it due to a
material error requiring re-submittal; otherwise the CPA audit report with which the
Non-Home State has concurred will be used to establish the cognizant approved rate
for the 1-year applicable accounting period.
10. How will a contracting agency know if a consulting engineering firm has a cognizant approved
indirect cost rate?
In the consulting firm’s cost proposal, the firm is responsible for providing the contracting agency with
its indirect cost rate along with evidence of cognizant approval, if cognizance has been established.
Additionally, a State DOT may consult with DOTs in other States where the firm is located or where the
firm has worked for the past year to ascertain whether cognizant approval of indirect cost rates has been
provided. However, if audited cost or rate data pertaining to a consulting engineering firm is shared
between contracting agencies (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(E) and 23 CFR 172.7(d)), notice must
be given to the affected firm. (See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 11)
11. Must contracting agencies obtain permission from consulting engineering firms prior to
sharing audit information with one another in complying with the cognizant audit requirements?
No, FAHP fund recipients and subrecipients may share audit information about a consulting firm with
other recipients and subrecipients provided advance notice is given to the firm for each use or exchange
of information (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(E) and 23 CFR 172.7(d)) to assist in complying with
requirements for acceptance of indirect cost rates. The notification should include the name of the
requesting contracting agency, the name, title, and contact information of the agency official requesting
the audit information, and the proposal/project name, number, or other identification information.
However, audit information shall not be provided to other consultants or any other government agency
for a purpose unrelated to compliance with FAHP requirements without the written permission of the
affected consulting firm. If prohibited by law, audit information may not be shared under any
circumstance, but should a release be required by law or court order, such release of audit information
shall make note of the confidential nature of the data (as specified in 23 CFR 172.7(d)).
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12. What may potentially trigger a cognizant indirect cost rate approval?
A consulting engineering firm that has had an indirect cost rate audit performed by a CPA firm or an
agency contracting with the consulting engineering firm may request approval from a cognizant agency
(See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 6) or the cognizant audit agency may
choose to provide approval as part of its audit risk assessment process/risk management framework (See
Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 3).
13. What factors should a consulting engineering firm or contracting agency consider in procuring
CPA services to perform an indirect cost rate audit?
In accepting annual indirect cost rates as part of its risk assessment process/risk management framework
and approved procurement policies and procedures, some contracting agencies require CPAs to conduct
audits on overhead schedules that are prepared and submitted by consulting engineering firms. A best
value determination that takes into account cost, experience, past performance, and proficiency should
govern the selection of a CPA firm to perform an indirect cost rate audit. Procurement of CPA services
by a contracting agency must follow State laws, regulations, policies, and procedures related to the
procurement of such services (as specified in 49 CFR 18.36(a)).
There are many factors for a consulting engineering firm or contracting agency to consider in selecting a
CPA to perform an indirect cost rate audit to test compliance with the FAR cost principles (as specified
in 48 CFR 31). The following list, although not comprehensive, provides important factors for
consideration. Consulting firms and contracting agencies are encouraged to use competition and
qualifications in the solicitation, evaluation, and selection of CPA related services. The CPA should:
Meet all GAGAS requirements, including requirements for adequate continuing
professional education (CPE) in governmental auditing,
Have received favorable peer review reports,
Be well versed in and pursue continuing education on GAGAS, the FAR cost principles
(48 CFR 31), Cost Accounting Standards (CAS), related laws and regulations (e.g., the
Internal Revenue Code, the Federal Travel Regulation, 23 U.S.C. 112, and 23 CFR 172),
and the guidelines and recommendations set forth in the AASHTO Uniform Audit &
Accounting Guide,
Have adequate experience in applying GAGAS,
Have a working knowledge of the consulting engineering industry, including common
operating practices, trends, and risk factors,
Be well versed in job-cost accounting practices and systems used by consulting
engineering firms,
Assign direct supervisory staff to the engagement who have prior experience performing
overhead audits designed to provide assurance regarding compliance with the FAR cost
principles,
Have experience performing audits to test compliance with the FAR cost principles and
have knowledge of Government procurement with regard to various types of contracts and
contract payment terms affecting the development and/or application of an allowable
overhead rate, and
Design and execute an audit program that meets the AICPA’s professional standards, as
well as the specific testing recommendations described in the sample CPA Workpaper
Review Program provided in Appendix A of the AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting
Guide.
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14. What work should be performed by a State DOT to accept an audit performed by a CPA firm
(hired by the consulting engineering firm or contracted and directed by the State DOT) and issue a
cognizant letter of concurrence making the indirect cost rate cognizant approved?
Regardless of who contracted for the work of the CPA firm, the State DOT should perform a review of
the CPA’s workpapers, using the Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect
Cost Rates identified in Appendix A of the AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide, in order to
issue a cognizant letter of concurrence, making the rate cognizant approved. Inquiries, discussions, or
other information provided by the CPA firm may be useful, but are not an acceptable substitute to a
review of the CPA’s workpapers.
15. Are consulting engineering firms required to certify the allowability of costs used to establish
indirect cost rates for FAHP funded engineering and design related services contracts?
To ensure overall compliance with cost principles of the FAR (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(B)-
(D), 23 CFR 172.7(b), and 49 CFR 18.22(b)), FHWA’s policy is that an indirect cost rate proposal
should not be accepted and no agreement should be made by a contracting agency to establish final
indirect cost rates for application to FAHP funded engineering and design related services contracts,
unless the costs have been certified by an official of the consulting firm as being allowable in accordance
with the applicable FAR cost principles (as specified in 48 CFR 31).
The policies, procedures, requirements, and forms implemented to address FHWA’s cost certification
policy are specific to each contracting agency and subject to FHWA approval (as specified in 23 CFR
172.9(a)). (See FHWA Order 4470.1A and Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question & Answer No. 16)
16. Are consulting engineering firms required to certify that “all known material transactions or
events affecting the firm’s ownership, organization and indirect cost rates have been disclosed” for
FAHP funded engineering and design related services contracts?
No. However, this language was included in the example contractor cost certification provided for
illustrative purposes in Appendix A of FHWA Order 4470.1A - FHWA Policy for Contractor
Certification of Costs in Accordance with Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) to Establish Indirect
Cost Rates on Engineering and Design-related Services Contracts. Although included in the example
cost certification provided with the Order, this sample language was not prescribed within the directive
itself.
A contracting agency may choose to include this sample language in its cost certification requirements,
but if used, additional clarifying language may be necessary related to the definition of “material,” as
well as to the time period covered under such certification. This type of statement may be better placed in
an internal control questionnaire, as the subject language is effectively an element of an assessment of
internal controls with respect to changes in a firm’s ownership and organizational structure and
subsequent development of its indirect cost rate(s).
17. Are States required to perform cognizant approvals of indirect cost rates?
No, States are not required to perform cognizant approvals of indirect cost rates. However, States are
encouraged to perform cognizant audits or issue cognizant letters of concurrence since this will
ultimately lead to a more efficient indirect cost rate approval process across all States.
Contracting agencies must accept indirect cost rates established in accordance with the FAR cost
principles (48 CFR 31) by a cognizant Federal or State agency, if such rates are not under dispute (as
specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(C) and 23 CFR 172.7(b)). There is no statutory or regulatory
requirement for issuance of a cognizant approved rate, only acceptance and application of an established
cognizant approved rate, if one exists.
However, if a cognizant approved rate does not exist, contracting agencies must provide assurance that
any indirect cost rate considered for acceptance and use in its contracts has been developed in accordance
with the FAR cost principles (as specified in 48 CFR 31). A contracting agency may determine, in
accordance with its established risk assessment process/risk management framework (See Indirect Cost
Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 3) and its approved written policies and procedures (as
specified in 23 CFR 172.9(a)), when an audit is required and the scope of the audit to be performed.
When contracting agency procedures call for audits of contracts or subcontracts, these audits shall be
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performed to test compliance with the requirements of the cost principles contained in the FAR (as
specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(B) and 23 CFR 172.7(a)).
Contracting agencies should also require a consulting firm to certify the allowability of costs used to
establish an indirect cost rate prior to acceptance and application to engineering and design related
services contracts. (See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer Nos. 15-16)
18. May a State accept and use an indirect cost rate submitted by a consulting engineering firm if
such rate has not received cognizant approval?
Yes, a State may accept an indirect cost rate audit performed by a CPA firm or another State if a
cognizant approved rate does not exist.
If a cognizant approved rate does not exist, contracting agencies must provide assurance that any indirect
cost rate considered for acceptance and use in its contracts has been developed in accordance with the
FAR cost principles (as specified in 48 CFR 31) as evaluated through an established risk assessment
process/risk management framework (See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 3)
and its approved written policies and procedures (as specified in 23 CFR 172.9(a)). When contracting
agency procedures call for audits of contracts or subcontracts, these audits shall be performed to test
compliance with the requirements of the cost principles contained in the FAR (as specified in 23 U.S.C.
112(b)(2)(B) and 23 CFR 172.7(a)).
Contracting agencies should also require a consulting firm to certify the allowability of costs used to
establish an indirect cost rate prior to acceptance and application to engineering and design related
services contracts. (See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 15-16)
19. What should a contracting agency do if an audit of a consulting engineering firm has not been
performed to establish an indirect cost rate for the applicable one-year accounting period?
A contracting agency may perform its own audit or other evaluation of the consulting firm’s indirect cost
rate. A contracting agency may alternatively establish a provisional indirect cost rate and subsequently
adjust contract costs based upon an audited final rate. The process employed by a contracting agency for
providing assurance of compliance with the FAR cost principles must be consistent with the established
risk assessment process/risk management framework (See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and
Answer No. 3) and its approved policies and procedures (as specified in 23 CFR 172.9(a)).
20. When a cognizant approved indirect cost rate exists, may a contracting agency use an indirect
cost rate other than the one established by the cognizant agency?
No, unless the rate is currently under dispute (as specified in 23 CFR 172.7(c)). (See Indirect Cost Rates
and Audits Question and Answer Nos. 28-30.)
Contracting agencies shall use and apply a cognizant approved indirect cost rate established in
accordance with the FAR cost principles (as specified in 48 CFR 31) for the purposes of contract
estimation, negotiation, administration, reporting, and contract payment, and the rate shall not be limited
by administrative or de facto ceilings of any kind (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(C) - (D) and 23
CFR 172.7(b)).
Federal agencies can and do perform cognizant agency audits for indirect cost rate establishment and may
not share their audit background information. In some cases, the cognizant agency may provide several
rates, representing the various cost pools and business segments of the firm under audit. The result is still
a cognizant approved indirect cost rate and must be used, as long as the audit was performed in
accordance with GAGAS to ensure compliance with the FAR cost principles, covers the business
segment applicable to contracts administered under the FAHP, and represents an equitable distribution of
allowable costs to the benefiting cost objective (contract).
A contracting agency may accept an indirect cost rate lower than the cognizant approved rate, but only if
voluntarily offered by a firm. (See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 21.)
If a consulting firm does not currently have a field indirect cost rate or does not propose such a rate for a
field-based contract, it may be appropriate to negotiate the use of a field indirect cost rate to reflect an
equitable distribution of allowable costs to a field-based contract (as specified in 48 CFR 31.203(f)). (See
Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 27.)
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21. May a contracting agency request or negotiate a lower indirect cost rate than was established
by a cognizant approved audit?
No, a contracting agency shall not request or start negotiations of a lower indirect cost rate than was
established by a cognizant approved audit (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(C) - (D)).
However, a consulting firm may wish to voluntarily offer a lower rate than was established by a
cognizant approved audit. As such, a contracting agency is free to accept a lower rate if offered by a
consulting firm on its own volition. A lower indirect cost rate may be accepted and used only if
offered/submitted voluntarily by a consulting firm as part of a cost proposal during contract negotiations.
A consulting firm’s offer of a lower indirect cost rate shall not be a condition or qualification to be
considered for the work or contract award (as specified in 23 CFR 172.7(b)). (See Contract Negotiation
Question and Answer Nos. 3 and 4)
22. May a contracting agency adjust or modify a consulting engineering firm’s cognizant approved
indirect cost rate, such as through disallowance of certain cost items?
No, unless such rate is currently in dispute. The allowability of a consulting engineering firm’s costs is
governed by the FAR cost principles (48 CFR 31) (as specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2), 23 CFR 172.7,
and 49 CFR 18.22(b)).
Contracting agencies are not permitted to place limitations on indirect cost rates established in
accordance with applicable FAR cost principles and must apply the firm’s cognizant approved indirect
cost rate for estimation, negotiation, administration, and payment of contracts for engineering and design
related services that utilize FAHP funding and directly relate to a construction project (as specified in 23
U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(C) - (D) and 23 CFR 172.7(b)).
Exclusion of cost elements that are allowable under the FAR cost principles from calculation or
application of the indirect cost rate effectively places a ceiling on the firm’s rate, and is in direct conflict
with 23 U.S.C.112(b)(2)(D).
For firms required to submit a CASB Disclosure Statement, contracting agencies may not request
reclassifications between direct and indirect cost elements. Consulting firms required to comply with the
CAS must disclose their cost accounting practices in writing and follow them consistently (as specified in
41 U.S.C. 422). Therefore, any such request/requirement to reclassify costs between direct and indirect
cost categories may cause a CAS compliant consulting firm to be in violation of Federal statutes.
A contracting agency shall not request or start negotiations of a lower indirect cost rate than was
established by a cognizant approved audit, but may accept a lower rate only if voluntarily offered by a
consulting engineering firm. (See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 21.)
If a consulting firm does not currently have a field indirect cost rate or does not propose such a rate for a
field-based contract, it may be appropriate to negotiate the use of a field indirect cost rate to reflect an
equitable distribution of allowable costs to a field-based contract (as specified in 48 CFR 31.203(f)). (See
Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question and Answer No. 27.)
23. Are State and local income taxes an allowable cost item in accordance with the FAR cost
principles for inclusion in the development of a consulting engineering firm’s indirect cost rate for
application on FAHP funded engineering and design related services contracts?
Yes, in accordance with 48 CFR 31.205-41(a)(1), required Federal, State, and local taxes paid by a
consulting firm are allowable except as provided in paragraph (b) of the same part which expressly
disallows Federal income and excess profits taxes. While Federal income taxes are expressly disallowed,
State and local income taxes are not specifically identified as disallowed within the FAR cost principles.
As such, the FHWA has determined these types of taxes are allowable cost items and therefore must be
accepted as allowable by a contracting agency when submitted in a consulting firm’s indirect cost rate
proposal for application to FAHP funded engineering and design related services contracts.
Exclusion of cost elements that are allowable under the FAR cost principles from calculation or
application of the indirect cost rate effectively places a ceiling on the firm’s rate, and is in direct conflict
with 23 U.S.C.112(b)(2)(D).
When procuring property and services under a Federal grant, States and local public agencies must use
their own procurement procedures, except if a Federal statute or regulation has more specific
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requirements in conflict with State procedures (as specified in 49 CFR 18.4 and 18.36(a) - (b)). When
FAHP funds are involved and State or local procedures are in conflict with Federal requirements, the
Federal requirements prevail. As such, even if State and local income taxes are disallowed under State or
local laws and regulations, these taxes must be treated as allowable for participation of FAHP funding in
the contract.
24. May a contracting agency use a definition of compensation that differs from the FAR to
determine what costs are to be allowed under compensation?
No, compliance with the FAR cost principles (48 CFR 31) is required in the procurement, management,
and administration of engineering and design related service contracts that utilize FAHP funding (as
specified in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2), 23 CFR 172.7, and 49 CFR 18.22(b)).
The allowability of contract costs is governed by the FAR cost principles. As such, deviations from the
definition of compensation and how total compensation is calculated, and more importantly, deviation
from the basis for disallowance of associated costs as specifically provided for in the FAR cost principles
is not permitted on contracts utilizing FAHP funding.
Consistent with the reasonableness provisions contained in the FAR cost principles(as specified in 48
CFR 31.201-3 and 31.205-6(b)(2)),a contracting agency may limit or benchmark total compensation.
(See Chapter 7 of the AASHTO Uniform Audit and Accounting Guide.)
25. What is the Benchmark Compensation Amount (BCA) and how does it apply to compensation
on FAHP funded engineering and design related services contracts?
An engineering consultant is permitted to charge reasonable compensation to FAHP funded contracts as
either a direct cost, indirect cost, or a combination of both (as specified in 48 CFR 31.205-6). The BCA is
a statutory limitation on allowable total compensation for senior executives which may be charged to
FAHP funded contracts (as specified in 48 CFR 31.205-6(p)). While the BCA is established based on the
compensation of executives of publicly-owned U.S. corporations with annual sales over $50 million for
the fiscal year, it applies to the compensation of executives of firms at all sales levels, regardless of
whether the firm is publicly or privately held.
The BCA must not be construed as an entitlement or guaranteed amount which may be claimed and
charged to a FAHP funded contract. Instead, individual elements of compensation must be reviewed for
allowability in compliance with the FAR cost principles. Compensation is reasonable if the aggregate of
each measurable and allowable element sums to a reasonable total (as specified 31.205-6(b)(2)). (See
Chapter 7 of the AASHTO Uniform Audit and Accounting Guide)
26. May a consulting engineering firm choose to develop a national (company-wide), a
State/regional/branch, or a business segment/discipline indirect cost rate(s)?
Yes. The consulting firm decides on the rate structure and it is up to the consulting firm to propose an
indirect cost rate(s). There may be multiple rates for a single firm; however, once the firm develops its
indirect cost rate(s), the rate(s) must be consistently and fairly applied. Regardless of the consulting
firm’s organization, consistency in allocating costs to cost objectives is critical.
While a firm may choose its accounting practices, those practices must meet applicable Federal
requirements, including the FAR cost principles and applicable cost accounting standards. Specifically, a
firm’s indirect cost rate structure must result in an allocable distribution of indirect costs to the benefiting
cost objectives on the basis of relative benefits received (as specified in 48 CFR 31.201-4).
27. If engineering and design related services require establishment of a field office or performance
of services in an office provided by the contracting agency, may the contracting agency require
establishment of a field indirect cost rate?
For projects where the consulting firm employees do not work out of their established home or branch
offices, some of the indirect costs incurred by the home or branch office may not equitably benefit the
field-based contract. The purpose of a field rate is to pay the consulting firm for the fringe benefits,
project employee management, and home/branch office administrative support provided to the field
employees. Negotiation and application of a field rate, where appropriate to ensure only allocable indirect
costs are charged to a contract, is not an administrative or de-facto ceiling (prohibited in 23 U.S.C.
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112(b)(2)(D) and 23 CFR 172.7(b)). Rather, it may help to achieve an appropriate allocation of costs to
the project, based on the benefits received.
If a consulting engineering firm has a cognizant approved field indirect cost rate, the contracting agency
may require its use on a field-based contract. If a consulting firm does not currently have a field indirect
cost rate or does not propose such a rate for a field-based contract, it may be appropriate to negotiate the
use of a field indirect cost rate to reflect an equitable distribution of allowable costs to the contract (as
specified in 48 CFR 31.203(f)). However, a contracting agency may not unilaterally require
establishment of a field indirect cost rate as part of a solicitation/advertisement for field-related services,
pre-award audit process, or for a consulting firm to become pre-qualified to perform field-related
services. Application of any field rate must remain consistent with the firm’s CASB Disclosure
Statement, if applicable.
Regardless of the consulting firm’s organization, consistency in allocating costs to benefiting cost
objectives is critical. While a firm may choose its accounting practices, those practices must meet
applicable Federal requirements. Indirect cost rate proposals must reflect an equitable distribution of
allowable costs to the benefiting contract(s) in accordance with the FAR cost principles. Once a
consulting firm has an established field rate, the rate must be consistently applied across all business
segments and disciplines, as appropriate. For consistent cost accounting application, a single company-
wide rate should not be used when home and field office indirect cost rates have been established and are
in use.
28. What parties may dispute a cognizant approved indirect cost rate, and under what conditions
may a rate be disputed?
Except in the case of error or the failure to follow GAGAS, in which case the contracting agency may
raise concerns, only the consulting firm may dispute the established cognizant approved indirect cost
rate. If either an error is discovered in the established indirect cost rate, or if GAGAS were not followed
in the establishment of the rate, any contracting agency may dispute the rate (as specified in 23 CFR
172.7(c)). The term “error” does not refer to differing and legitimate interpretations of the FAR cost
principles (as specified in 48 CFR 31). Errors may consist of complete misinterpretation or
misapplication of the FAR cost principles or simple mathematical errors of calculation.
29. What steps may be included in a dispute resolution process for a disputed cognizant approved
indirect cost rate?
The cognizant agency, consulting firm, and its CPA/auditor, as applicable, should work together to
resolve any issues. Involvement of the FHWA Division Office in discussions with the parties to a dispute
may be a final step in dispute resolution, if necessary. In resolving such disputes, the FHWA Division
Office may, at times, consult with FHWA Headquarters, as deemed necessary.
States may choose to employ dispute resolution policies and procedures to establish the dispute
resolution processes within their respective jurisdictions. Such processes likely will include provisions
for appeal within the State DOT audit organization, within the State DOT chain of command, and, as
stated, to the local FHWA Division Administrator. Those policies and procedures may either be
referenced or specifically cited within the provisions of a State’s written procurement policies and
procedures approved by FHWA (as specified in 23 CFR 172.9(a)), and/or they may be referenced
specifically within the contract document itself.
States should work to develop a level of confidence in the audit work performed by other States. In the
case where a contracting agency believes that there are obvious errors in the calculation of the cognizant
indirect cost rate, or that GAGAS may not have been followed in the performance of the audit, that
contracting agency should contact the cognizant agency to discuss its concerns. The contracting agency’s
objection to the cognizant approved rate must be based upon objective criteria and a reasonable factual
basis.
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30. How may an indirect cost rate be obtained if the cognizant approved rate is under dispute?
If a cognizant approved indirect cost rate is under dispute (See Indirect Cost Rates and Audits Question
and Answer No. 28), the contracting agency does not have to accept the rate. A contracting agency may
perform its own audit or other evaluation of the consulting firm’s indirect cost rate for application to a
specific consultant contract, until or unless the dispute is resolved. A contracting agency may
alternatively establish a provisional indirect cost rate and subsequently adjust contract costs based upon
an audited final rate. The process employed by a contracting agency for providing assurance of
compliance with the FAR cost principles must be consistent with the established risk assessment
process/risk management framework and its approved policies and procedures (as specified in 23 CFR
172.9(a)).
31. How long is an audited indirect cost rate valid?
One year. The one-year applicable accounting period means the annual accounting period for which
financial statements are regularly prepared for the consulting engineering firm (as defined in 23 CFR
172.3). However, once an indirect cost rate is established for a contract, it may be extended beyond the
one-year applicable accounting period provided all concerned parties agree (as specified in 23 CFR
172.7(b)). Extension of the one-year applicable accounting period shall be only on a contract-by-contract
basis where all concerned parties agree and shall not be a condition of contract award or requirement of
the contract.
32. What happens if a cognizant approved indirect cost rate expires during the contract period?
In general and in accordance with the FAR cost principles (as specified in 48 CFR 31.203(e)), a new
indirect cost rate should be established by a cognizant agency. However, once an indirect cost rate is
established for a contract, it may be extended beyond the one-year applicable accounting period provided
all concerned parties agree (as specified in 23 CFR 172.7(b)). Extension of the one-year applicable
accounting period shall be only on a contract-by-contract basis where all concerned parties agree and
shall not be a condition of contract award or requirement of the contract.
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Note: The following letter is an example only, actual wording may differ.
EXAMPLE: COGNIZANT LETTER OF CONCURRENCE FOR CPA WORKPAPER REVIEW
[Use State DOT Letterhead.]
Date
(Firm name)
(Firm Address)
Dear:
We have performed a cognizant review of the examination, and supporting workpapers, of the Indirect Cost Rate(s)
of [_ENGINEERING CONSULTANT NAME_] as presented in the Statement of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and
General Overhead for the year ended [Month dd, 20XX] in accordance with our role as Cognizant Agency as defined
in 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2)(c) and 23 CFR 172.3 and 172.7. The [_examination or audit_] was performed by the
independent CPA firm [_CPA FIRM NAME_]. The CPA represented that the [_examination or audit_] was
conducted in accordance with the Government Auditing Standards, as promulgated by the Comptroller General of the
United States of America, and the [_examination or audit_] was designed to determine that the indirect cost rate(s)
was(were) established in accordance with Cost Principles contained in the Federal Acquisition Regulation, 48 CFR
Part 31. Our cognizant review was performed in accordance with the AASHTO Review Program for CPA Audits of
Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates.
In connection with our cognizant review, nothing came to our attention that caused us to believe that the
examination, and supporting workpapers for the Indirect Cost Rate(s), and the related Accountant’s Report(s), we
reviewed did not conform in all material respects to the aforementioned regulations and auditing standards.
Accordingly, we recommend acceptance of the following rate(s):
Combined/Corporate:
Home Office:
Field/Project Office:
Facilities Capital Cost of Money (FCCM):
Yours truly,
[STATE DOT AUDIT OFFICIAL]
[TITLE]
c: [As identified]
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AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) 128 | Page
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-1
Review Program for CPA Audits
of Consulting Engineers’
Indirect Cost Rates
Appendix
A
Review Program for CPA Audits of
Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-2
Name of Consultant (A/E Firm):
Name of CPA Firm/Auditor:
Name of DOT Reviewer:
Date(s) of DOT Review:
Background and Objectives
Independent CPAs perform audits of engineering consultants’ Statements of Direct Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General Overhead
(indirect cost rate schedules) to ensure compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), Part 31 of the
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), and, to the extent applicable, the Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) of 48 CFR subpart
9900. In turn, State DOT auditors review the CPAs’ work to determine whether the indirect cost rates and Facilities Capital Cost
of Money (FCCM) rates certified by the CPAs should be accepted by DOTs for purposes of cost reimbursement and project cost
estimates.
This Review Program was designed to provide State Department of Transportation (State DOT) auditors with a framework to
provide consistency in—
Evaluating the CPA’s familiarity and compliance with the Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS), Generally
Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS), GAAP, 23 U.S.C. 112(b)(2), 23 CFR 172, FAR Part 31, and interpretive
guidance such as the DCAA Contract Audit Manual (CAM) and the AASHTO Uniform Audit and Accounting
Guide (AASHTO Guide).
Determining whether the CPA’s workpapers support the opinions stated in the Audit Report regarding the
engineering consultant’s—
- job-cost accounting and estimating systems;
- indirect cost rate schedule;
- internal control structure;
- compliance with the applicable laws, regulations, and guidance; and
- identification and segregation of field office costs.
Verifying the adequacy of the sampling procedures used by the CPA.
Ensuring the CPA presented the audit findings and the Audit Report to the engineering consultant.
Ensuring that the CPA’s audit adjustments agree to the adjustments listed on the final, audited indirect cost rate
schedule submitted to State DOTs.
Note 1: Although this Program was developed primarily for use by State DOT auditors, independent CPAs are encouraged to use the Program as an
outline, or checklist, to ensure that sufficient evidence is gathered and maintained in the audit workpapers to support audit conclusions.
Note 2: The foregoing list of objectives was designed to determine whether the CPA’s workpapers support various elements of the engineering
consultant’s financial systems, such as the job-cost accounting and estimating systems. However, it should be noted that the CPA only is required to
provide an opinion on the indirect cost rate schedule and to issue a report on internal controls over financial reporting and compliance as required by
GAGAS.
State DOT reviewers should complete this Review Program as completely as possible; accordingly, workpaper references and
supplemental explanations/narratives should be included in all areas, as appropriate, to support the conclusions reached.
This is especially important when the Review Program is used in conjunction with a State DOT’s cognizant review of a CPA’s
FAR audit report.
When completing the electronic version of this document, a Keyword Index may be accessed with a Click in all
places where the following link appears: [KEYWORD INDEX]. Links to the index are also embedded in each of the
section headings and subheadings (e.g., I., I.A, I.B, etc.).
Name of Consultant:
DOT Reviewer:
Audit Period:
Review Date:
CPA Firm/Auditor:
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-3
REVIEW PROGRAM FOR CPA AUDITS OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS’ INDIRECT COST RATES
I. PREPARATORY WORK FOR DOT REVIEWER.
Completed?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
I.A
.
CURRENT INDIRECT COST RATE SCHEDULE. Obtain the indirect cost rate
schedule for the engineering consultant’s most recently completed fiscal year.
Yes. Comment:
I.B. INDIRECT COST RATE SCHEDULES FROM PRIOR YEARS. Obtain
previous year(s) indirect cost rate schedule(s).
Yes. Comment:
I.C
.
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES. Compare indirect cost rate schedules for
consistency of amounts, rates, and allocations to home office and field offices.
Yes. Comment:
I.D
.
GENERAL PURPOSE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. Obtain copy of general
purpose financial statements for the period being reviewed, if available, and/or
Form 10K for publicly-traded companies (many times this can be obtained
from the company’s website). Review of the financial statements may provide
additional information regarding related party transactions, acquisition of
another firm(s) or other organizational changes, and other information that
could be used during the review of the CPA’s Audit Report.
Yes. Comment:
I.E. CPA-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. Evaluate the length of time there has been a
business relationship between the CPA and engineering consultant and
whether the CPA has a close relationship with any of the consultant’s
management or other personnel. (In accordance with GAGAS 3.14.d and
3.16, the CPA should employ safeguards to either eliminate threats of
independence or reduce them to an acceptable level.)
Yes. Comment:
Name of Consultant:
DOT Reviewer:
Audit Period:
Review Date:
CPA Firm/Auditor:
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-4
II. GAGAS GENERAL STANDARDS.
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
CPA Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
II.
A.
PEER REVIEW REPORT. Review the CPA’s most recent Peer Review
Report. Did the CPA receive a Peer Review Rating of Pass (GAGAS 3.101)?
If not, document the comments of the peer reviewer(s), obtain a copy of the
corrective action plan, and note any possible impairment(s) to the audit work
performed.
Yes No
II.B
.
CPE. Did the CPA meet the minimum Yellow Book requirements for CPE
credit per GAGAS 3.76? Review the earned CPE hours and course listing for
each individual CPA who worked on the assignment:
80 hours CPE over 2 years
24 hours in government auditing or government environment
Yes No
II.
C.
INDEPENDENCE. Did it appear that the CPA was free from personal, external,
and organizational impairments to independence, and did the CPA avoid the
appearance of such impairments to independence (GAGAS 3.02 through
3.59)?
Yes No
II.
D.
PEER REVIEW REPORT. (Answer “yes” or “no,” based on overall
conclusion.) Did the staff assigned to conduct the audit collectively possess
adequate professional competence for the tasks required (GAGAS 3.69
through 3.75)? Determine the sufficiency of CPA firm’s knowledge of
applicable audit criteria, such as the following:
Were staff members assigned to the audit proficient with the FAR?
Were assigned staff members knowledgeable of the AASHTO Guide
and other relevant guidance (e.g., the DCAA CAM and/or
supplemental materials issued by State DOTs?)
Have assigned staff members received specific training in relevant
subjects?
Has the firm had recent experience in conducting FAR audits?
Have any State DOTs already reviewed any of the CPA’s audits of
other consulting firms? If “yes,” the DOT reviewer should contact
those states to see if they identified any problems with the CPA’s
work.
Yes No
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Name of Consultant:
DOT Reviewer:
Audit Period:
Review Date:
CPA Firm/Auditor:
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-5
III. GAGAS FIELD WORK STANDARDS.
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
III.A
.
PLANNING. (Answer “yes” or “no,” based on overall conclusion.) Is there
evidence that the audit work was properly planned to:
Determine the nature timing and extent of auditing procedures;
Consider fraud and illegal acts;
Consider materiality;
Evaluate previous audits; and
Assess risk?
Yes No
III.B. ENGAGEMENT LETTER. Did the audit contract, engagement letter, or
agreement include the following? (Answer “yes” or “no,” based on
overall conclusion.)
The period to be covered,
The cost pools to be audited,
The reports to be prepared,
That representatives of State agencies and other applicable
Government audit staff shall have access to the audit documentation
upon request and in a timely manner (GAGAS 4.16),
That working papers be maintained for at least three years after the
date of the report,
Any restrictions or special conditions, and
Citations to the Audit Guide and other relevant standards and/or
regulations to be followed (e.g., GAGAS, GAAS, and FAR Part 31)?
Yes No N/A
III.C
.
PRIOR FINDINGS. Did the CPA follow up on known material findings and
recommendations from prior audits (GAGAS 4.05)?
Yes No N/A
Name of Consultant:
DOT Reviewer:
Audit Period:
Review Date:
CPA Firm/Auditor:
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-6
III. GAGAS FIELD WORK STANDARDS.
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
III.D
.
QUALITY OF AUDIT DOCUMENTATION. Did the audit documentation
(GAGAS 4.15 and 5.16) provide adequate evidence of the following?
Overall, there was sufficient detail to provide a clear understanding of
the CPA’s work (additional detail, supplementary, or oral
explanations should not be necessary);
The audit evidence obtained included its source, descriptions of
transactions and records examined, and the conclusions reached;
The documentation provided sufficient detail to enable an experienced
auditor, having no previous connection to the audit, to understand—
– the nature, timing, and extent of auditing procedures
performed to comply with Yellow Book and other
applicable standards and requirements;
– the results of the audit procedures performed and the
audit evidence obtained;
– the conclusions reached on significant matters; and
– the accounting records agree or reconcile with the
audited financial statements or other audited
information.
The documentation provided evidence of supervisory review of
the work performed (GAGAS 4.15).
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
IV. FORMAT AND CONTENTS OF AUDIT REPORT.
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
IV.A.
A
UDIT OPINION. Did the report contain an opinion stating that the audited
indirect cost rate schedule was fairly presented in accordance with applicable
Federal laws and regulations?
Yes No
IV.B.
S
COPE. Did the report contain a scope paragraph stating that the audit was
performed in accordance with Yellow Book standards?
Yes No
IV. FORMAT AND CONTENTS OF AUDIT REPORT.
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
Name of Consultant:
DOT Reviewer:
Audit Period:
Review Date:
CPA Firm/Auditor:
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-7
(or Comment)
IV.C.
B
ASIS FOR DETERMINING ELIGIBLE/ALLOWABLE COSTS. Did the scope
paragraph state that the CPA used FAR Part 31 as the primary basis for
determining costs eligible for reimbursement under Government contracts?
Yes No N/A
IV.D.
R
EPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROLS. Did the CPA issue a report on the
Internal Control and Compliance with Laws, Regulations, and Provisions of
Contracts or Grant Agreements as required by Government Auditing
Standards?
– If “yes,” were all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in
the internal control that were found by the auditor disclosed in the
auditor’s report? (GAGAS 4.16 and 5.17)
Yes No
Yes No N/A
IV.E.
C
OMMUNICATION OF RESULTS OF AUDIT. Review the procedures used by
the CPA to communicate the results of the audit and deficiencies in internal
controls to the engineering consultant (GAGAS 4.16 and 5.17). Were the
procedures adequate?
Yes No
Name of Consultant:
DOT Reviewer:
Audit Period:
Review Date:
CPA Firm/Auditor:
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-8
IV. FORMAT AND CONTENTS OF AUDIT REPORT.
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
IV.F.
DISCLOSURE NOTES. (Answer “yes” or “no,” based on overall
conclusion.) Were the Disclosure Notes to the Report Adequate? (See
AASHTO Guide, Chapter 11, which discusses Audit Reports and Minimum
Disclosures.)
At a minimum, the following should have been disclosed (if applicable):
Description of the Company (11.4.A)
Basis of Accounting (11.4.B)
Description of Accounting Policies, including Cost Allocation Policies
(11.4.C).
Description of Overhead Rate Structure (11.4.D).
- Reporting unit;
- Single base or multiple bases, and how the base(s) is (are) applied.
Description of Labor Related Costs (11.4.E). Such as:
- Policies regarding the allocation of project labor (e.g., actual vs.
standard hourly rates and, if applicable, how and when are variances
computed and recorded);
- Contract/Purchased Labor;
- Paid Time Off;
- Paid Overtime and Uncompensated Overtime (e.g., how is overtime
premium treated, and how does the company account of
uncompensated overtime), Executive Compensation Analysis,
Pension/Deferred Compensation, and Employee Stock Option Plans.
Description of Depreciation and Leasing Policies (11.4.F)
Description of Related-Party Transactions (11.4.G)
Facilities Capital Cost of Money (FCCM) (11.4.H)
List of Direct Cost Accounts (11.4.I).
- Were direct costs consistently allocated to cost objectives/projects?
- Were individual charge-rates (if applicable) listed, along with along
with a general description of the audit procedures used to verify the
accuracy of the rates?
Management’s Evaluation of Subsequent Events (11.4.J). Was a
statement included noting that the company has adequately considered
the effect of subsequent events up to the date the indirect cost rate
schedule was issued?
Yes No
[KEYWORD INDEX]
IV.G
.
E
LEMENTS OF AUDIT REPORT. Did the CPA’s Audit Report contain a list of
costs submitted by the engineering consultant, adjustments and allowed costs
per audit, explanations of the adjustments, and FAR references for the
adjustments made?
Yes No
Name of Consultant:
DOT Reviewer:
Audit Period:
Review Date:
CPA Firm/Auditor:
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-9
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
V.A.1.
G
ENERAL LEDGER. (Answer “yes” or “no,” based on overall
conclusion.)
Did the CPA review the accounting system to determine if the system was
adequate to segregate and accumulate reasonable, allocable, and allowable
costs?
Evaluate the testing used by the CPA to verify the accuracy of costs
in the general ledger, associated subsidiary ledgers, and related
documents or systems. (Assess if testing was sufficient to support the
CPA’s conclusions—consider additional sample testing, if
necessary).
Was there evidence that costs in the general ledger were properly
classified?
Did the general ledger contain separate accounts for segregating
FAR-unallowable costs?
If not, were unallowable costs otherwise identified or estimated?
Review, evaluate, and document how the unallowable costs were
determined. Review the CPA’s documentation of tests and
conclusions.
Yes No
[KEYWORD INDEX]
V.A.2.
GENERAL LEDGER (continued). (Answer “yes” or “no,” based on
overall conclusion.)
If the engineering consultant used statistical sampling as a basis to
estimate unallowable costs, was a proper statistical sampling method
used as required by FAR 31.201-6(c)(2)? Specifically:
The sampling method must result in an unbiased sample that is a
reasonable representation of the sampling universe;
Any large dollar value or high risk transaction must be separately
reviewed for unallowable costs and must be excluded from the
sampling process; and
The sampling method must permit audit verification.
Did the engineering consultant enter into an appropriate advance
agreement with its cognizant State DOT to allow for such sampling
and estimation as discussed in FAR 31.201-6(c)(4)?
Yes No N/A
Name of Consultant:
DOT Reviewer:
Audit Period:
Review Date:
CPA Firm/Auditor:
Review Program for CPA Audits of Consulting Engineers’ Indirect Cost Rates (Rev. 08/30/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix A-10
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix B-1
V.B.
L
ABOR ACCOUNTING SYSTEM. (See AASHTO Guide, Chapters 6 and 10.)
Did the CPA’s workpapers contain evidence that the engineering
consultant’s labor-charging/timekeeping system was determined to be
complete and sufficiently detailed to allow for a proper determination of the
consultant’s direct labor base and indirect labor costs, including the
allowability of such costs? Specifically—
Was there evidence that the consultant accounted for all hours
worked by all employees, including salaried employees and
principals?
Was there evidence that indirect labor was recorded on timesheets in
sufficient detail to allow for a determination of labor relating to FAR-
governed costs, including marketing/promotional, direct selling, bid
and proposal, training, reorganization, and other administrative tasks?
Were the labor costs per the indirect cost rate schedule reconciled to
total labor costs per payroll tax returns (941s), the general
ledger/financial statement, and the labor distribution
system/summary?
Was there a labor distribution analysis—a review of hours and rates
per the labor distribution reports and comparison to employee
timesheets and payroll register or other payroll records?
Was there a review of uncompensated overtime? (FAR 52.237-10
defines uncompensated overtime as “hours worked without
additional compensation in excess of an average of 40 hours per
week by direct charge employees who are exempt from the Fair
Labor Standards Act. Compensated personal absences such as
holidays, vacations, and sick leave must be included in the normal
work week for purposes of computing uncompensated overtime
hours.”)
L
ABOR ACCOUNTING SYSTEM (cont.) [KEYWORD INDEX]
(See AASHTO Guide, Chapters 6 and 10.)
If the consultant used a standard costing system, was there evidence
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-2
V.B.
(cont.
)
that the consultant properly accumulated and disposed of variances?
Was there evidence that the consultant accounted for the premium
portion of overtime on a consistent basis?
Was there evidence that the consultant consistently and properly
accounted for project-related purchased/temporary labor?
Did the CPA’s workpapers contain evidence that a minimum labor
sample size of 26 timesheets
47
were chosen for testing across an
appropriate mix of direct-charge employees, including supervisors
and/or project managers? Alternatively, did the CPA’s workpapers
for labor testing document the size of the labor population and the
conclusions drawn from the risk assessment to determine if a larger
sample size was warranted beyond the minimum sample size?
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
47
Generally, the testing should include all the time transactions (each increment of time allocated to a direct or indirect project or
cost pool) from the sampled timesheets.
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-3
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
V.C.
P
ROJECT-COSTING/JOB-COSTING SYSTEM. Was there evidence that
the project costing system accounted for all direct costs (direct labor
and other costs that can be identified specifically with a project or
final cost objective), on a proper, complete, and consistent basis?
Did costs contained in the project costing system integrate with, or
otherwise reconcile to, financial accounting system control
accounts (general ledger accounts)?
Was there evidence that the consultant properly recorded all direct
labor to projects, including non-billable labor identified with
projects?
Was there evidence that the consultant recorded labor costs at
properly developed labor rates for both salaried and non-salaried
employees? For example, did the CPA pay specific attention to
the accuracy of labor rates for salaried employees who incur
overtime and work in both direct and indirect functions?
Was there evidence that the consultant recorded all Other Direct
Costs, whether billable or not, to projects on a consistent basis?
Were the components of such costs segregated from general
overhead?
Did the workpapers address costs that the consultant treated as
direct costs and billed, but also included in the indirect cost pool?
If so:
– Were recoveries associated with these costs credited
to the indirect cost pool in accordance with
FAR 31.201-5?
– The netting of direct costs included in the indirect
cost pool and billed amounts (on a basis other than
cost) in this instance may yield an inaccurate
representation of costs. Did the workpapers address
the acceptability of this alternative methodology?
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-4
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
V.D.
D
IRECT COSTS/VERIFICATION OF COMPANY IN-HOUSE RATES AND
DIRECT BILLINGS. Did the CPA’s workpapers include evidence of the
following?
The consultant submitted a list of direct cost accounts and amounts
for the CPA’s review.
[KEYWORD
INDEX]
The CPA reviewed the consultant’s direct cost accounts for
consistency.
[KEYWORD
INDEX]
The CPA ensured that all direct costs were removed from the
indirect cost pool.
The CPA reviewed the consultant’s in-house billing rates to
ensure:
– Total usage (direct and indirect) was included in the
denominator?
– If expenses associated with the development of the
rate(s) were accumulated in the indirect cost pool,
the indirect cost pool was reduced by the amount of
direct usage?
– If the expenses were accumulated in separate
clearing account(s), the indirect cost pool included
only indirect usage?
Did the CPA audit the in-house billing rates, compare the audited
in-house rates to the billing rates, and revise as necessary (e.g.,
CADD and in-house reproductions)?
Did the CPA verify billings on other projects on a sample basis?
(If a State project was tested, note project number and amount for
information.) Did the CPA performed reconciliations of:
– Hours charged on billings to timesheets,
– Hourly rates billed to actual rates, and
– Hourly rates billed to contract maximums?
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-5
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
V.E.
C
OST POOLING AND ALLOCATION METHODOLOGIES. (Answer
“yes” or “no,” based on overall conclusion.)
Did the CPA’s workpapers include evidence that costs were properly
and consistently pooled and allocated to intermediate and final cost
objectives?
Was there evidence that the CPA addressed the propriety of the
methodology used by the engineering consultant in allocating
costs contained in intermediate cost pools (e.g., corporate
expenses, fringe benefits, general and administrative, and service
specific overheads) to the final indirect cost rate(s)?
Specifically, did the CPA firm evaluate the homogeneity of the
cost pools and the relationship to the allocators used? Did the CPA
conclude that the methodology resulted in an allocation of costs in
relation to the benefits accrued by the cost objectives?
If the consultant developed indirect costs rates for more than one
region, reporting unit, or engineering discipline, did the CPA
address the propriety of the cost pooling and cost allocation
methodologies used?
For Other Direct Costs that were internally-generated, did the CPA
determine that related costs were properly segregated from the
general cost pool and were allocated to projects on a consistent
basis?
For Other Direct Costs that were internally-generated, accumulated
in separate cost pools, and allocated based on individual charge
rates, did the CPA determine that the consultant properly adjusted
for/resolved material year-end variances resulting from the over-
or under-allocation of actual costs?
For internally-generated costs such as company-owned vehicles,
were such costs accumulated in separate cost pools when such
costs were material in amount and had a material impact on the
firm’s indirect cost rates (specifically when the firm has more than
one overhead rate involving differentials in the amounts of service-
specific vehicle usage)?
Yes No
[KEYWORD INDEX]
[KEYWORD INDEX]
.
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-6
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
V.F.
A
UDIT TESTING, GENERALLY.
Did the workpapers include evidence that the CPA determined that
costs contained in the indirect cost rate schedule were supported by
the underlying books and records, as summarized by financial
statements, trial balances, tax returns (IRS Form 941s), and related
schedules?
Did the workpapers document the identification of large-dollar or
sensitive (LDS) transactions that were removed/stratified for
complete examination, including verification (vouching) to source
documents? (AASHTO Guide Chapter 10).
Did the workpapers document the sampling parameters used by
the CPA if additional testing beyond the LDS items was
warranted? (AASHTO Guide Chapter 10).
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No N/A
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-7
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
V.G.
AUDIT TESTING: SPECIFIC COST ELEMENTS. The CPA’s workpapers
should include evidence that the CPA evaluated the allowability (including
reasonableness) of types or groups of costs that have the greatest potential
impact on the overhead rate. These costs include the following:
(1) salary,
(2) bonus/incentive compensation costs,
(3) fringe benefits costs,
(4) indirect labor, and
(5) other indirect costs.
See the following subsections for details.
V.G.1.
V.G.1.
(cont.)
E
XECUTIVE COMPENSATION REVIEW.
Did the CPA’s workpapers include evidence that the engineering
consultant reviewed executive compensation for allocability and
reasonableness in compliance with Chapter 7 of the AASHTO
Guide? Specifically, did the consultant disclose the following for
each of the executives?
Item 1: Employee/owner/officer first and last name or employee
ID,
Item 2: Position title.
Item 3: Revenue responsibility (sales generated by each executive).
Item 4: Total wages/salaries paid, including taxable fringe
benefits.
Item 5: Total bonuses paid.
Item 6: Total employer contributions to defined contribution
pension plans (whether paid, earned, or otherwise
accrued).
Item 7: Total of Items 4 through 6, above.
Item 8: The applicable reasonableness measure/amount from the
consultant’s analysis, or other benchmark, such as the
applicable amount from the National Compensation
Matrix (NCM).
Item 9: The excess compensation amount required to be
disallowed from the indirect labor or bonus line item.
Did the CPA:
– Verify that the wages paid were for work performed
in the current year and did not constitute a
retroactive adjustment of prior years’ salaries or
wages?
– Verify that specific elements of compensation costs
were allocable, allowable and reasonable in
compliance with FAR part 31?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Yes No
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Yes No
Yes No
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-8
Did the CPA:
– Verify that the Consultant properly compared
executive compensation amounts to the benchmarks
discussed previously in Item 8?
– Verify that the Consultant either:
(a) used nationally-published salary survey data to
prepare the analysis?
Check here, if applicable:
or
(b) applied the applicable amount from the NCM?
Check here, if applicable:
– Review the Consultant’s bonus/incentive
compensation plan to ensure that objective,
performance-based criteria were established,
communicated to staff, and used in determining
bonus amounts?
– Review the Consultant’s bonus/incentive
compensation plan to determine if any portion of the
bonus paid was a constructive dividend or other
distribution of profits?
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
V.G.2.
S
UPERIOR PERFORMANCE. (Answer “yes” or “no,” based on overall
conclusion.) If the Consultant claimed superior performance, did the
CPA verify that the Consultant’s performance analysis complied with the
procedures established in Chapter 7 of the AASHTO Guide?
For example:
Did the consultant apply three (or more) financial performance
measures as detailed in Chapter 7 of the AASHTO Guide?
Did the consultant consistently use the same criteria from a prior
year (if superior performance was claimed in the prior year)?
Did the consultant use proxy data available from valid sources
using the prescribed criteria in Chapter 7 of the AASHTO Guide?
Did the consultant limit superior performance so as not to exceed
the 75th percentile or the Benchmark Compensation Amount
(BCA)?
Yes No N/A
V.G.3.
INDIRECT COST ACCOUNTS. (See AASHTO Guide, Chapters 4, 5, 8,
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-9
and 10.)
(1) Did the CPA’s workpapers include the following?
A risk assessment, including a list of accounts the CPA deemed
immaterial and therefore did not review.
A listing of accounts reviewed with analytical procedures (e.g.,
ratio analysis, and year-over-year comparisons to measure
recorded amounts against the auditor’s expectations/predictions).
A listing of accounts selected for detailed testing, using the large
dollar or sensitive (LDS) criteria discussed in Chapter 10.2 of the
AASHTO Guide.
[KEYWORD INDEX]
(2) Did the CPA’s workpapers adequately address the allowability
(including reasonableness) of indirect costs in accordance with the FAR
31.2 Cost Principles? Specifically, did the CPA perform the procedures
to ensure that
48
:
Payroll taxes reconciled to applicable tax returns.
The auditor adequately reviewed accounts with a high risk of
potential misstatement.(*)
(The following 14 accounts/line items are
excerpted from Section 10.4.B of the AASHTO Guide; however, the items
tested by the CPA may vary, depending on the CPA’s risk assessment and
application of professional judgment. If the CPA excluded any of these
items from detailed testing, comment on the justification (if any) provided
in the CPA’s workpapers for the deviation from the list of potential high-
risk accounts.)
Note 1: In accordance with Section 10.4 of the AASHTO Guide, all LDS items should
be selected for detailed testing, and, in situations where the auditor determines that
additional testing beyond the LDS items is required, an additional random sample of
2 to 20 items also should be tested in each high-risk account.)
(*)In some cases, rather than commenting on the individual components of the
CPA’s high-risk account testing below in 1 - 15, it may be more practical for the
State DOT reviewer to prepare a summary narrative to describe the CPA’s indirect
cost testing. In such cases, the review should mark “Yes” or “No” above (V.G.3(2),
bullet 3), based on the reviewer’s overall conclusion, and the summary narrative
should be attached to this Review Program as a separate workpaper.
1. PRINTING/REPRODUCTION. All direct costs were consistently
allocated to cost objectives/projects and properly removed
from the indirect cost pool.
2. D
UES AND SUBSCRIPTIONS. Costs removed for country club dues,
Political Action Committee (PAC) contributions and other
lobbying costs, scholarship donations, and non-business
purchases.
3. T
RAVEL.
– All entertainment costs, alcoholic beverages, and personal
charges were removed from the indirect cost pools (FAR
31.205-14 and -51).
– Costs for personal usage of company cars were removed
from the indirect cost pool (FAR 31.205-6(m)(2)). (This is
required regardless of whether the costs were reported as
taxable income to the employees.)
– Travel costs complied with the limits set by 41 CFR
Chapters 300 – 304, the Federal Travel Regulation (as
incorporated in FAR 31.205-46).
Yes No
Yes No
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Yes No
Yes No
Yes(*) No(*)
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Yes No
48
Although the following cost items will not necessarily constitute high-risk areas in all engagements, the auditor should consider
the following factors in deciding which accounts to examine in detail. The auditor should expand or reduce the list, as appropriate
for each engagement. The State DOT reviewer should review the auditor’s risk assessment general testing approach to ensure the
following factors were adequately considered.
(*)
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-10
V.G.3.
(cont.)
– The consultant treated direct travel costs consistently,
regardless of contract type or customer, and these costs
were not duplicated in any indirect cost pool (FAR
31.202(a) and 31.203(b)).
[KEYWORD INDEX]
4. SEMINARS AND CONVENTIONS. Costs removed for sponsorships,
golf fees, door prize donations, entertainment, and booth rental
costs.
5. I
NSURANCE.
– Premiums were allocable to period covered by the indirect
cost rate schedule being audited.
– Group insurance was reviewed in accordance with FAR 31.205-
19.
– Self-insurance was reviewed for compliance with FAR
31.205-19.
– Life insurance for key personnel (e.g., owners/principals
and related parties) reviewed for compliance with FAR
31.205-19 (allowable only to the extent the premiums
represent additional compensation; costs unallowable if the
company is the beneficiary).
– Review to ensure professional liability insurance expense
does not include settlement costs, costs to correct defects
in design, etc.
6. PROFESSIONAL AND CONSULTANT SERVICE COSTS.
– Organization and reorganization costs (FAR 31.205-27),
bad debt collections (FAR 31.205-3), and costs associated
with other unallowable, related activities were properly
disallowed.
– Costs for services provided were accompanied by adequate
billing detail.
– Retainer fees (FAR 31.205-33) reviewed to ensure services
provided were necessary and customary, sufficient detail
was provided by service provider, and unallowable
activities were identified and disallowed.
7. RENT.
– Facilities/real estate and personal property costs were
reviewed for common control, and the Consultant properly
limited expenses for controlled assets to the allowable cost
of ownership as discussed in FAR 31.205-36.
– Leases reviewed to ensure that only costs for business-use
assets were claimed on the indirect cost rate schedule.
– Costs associated with sublet, idle, or otherwise unallocable
space were identified and disallowed (FAR 31.205-17).
8. DEPRECIATION.
– The amount on the indirect cost rate schedule was properly
limited to the amount used for financial reporting purposes
(no section 179 write-offs or special tax depreciation are
permitted).
– The depreciation amount was net of personal-use
(nonbusiness) assets and assets that are not allocable to the
consultant’s A/E business.
– Costs for luxury vehicles should be reviewed for
reasonableness (FAR 31.205-3).
– Depreciation should be computed consistently from year to
year across all departments and business segments (FAR
31.205-11).
Yes No
Yes No N/A
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Yes No
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No
Yes No N/A
Yes No
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No N/A
Yes No
Yes No
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-11
V.G.3.
(cont.)
9. E
MPLOYEE MORALE AND RELATED COSTS. Reviewed for unallowable
entertainment costs per FAR 31.205-14 (e.g., parties, picnics,
outings, and sporting events); unallowable gifts; and other
allowable costs per FAR 31.205-13. See also DCAA CAM
Sections 7-2103(e)(3) and (4).
10. A
CCOUNTS TITLED “MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSE,” “OTHER INDIRECT
COSTS,” “GENERAL OFFICE,” OR SIMILAR TITLES. Reviewed for
allocability, reasonableness, business purpose, direct costs, etc.
11. S
UBCONTRACTORS/OUTSIDE CONSULTANTS. Reviewed for proper
segregation between direct and indirect, business purpose and
allowability of activities performed, and reasonableness.
12. O
THER/MISCELLANEOUS INCOME. Reviewed for any amounts that
should be credited to an indirect cost account.
13. G
AINS ON SALE OF ASSETS. Reviewed for proper credit on gains
on sale of assets originally presented as part of the depreciation
expense cost.
14. L
OSSES ON SALE OF ASSETS. Reviewed to ensure reporting within
the year the transaction occurred, appropriate calculation,
appropriate application of credit or charge to the cost
grouping(s) in which the depreciation or amortization was
originally posted, and appropriate posting of cash awards.
15. O
THER ACCOUNTS REVIEWED. List any other accounts or lines
items the CPA tested in detail. Describe the procedures
performed and the CPA’s conclusions.
Yes No N/A
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
[KEYWORD INDEX]
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-12
V.H.
A
LLOCATION BASE USED FOR INDIRECT-COST RATE COMPUTATION.
Did the cost base used to compute the overhead rate consist only of direct labor
(e.g., the base excluded fringe benefits, and/or general and administrative
costs)?
Yes No
V.I.
F
IELD RATE ACCOUNTING. Did the indirect cost rate schedule include the
calculation of a field rate? (See Chapter 5 of the AASHTO Guide.) If so, ensure
that the Consultant considered the following factors in computing the field rate:
Were costs that were allocable to one cost pool properly included in
that cost pool?
Were the following field allocation percentages properly computed?
– Direct field labor to total direct labor.
– Allocation of support service-space costs.
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
V.J.
V.J.
(cont.
)
E
LEMENTS OF THE CPA WORKPAPERS/AUDIT PROGRAM.
Was the CPA’s audit program sufficiently detailed to support the
audit conclusion?
Did the audit program contain references to the applicable Federal
and state laws, regulations, guidance and standards (e.g., FAR Part
31, Government Auditing Standards, and Cost Accounting
Standards)?
Were the summary or lead workpapers adequately indexed and
cross-referenced to supporting workpapers (i.e., were the workpapers
easy to follow)?
Did the CPA include narratives/notes in the workpapers that, when
reviewed together with the audit program, adequately described the
work performed?
(Answer “yes” or “no,” based on overall conclusion.) [KEYWORD INDEX]
Did the workpapers include evidence that the CPA evaluated internal
controls? Specifically—
– What procedures did the CPA use to evaluate Internal
Controls?
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-13
– Did the CPA evaluate the adequacy of the controls over the
accounting system (e.g., Payroll, Other Direct Costs, and
posting)?
– Did the CPA evaluate the adequacy of the controls over the
computer systems (e.g. Information Technology System
policies around: hardware/software, security protocol,
activation/deactivation of employees; completion of risk
assessment; electronic data retention)?
– Did the CPA evaluate the following:
1. Control Environment (management attitude),
2. Control Methods (policies and procedures),
3. Communications, and
4. Monitoring?
Did the CPA, in conformance with GAGAS and SAS 99, adequately
consider factors related to fraud?
Yes No
V. REVIEW OF CPA’s AUDIT TESTING
(Application of GAGAS, FAR Part 31, and relevant Cost Accounting
Standards (48 CFR Chapter 99))
Attribute Met?
[KEYWORD INDEX]
Workpaper
Reference
(or Comment)
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-14
V.K. COMPLIANCE WITH COST ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (CAS).
Aside from the measurement, assignment, and allocability rules of
selected Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) incorporated through
reference in FAR Part 31—
Did the workpapers address the extent of CAS coverage with which
the consultant must comply; that is:
– Full CAS coverage, or
– Modified CAS coverage?
If modified CAS-coverage applied, did the CPA’s workpapers
address compliance with the following four standards from CAS
9904.400, as follows:
– 9904.401: Consistency in estimating, accumulating and
reporting of costs;
– 9904.402: Consistency in allocating costs incurred for the
same purposes;
– 9904.405: Accounting for unallowable costs; and
– 9904.406: Cost accounting period?
If full CAS coverage applied, did the CPA’s workpapers
address compliance with all applicable 9904 standards
(Subparts 9904.401 through 9904.420)?
Yes No
Yes No N/A
Yes No N/A
VI. Reviewer’s Final Determination [KEYWORD INDEX]
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-15
VI.A
.
E
XIT CONFERENCE.
Discuss the results of the audit/review with the Consultant and the CPA. Obtain their concurrence and/or identify areas of
disagreement. Ensure that the Consultant understands the results are preliminary and are subject to review. Document the
exit conference thoroughly.
State DOT Workpaper Reference:
Comments:
VI.B.
R
EVIEWER’S CONCLUSION STATEMENT.
Based upon the application and performance of the steps within this work program:
(1) The CPA’s work demonstrated an:
Acceptable level of compliance with FAR Part 31 and the AASHTO Audit Guide.
Unacceptable
(2) Should follow-up audit work be recommended? Yes No
If “yes,” then describe any issues that warrant additional audit work:
VI.C
.
REVIEW MEMORANDUM. Issue review memorandum to Consultant incorporating above conclusion statement,
observations, and recommendations.
State DOT Workpaper Reference:
VI.D
.
C
ONTACT INFORMATION. This CPA workpaper review program was completed and approved by—
State DOT Reviewer and Title:
Signature:
Date:
State DOT Supervisor and Title:
Signature:
Date:
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-16
VII. Additional Notes [KEYWORD INDEX]
VII.A
.
This section may be used to document additional details regarding the CPA’s labor testing, indirect cost testing, and/or to
compile notes for discussion with the CPA.
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-17
Keyword Index
Keyword or Phrase Section Page
Allocation base used for indirect-cost rate computation V.H A-21
Analytical procedures (audit testing) I.C A-3
Analytical procedures (audit testing) V.G.3 A-18
Audit documentation (quality of) III.D A-6
Audit report: audit opinion IV.A A-6
Audit report: elements IV.G A-8
Audit report: format and contents IV A-6
Audit Report: scope IV.B A-6
Audit testing, generally V.F A-15
Audit testing: specific cost elements V.G A-16
Background and objectives - A-2
Basis for determining eligible costs IV.C A-7
Bid and proposal (time tracking) V.B A-10
Bonus/incentive compensation plan V.G.1 A-17
Communication of audit results IV.E A-7
Compensation (executive compensation review) V.G.1 A-16
Constructive dividends V.G.1 A-17
Contact information (DOT reviewer) VI.D A-24
Cost accounting standards (CAS) (compliance with) V.K A-23
Cost pooling and allocation methodologies V.E A-14
CPA’s workpapers (review of) V A-9
CPA-client relationship I.E A-3
CPE (continuing professional education) II.B A-4
Depreciation V.G.3 A-19
Depreciation and leasing policies (description of) IV.F A-8
Description of accounting policies (including cost allocation policies) IV.F A-8
Description of the company IV.F A-8
Detailed testing (audit testing) V.G.3 A-18
Direct costs/verification of company in-house rates and direct billings V.D A-13
Direct selling (time tracking) V.B A-10
Disclosure notes IV.F A-8
Dues and subscriptions V.G.3 A-18
Elements of the CPA workpapers/audit program V.J A-21
Employee morale and related costs V.G.3 A-20
Engagement letter III.B A-5
Exit conference VI.A A-24
Facilities capital cost of money (FCCM) IV.F A-8
Field rate accounting V.I A-21
Follow-up audit work (DOT reviewer’s recommendations for) VI.B A-24
Fraud risk: GAGAS and SAS 99 V.J A-22
GAGAS field work standards III A-5
GAGAS general standards II A-4
Gains on sale of assets V.G.3 A-20
General ledger V.A.1 & .2 A-9
General office account V.G.3 A-20
General purpose financial statements I.D A-3
Independence II.C A-4
Indirect cost accounts V.G.3 A-18
Indirect cost rate schedule (current year) I.A A-3
Indirect cost rate schedules (prior years) I.B A-3
Insurance V.G.3 A-19
Internal controls V.J A-22
Internal controls (report on) IV.D A-7
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-18
Keyword Index
Keyword or Phrase Section Page
Labor accounting system (time tracking) V.B A-10
Labor distribution analysis V.B A-10
Labor testing sample (26 timesheets minimum) V.B A-11
LDS (Large dollar or sensitive) item criteria for audit testing V.G.3 A-18
Leasing policies (description of) IV.F A-8
Losses on sale of assets V.G.3 A-20
Marketing/promotional activities (time tracking) V.B A-10
Miscellaneous expense account V.G.3 A-20
National Compensation Matrix (NCM) V.G.1 A-16
Other accounts reviewed V.G.3 A-20
Other direct costs: consistency V.C A-12
Other indirect costs V.G.3 A-20
Other/miscellaneous income V.G.3 A-20
Peer review report - conclusion II.A A-4
Peer review report - staffing and expertise II.D A-4
Pension/deferred compensation IV.F A-8
Planning III.A A-5
Premium portion of overtime V.B A-11
Preparatory work for DOT reviewer I A-3
Printing/reproduction V.G.3 A-18
Prior audit findings III.C A-5
Professional and consultant service costs V.G.3 A-19
Profit distributions V.G.1 A-17
Project-costing/job-costing system V.C A-12
Purchased/temporary labor V.B A-11
Rent V.G.3 A-19
Reorganization (time tracking) V.B A-10
Review memorandum VI.C A-24
Reviewer’s conclusion statement VI.B A-24
Reviewer's final determination VI A-24
Risk assessment III.A A-5
Risk assessment: selection of indirect cost accounts for detailed testing V.G.3 A-18
Seminars and conventions V.G.3 A-19
Standard costing system V.B A-11
Subcontractors/outside consultants V.G.3 A-20
Subsequent events (management's evaluation of) IV.F A-8
Superior performance V.G.2 A-17
Supervisory review (CPA) III.D A-6
Training (time tracking) V.B A-10
Travel V.G.3 A-18
Uncompensated overtime (disclosure of, in audit report) IV.F A-8
Uncompensated overtime (CPA’s review of) V.B A-10
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-19
Internal Control Questionnaire
Appendix
B
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-20
InternalControlQuestionnaire(ICQ)for ConsultingEngineers
Name of Engineering Consultant (“the Company”): ___________________________________________________
TIN (Taxpayer Identification Number): _____________________________________________________________
Headquarters Address: __________________________________________________________________________
Company Website: _____________________________________________________________________________
Fiscal Year End: _______________________________________________________________________
This ICQ was prepared for (DOT/agency name): ________________________________________________
Time Period Covered: ___________________________________________________________________
Location of Accounting Records:
________________________________________________________________________
- Please include the following items as attachments to this ICQ:
FAR Part 31 Overhead Audit Report for most recent fiscal year, including audited Statement of Direct
Labor, Fringe Benefits, and General Overhead (hereinafter “Indirect Cost Rate Schedule”) and related
reconciliation to the financial statements.
Cognizant audit report or cognizant letter of concurrence from the cognizant Government agency.
Check here if not applicable:
Post-closing trial balance and financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash
flows) for the most recent fiscal year. (Note: If the indirect cost rate schedule does not directly tie to the trial
balance, then please provide a supplemental reconciliation schedule.)
Current chart of accounts that ties to financial statements and indirect cost rate schedule.
Independent Auditor’s Report on financial statements and accompanying management letter.
Check here if not applicable:
Sample timesheet.
The Company’s policies for vacation and sick leave.
The Company’s bonus policy.
Other written policies, as requested throughout this ICQ.
Note: Throughout this ICQ, all references to “AASHTO Guide” pertain to the 2012 Edition of the
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide.
- Please identify the Company’s primary contact for accounting questions:
Name: ______________________________________________________________________________
Title: ______________________________________________________________________________
Phone Number: _____________________________________________________________________
E-mail Address: _____________________________________________________________________
Mailing address (if different than headquarters address listed above): ________________________________
A. Background Information
A.1. Year Established. When was the Company formed? ___________________________________________
A.2. Business Form. What form of business entity is the Company?
Sole Proprietorship Partnership C Corporation S Corporation
Other
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-3
A.3. Parent/Subsidiary. Is the Company a subsidiary of any other company?
Yes If “yes,” please explain:
No
A.4. Common Ownership. Does the Company own or control any other company or legal entity (e.g., trust or
foundation) through common ownership? (See AASHTO Guide Section 8.23.B for details.)
Yes If “yes,” please explain:
No
A.5. Ownership. Please list the stockholders, partners, or other owners with greater than five percent ownership of
the Company and their respective percentages of ownership.
Table 1: Company Ownership
Name Title Ownership Percentage
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
A.6. Services Provided. What types of services does the Company provide? (e.g., consultant–Architectural and
Engineering Design)
a.
b.
c.
d.
A.7. Locations. How many offices does the Company operate, and where are these offices located?
a. Number:
b. Locations:
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-4
A.8. Number of Employees. How many employees (including managers and principals) does the Company currently
employ?
a. Full time: b. Part time:
- Has this number changed in the past one-year period?
No Yes. If “yes,” please explain:
A.9. Revenue Sources.
1. For most recent fiscal year, what percentage of the Company’s revenue was generated from each of the
following?
a. State government: % c. Local government: %
b. Federal government: % d. Commercial/private: %
2. Please specify all revenues earned as either a prime consultant or subconsultant:
a. Revenues from Government Projects: $
b. Revenues Other Customers: $
Total Company Gross Revenue: $
A.10. Contract Mix. What percentage of the Company’s revenue was generated from each of the following contract
types?
a. Lump sum: % c. Cost plus (time and materials): %
b. Cost plus fixed fee: % d. Other: % Please explain “Other.”
B. Accounting: General Background
B.1. Fiscal Period. Has the Company used the same fiscal reporting period for the past two years?
Yes No
B.2. Accounting Method/Basis. What basis of accounting does the Company use to prepare general purpose
financial statements?
Cash Accrual Hybrid. Please explain “Hybrid.”
- Was the same basis of accounting also used to prepare the firm’s indirect cost rate schedule?
Yes No. Please explain:
B.3. Accounting Policies. Does the Company have written accounting policies that address the following topics?
(If “yes,” please provide a copy.) Yes No
a. Accounting system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Billing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. Cost estimating/allowability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. Recording time worked/timesheet preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e. Fringe benefits/leave time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f. Recording overtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g. Compliance with FAR Part 31
(†)
and applicable CAS . . . . . . . .
h. Recording direct and indirect costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i. Overhead/indirect cost rate development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
j. Billing rate development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(†)
FAR Part 31 is codified at 48 CFR Part 31, which is available at
https://www.acquisition.gov/far/html/FARTOCP31.html.
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-5
B.4. Preparing the Indirect Cost Schedule. How frequently does the Company prepare an indirect cost rate
schedule to determine costs eligible for reimbursement per FAR Part 31?
Annually Other (please specify):
- Was the most recent schedule prepared by the Company or by another entity instead (e.g., CPA firm)?
Prepared by:
Internal staff External party (specify):
- Period covered by most recent indirect cost schedule:
One-year period ended December 31, 20
Other (please specify):
B.5. Fraud, Abuse, and Contract Violations. Is the Company’s management aware of any material instances of
fraud, illegal acts, abuse, or violations of contracts provisions or grant agreements?
No Yes. If “yes,” please explain:
B.6. Knowledge of FAR Part 31. Are appropriate personnel within the Company familiar with FAR Part 31?
Yes No. If “no,” please explain:
B.7. Audits/Examinations. Within the past three years, has a CPA or governmental agency performed an
independent audit, review, attestation, or compilation of the Company’s financial data or any phase of the
Company’s operations?
No Yes. If “yes,” please complete the following (if applicable):
a. Financial Statements: Audit Review Compilation Other (please specify):
Name of CPA or Agency:
Contact:
Period Covered:
b. Overhead Rate: Audit Review Compilation Other (please specify):
- Was the overhead rate calculated in accordance with FAR Part 31? Yes No
Name of CPA or Agency:
Contact:
Period Covered:
c. Project Audits: Audit Review Compilation Other (please specify):
Name of CPA or Agency:
Contact:
Period Covered:
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-6
C. Accounting System(s)
C.1. Accounting Software. What type of accounting software does the Company use?
Internally-developed system. Commercial system. Name of vendor:
Hybrid system. Please explain:
- Please describe any significant manual procedures used outside of the automated accounting system to record transactions:
C.2. Job Costing. Does the Company have a job-cost accounting system? Yes No
If “no,” please explain what type of system is used to determine project costs:
C.3. Integration. Does the accounting general ledger interface with the job-cost ledger?
Yes No N/A (no job-cost ledger used)
a. Are billings prepared from, or reconciled to, reports generated from the Company’s job-cost system?
Yes No. Please explain:
b. Describe any manual procedures that occur outside of the automated accounting system to prepare
billing packages.
C.4. Accounting Records. Which of the following types of records does the Company maintain to support financial
transactions?
Yes No
a. General ledger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Cash disbursements journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. Cash receipts journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. Job/Project-cost ledger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e. Labor distribution reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f. Employee expense reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g. Payroll registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.5. Direct and Indirect Expenses. Does the general ledger contain separate direct and indirect accounts for the
following?
a. Labor costs
Yes No
b. Non-labor expenses
Yes No
If “no,” please explain:
C.6. Exclusion of Unallowable Costs. Does the Company have a system in place to identify and remove from the
indirect cost pools all unallowable costs, in accordance with per FAR Part 31 and applicable Cost Accounting
Standards? (See AASHTO Guide, Sections 2.2, 4.4, 5.2, 5.5, and 6.3.)
No. Please explain:
Yes. If “yes,” please answer a through c, below.
a. Please provide details about the system.
b. How are appropriate personnel trained to distinguish between allowable and unallowable costs?
c. When does the primary review for allowability occur—at time the transaction is recorded, or later?
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-7
C.7. Divisions/Cost Centers. Does the Company have more than one division/cost center?
No Yes
- If “yes,” are separate ledgers maintained for each?
Yes No
Comment:
C.8. Reconciliations.
a. Does the Company reconcile the financial accounting system to the job-cost system?
N/A (no job-cost ledger used).
No. Please explain:
Check here if systems are integrated:
Yes. If “yes,” how often? (Check all that apply.) Monthly Quarterly Semi-annually Annually
Comment:
b. How frequently are bank statements reconciled? Who performs this process?
C.9. Budgeting. Does the Company use a budgeting system for project planning and oversight?
Yes No
Comment:
- If “yes,” does the Company prepare variance reports to compare budgeted amounts to actual amounts on
projects, and are the reports distributed to appropriate management personnel?
Yes No. If “no,” please explain:
C.10. Cost Allocation. Does the Company use cost allocation methods consistently for all contracts, including
commercial contracts as well as for State and Federal government contracts?
(See AASHTO Guide, Sections 5.3 and 10.5.)
Yes No. If “no,” please explain:
C.11. Allocation Base(s). When computing indirect cost rates, the Company uses—
a single base for cost allocation. Description of base:
multiple bases for cost allocation. Description of bases:
(See AASHTO Guide Section 4.7 for a discussion of common allocation bases for indirect costs.)
C.12. Field Offices. Does the Company have field offices? (See AASHTO Guide Section 5.6.)
No
Yes. If “yes,”
a. Are separate indirect cost rates used for the home office and field offices?
Yes No
Please explain:
b. If home office and field office indirect cost rates are computed, are they presented consistently to
all State DOTs?
Yes No. If “no,” please explain:
Please check here if not applicable:
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-8
C.13. Project-Specific Indirect Cost Rate(s). Does the Company have any special, project-specific indirect cost
rates negotiated with a State DOT?
No Yes. If “yes,” please explain, and list the States that use these rates:
D. Information Technology (IT) Systems
D.1. IT Policies. Does the firm have written IT system policies concerning the following topics?
(If “yes,” please provide a copy.)
a. Hardware/Software Yes No
Purchasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use of In-house and off-site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Addition and removal/retirement/disposition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Business Continuation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. Security Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. Activation and deactivation of employees upon hiring or termination
. . . . . . . . .
D.2. IT Risk Assessment. Has the Company’s management conducted an IT system risk assessment within the past
three years?
Yes No
D.3. IT Security Review. Are system security and application access logs enabled and reviewed periodically?
Yes No
Comment:
D.4. IT Electronic Data Safeguards. If documents are retained in electronic format, are they stored in a format that
cannot easily be modified, removed, or replaced, and does a mechanism/audit trail exist to track all such events?
Yes No
Comment:
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-9
E. Accounting – Payroll and Timekeeping
E.1. Payroll Service. Does the Company use an external payroll service?
No Yes. If “yes,” please specify:
E.2. Pay Cycle. What is the Company’s standard pay cycle?
Bi-weekly Monthly 1st and 15th Other (please specify):
If the Company uses more than one pay cycle, please explain:
E.3. Payroll Register. Does the payroll register include the following data?
Yes No
a. Employee Name. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Employee ID number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. Gross pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. Payroll deductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e. Net pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f. Check amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g. Hourly rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
h. Pay period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i. Normal hours for pay period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
j. Overtime hours for pay period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comments:
E.4. Timekeeping System.
a. Does the Company use an electronic timekeeping system?
Yes No
- If “yes,” please provide an explanation of its operation, or provide system documentation:
b. Are all employees, including managers and owners/principals, responsible for signing their own timesheets?
Yes No
If “no,” please explain:
c. Are all employee timesheets approved by supervisors?
Yes No
If “no,” please explain:
d. Is there a certification and approval process required for all time worked by owners and principals?
Yes No
If “no,” then how is time accounted for and billed to projects?
e. How are timesheet coding errors detected and corrected?
f. How do timesheets identify work performed outside an agreement’s original scope of services?
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-10
F. Labor Cost Accumulation
F.1. Direct & Indirect Labor. Do the Company’s timesheets include reporting codes for both direct and indirect
hours? (See AASHTO Guide, Chapter 6.)
Yes No
- If “yes,” do all employees, including managers and principals, record direct and indirect time on their
timesheets?
- If “no,” then please explain the method used to segregate direct and indirect labor hours.
F.2. Work Week. Please list the Company’s normal hours of business operation (normal work week):
F.3. Uncompensated Overtime (see AASHTO Guide, Section 5.4). Does the Company record all hours worked by
all employees, including managers and principals, regardless of whether the employees are exempt from
overtime pay or whether all direct labor hours are billed to specific contracts?
No. If “no,” please explain:
Yes. If “yes,” which of the following methods does the Company use to account for uncompensated
overtime—the hours worked without additional compensation in excess of an average of 40 hours per
week by direct-charge employees who are exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act?
Effective Rate Method. Please explain:
Salary Variance Method. Please explain. (E.g., What was the total dollar amount of
the salary/payroll variance for the year?): $
Other. Please explain:
F.4. Contract Modifications/Time Tracking. How does the Company segregate work performed under a basic
agreement/contract from work performed for contract changes/modifications?
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-11
G. Labor Billings and Project Costing
G.1. Billing Rates. Please describe how billing rates are determined, or attach the Company’s billing-rate policy.
Description:
Billing-rate policy attached.
G.2. Premium Overtime. Does the Company pay overtime at a premium to any employees? Yes No
- If “yes,”
a. What premium rate is paid, and what categories of employees are eligible for this rate?
Time-and-a-half for all non-exempt employees.
Other. Please explain:
b. How is the overtime premium accounted for and billed?
As part of direct labor, and overhead is applied.
As an Other Direct Cost (no overhead applied).
As an indirect labor cost (included in the indirect cost rate).
Other. Please explain:
G.3. Allocation of Overtime Costs. Are overtime costs allocated to contracts consistently, regardless of the type of
contract (lump sum versus actual cost) or customer (government versus commercial)?
Yes No. If “no,” please explain:
G.4. Cost Allocation versus Billing. If the Company pays a principal or an employee at a rate in excess of a
contract’s maximum hourly labor rate, where will the excess cost be allocated/charged?
G.5. Contract/Purchased Labor. Does the Company invoice/bill contract labor directly to any customers?
Yes No N/A
- If “yes,” please complete the following: Contract labor is billed—
As part of direct labor, and overhead is applied.
As an Other Direct Cost (no overhead applied).
Other. Please explain:
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-12
H. Expense Accumulation and Billing
H.1. Nonsalary Direct Costs (Other Direct Costs). Besides labor, what type of costs does the Company normally
bill/invoice as direct expenses?
H.2. Credits Associated with Direct Costs. Is the indirect cost pool relieved/reduced for credits/reimbursements
received for direct costs?
Yes No. If “no,” please explain:
H.3. Design/Build Stipends. Has the Company received a stipend from any State DOT in connection with
design/build efforts?
Yes No
- If “yes,” please explain how the Company accounted for the stipend in the accounting
system:
H.4. Classification of Cost Items. How are the following cost items accounted for and billed?
(Check both “D” and “I,” if applicable.)
(D = Direct; I = Indirect; N/A = not applicable) D I N/A
a. Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b. Computer Assisted Design and Drafting (CADD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
c. Computer (non-CADD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e. Printing / Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
f. Postage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g. Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
h. Drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i. Travel and Subsistence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
j. GPS and/or Nuclear Density Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
k. Other (list if significant) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H.5. Nonbillable Costs. Describe the accounting treatment for direct costs not billable to clients. (Where/how are
these costs recorded?)
H.6. Authorization. How does the Company ensure that costs are not billed to Government projects prior to proper
authorization?
H.7. Vehicle Expenses. Does the Company provide vehicles to employees for business purposes?
Yes No
a. If “yes,” are the vehicles leased or owned?
Leased Owned
b. Identify the total number of vehicles owned or leased by the company.
Leased Owned
c. Are mileage logs maintained for all vehicles? If “no,” please explain below.
Yes No
Explanation:
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-13
d. Is mileage separated by direct and indirect classifications, and is mileage incurred in connection with
unallowable activities tracked?
Yes No
Explanation:
e. What recovery/billing rate is used for Company vehicle mileage reimbursement?
$
per mile.
Explanation:
f. How was the rate developed?
H.8. Computer Expenses. Are the Company’s computer expenses incurred as a result of (select one):
a. Outside Services? Company ownership? Both?
b. Does the Company compute a charge rate for computers?
Yes No
- If “yes,” what is the rate?
- How was the rate developed?
c. Is computer usage segregated by direct and indirect classifications? Yes No
d. Are computer usage logs maintained and coded by job/project?
Yes No
H.9. Printing and Reproduction Costs. How are printing and reproduction expenses treated?
- In House: Direct cost Indirect cost Combination of direct and indirect
- Outside vendor:
Direct cost Indirect cost Combination of direct and indirect
If you marked “combination of both,” please explain:
a. For in-house services, are usage logs maintained and coded by job/project?
Yes No
b. Is usage segregated by direct and indirect classifications?
Yes No
c. If these costs are incurred through the use of an outside vendor, are the invoices coded by job/project when
received?
Yes No
H.10. Telephone Costs. How is the expense for telephone service recorded and billed?
Direct cost Indirect cost Combination of direct and indirect
If you marked “combination of direct and indirect,” please explain below:
- Does the Company maintain a telephone log to record toll calls? Yes No
- Are the calls job-coded by direct and indirect classifications?
Yes No
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-14
H.11. Activities Ineligible for Cost Reimbursement. Did any of the Company’s employees engage in activities for
lobbying, advertising, public relations, charity, and/or entertainment?
- If “yes,” please list the employees who engaged in these activities, and describe how the associated costs
were tracked and accounted for in relation to the submitted indirect cost rate.
Table 2: Unallowable Activities
Employee Name or ID &
Title/Classification:
Activities: Accounting Treatment:
I. Compensation for Owners and Employees
I.1. Bonuses.
a. Did the Company pay, or accrue for, bonuses earned by owners or employees during the period covered by
the latest indirect cost rate schedule?
Yes No
- If “yes,” were the bonuses included in the submitted overhead rate?
Yes No N/A
- Was any portion of these bonuses excluded from the submitted overhead rate?
Yes No
N/A
Comment:
b. Does the Company have a written bonus plan?
Yes. Please provide a copy of the plan.
No. Please describe how bonuses are determined and how this is communicated to employees.
c. Are all employees eligible for the bonuses? Yes No. If “no,” please explain:
I.2. Executive Compensation. Has the Company, an independent CPA, or compensation consultant performed an
evaluation of executive compensation for reasonableness in accordance with FAR 31.205-6? (See AASHTO
Guide Section 7.5.)
Yes No
- If “yes,” describe the methodology used and how this process has been documented:
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-15
J. Related-Party Transactions
J.1. Related Employees. Please provide the following information for all employees who are related to the parties
listed in the Ownership Table (Table 1) shown in A.5:
Table 3: Employees Related to Company Owners
Name or ID: Title/Position: Wages/Salary: Bonus: Other
Compensation:
Total
Compensation:
1
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related (e.g., spouse, parent, child, sibling, in law):
2
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
3
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
4
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
5
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
6
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
7
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
8
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-16
Name or ID: Title/Position: Wages/Salary: Bonus: Other
Compensation:
Total
Compensation:
9
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
10
$ $ $ $
Total Hours
Worked During
Year:
Job Duties:
Related to:
How Related:
J.2. Related Vendors. Please provide the following information for all vendors related to the parties listed in the
Ownership Table (Table 1) shown in A.5:
Table 4: Vendors Related to Company Owners
Name: Contact Information: How Related: Products/Services Provided: Total Payments
During Year:
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-17
J.3. Property or Facilities Leased from Related Parties. Does the Company rent or lease property and/or facilities
from another entity (organization or individual)?
Yes No
- If “yes,”
a. Are any of the Company’s owners/stockholders, or members of their immediate family, also
owners/stockholders of the other entity?
Yes No
- If “yes,” please explain:
b. Have the rental/lease costs been adjusted to the property owner’s actual costs?
Yes No
- If “yes,” what basis was used to determine actual cost? (E.g., the property owner’s tax return
less interest expense, plus cost of money).
Description:
J.4. Other Related-Party Transactions. Did the Company engage in any transactions with related parties other
than those listed and described in J.1 through J.3?
No Yes. If “yes,” please complete Table 5:
Table 5: Other Related-Party Transactions
Name: Contact Information: How Related: Products/Services Provided: Total Payments
During Year:
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-18
K. Other Questions
K.1. Life Insurance. Does the Company pay life insurance for officers/principals?
Yes No
- If “yes,”
(a) Have any costs associated with this life insurance been included on the indirect cost rate schedule?
Yes total amount: No
(b) Please identify the beneficiary of the life insurance:
Company/surviving partners Officer/principal’s family
Other (specify)
(c) Please identify the type(s) of the life insurance:
Term Whole life Universal life Endowments (annuities)
Accidental death Other (please specify):
K.2. Suspension or Debarment. Has the Company, its parent, subsidiary, or any owner, stockholder, officer,
partner, or employee of the Company been suspended or debarred from doing business by any State or the
Federal government?
Yes No
- If “yes,” please provide complete details:
K.3. Updates for Changes to FAR Part 31. Does the Company have an existing process designed to provide timely
updates to company policies and procedures to accommodate changes in the FAR Subpart 31.2 cost principles?
Yes No
- If “yes,” please describe the process:
K.4. Risk Assessment. Does the Company have a process for assessing risks that may result from changes in cost
accounting systems or processes?
Yes No
- If “yes,” please describe the process. How are risks identified and addressed?
K.5. Communications of FHWA/DOT Requirements. How does information flow from the FHWA/State DOT to
appropriate management personnel? (E.g., How are relevant updates to State DOT procedures or Federal
Regulations disseminated to project managers and accounting personnel?)
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-19
I certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief this ICQ is a complete and accurate representation of the above-
named Company’s cost accounting and billing practices.
Typed or Printed Name
___________________________
Signature Title Date Completed
Note: The representations on this ICQ were made by, and are the responsibility of, the Company’s management.
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-20
Keyword Index
Keyword or Phrase Section Page
Accounting method/basis (cash, accrual, or hybrid) B.2 B-4
Accounting policies (by category) B.3 B-4
Accounting records (types of) C.4 B-6
Accounting system (integration of) C.3 B-6
Allocation base(s) used to compute indirect cost rate(s) C.11 B-7
Allocation of cost versus billing G.4 B-11
Attachments (list of required documents) -- B-2
Audits/examinations (within the past three years) B.7 B-5
Authorization (ensuring that costs are not billed prior to proper authorization) H.6 B-12
Billing rates G.1 B-11
Bonuses (bonuses paid or accrued, bonus plan, and eligibility) I.1 B-14
Budgeting system (project planning and oversight) C.9 B-7
Business form (sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, etc.) A.2 B-2
Classification of cost items (accounting and billing considerations) H.4 B-12
Common ownership A.4 B-3
Communication of FHWA/DOT requirements K.5 B-18
Computer expenses (outsourced versus in-house, CADD charge rate, usage logs, etc.) H.8 B-13
Contract mix (revenue generated by each type of contract) A.10 B-4
Contract modifications (time tracking associated with work done on modifications) F.4 B-10
Contract/purchased labor G.5 B-11
Cost allocation (consistency of) C.10 B-7
Credits associated with direct costs H.2 B-12
Design/build stipends H.3 B-12
Direct and indirect expenses (how recorded in accounting system) C.5 B-6
Divisions/cost centers (list of) C.7 B-7
Employees (number of) A.8 B-4
FAR Part 31 (knowledge of) B.6 B-5
Field offices/field overhead rates C.12 B-7
Fiscal period (reporting period for financial purposes) B.1 B-4
Fraud, abuse, and contract violations B.5 B-5
Indirect cost schedule (when prepared, by whom, and period covered) B.4 B-5
Information technology data safeguards D.4 B-8
Information technology policies D.1 B-8
Information technology risk assessment D.2 B-8
Information technology security review D.3 B-8
Job-cost system C.2 B-6
Labor (direct and indirect - timesheet reporting codes) F.1 B-10
Life insurance (costs, types, and beneficiaries) K.1 B-18
Locations (number of offices and locations) A.7 B-3
Nonbillable costs (accounting for) H.5 B-12
Nonsalary direct costs (Other direct costs) H.1 B-12
Overtime (allocation of) G.3 B-11
Overtime (premium portion) G.2 B-11
Overtime (uncompensated) F.3 B-10
Ownership table (list of owners with >5% ownership) A.5 (Table 1) B-3
Parent/subsidiary relationships A.3 B-3
Pay cycle (standard pay periods) E.2 B-9
Payroll register (components of) E.3 B-9
Payroll service (internal or external) E.1 B-9
Printing and reproduction costs (outsourced versus in-house, tracking, usage logs, etc.) H.9 B-13
Project-specific indirect cost rate(s) C.13 B-8
Reasonableness of executive compensation (description of procedures performed to establish
reasonableness)
I.2 B-14
Reconciliations (financial accounting system to job-cost system) C.8 B-7
Related-party transactions (employees) J.1 (Table 3) B-15 to B-16
Related-party transactions (other) J.4 (Table 5) B-17
Related-party transactions (property or facilities leased from) J.3 B-17
Related-party transactions (vendors) J.2 (Table 4) B-16
Revenue sources (Governmental vs. commercial; prime vs. subconsultant) A.9 B-4
Risk Assessment (as related to changes to the cost accounting system or Company policy) K.4 B-18
Services provided A.6 B-3
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-21
Keyword Index
Keyword or Phrase Section Page
Software (general ledger/accounting system) C.1 B-6
Suspension or debarment K.2 B-18
Telephone Costs (billing, tracking, and coding) H.10 B-13
Timekeeping system (timesheet coding, certification, approval, etc.) E.4 B-9
Unallowable activities (types of activities ineligible for cost reimbursement) H.11 (Table 2) B-14
Unallowable costs (how determined and how excluded from indirect cost schedule) C.6 B-6
Updates for changes to FAR Part 31 (frequency of updates to procedures/policies) K.3 B-18
Vehicle expenses (number leased/owned, mileage logs, billing rate, etc.) H.7 B-12 to B-13
Work week (normal operating hours) F.2 B-10
Year established (year the Company was founded) A.1 B-2
AASHTO Internal Control Questionnaire (ICQ) for Consulting Engineers
Internal Control Questionnaire for Consulting Engineers (rev. 05/01/2012)
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix B-22
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-1
Keyword Index of 48 CFR Part 31
(Federal Acquisition Regulation, Part 31)
Appendix
C
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-2
KEYWORD INDEX: 48 CFR Chapter 1, Part 31 (Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31)
Citation Key Words
Generally
A
llowable?
31.205-6(d)(1) Accrual of Compensation Expenses (allowable). YES†
31.201-2(d) Adequate Recordkeeping (requirement for, and Contracting Officer's authority
to disallow unsupported costs).
--
31.109 Advance Agreements: defined and requirements of (in writing, executed by
both
p
arties
,
stated duration
)
.
--
31.205-1(b) Advertising defined (generally, allowability is limited to recruitment costs). YES - help
wanted
31.205-1(d) Advertising (allowable types of). YES
31.205-1(f) Advertising (unallowable types of). NO
31.205-38(b)(1) Advertising as a part of selling costs. NO
31.205-51 Alcoholic Beverages. NO
31.205-46(b) Airfare, generally. YES
31.205-46(c) Aircraft owned by consultants. YES†
31.201-4 Allocability (allowability, reasonableness, and allocability). --
31.201-2 & 31.204 Allowability (reasonable, allocable, CAS Compliant, meets terms of contract, &
not otherwise unallowable).
--
31.205-52 Asset Valuations Resulting from Business Combinations. --
31.201-6(a) Associated Costs, defined (costs associated with unallowables). See also CAS
405.
NO
31.205-46(a)(1) Automobile: Mileage Costs. YES
31.205-6(m)(2) Automobile: Personal Use of (see also 31.205-46(d)). Includes commuting and
other
p
ersonal costs.
NO
31.205-6(f)(1) Awards for Employees (Performance-Based Awards--bonus and incentive
compensation).
YES
31.205-18(c) B&P: Bid and Proposal Costs (allowability of). YES
31.205-6(h) Back pay (generally unallowable). NO
31.205-3 Bad Debts (and directly-associated costs). NO
31.205-6(p) BCA (Benchmark Compensation Amount) - statutory limit on executive
compensation. (Not a safe harbor or guaranteed amount of cost recovery.)
--
31.205-4 Bonding Costs (e.g., bid, performance, payment, infringement, and fidelity). YES
31.205-6(f) Bonuses and Incentive Pay, generally. (See 31.205-6(f)(1)(ii) for required
basis and support.)
YES†
Key
†‐ SeeExceptions.(*)‐ Requires advanceagreement orverifiablemethodology.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-3
KEYWORD INDEX: 48 CFR Chapter 1, Part 31 (Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31)
Citation Key Words
Generally
A
llowable?
31.205-1(f)(5) Brochures and Promotional Materials. NO
31.201-3(a) Burden of Proof on Consultant (determining reasonableness). --
31.205-52 Business Combinations (asset valuations resulting from).
LIMITED DEPR.
31.205-16(a) Business Combinations (gains and losses related to). NO
31.205-11(h) Capital Leases (full payment not allowable - limited to depreciation of property
capitalized under the lease).
LIMITED DEPR.
31.205-11(h)(2) Capital Leases: Related Parties.
LIMITED DEPR.
31.205-43(a) Chambers of Commerce, Dues (but disallow portion of dues attributable to
lobbying).
YES†
31.103 Commercial Organizations (contracts with). --
31.205-36(b)(3) Common Control of Leased Properties (e.g., between sub. and parent: limited
to normal costs of ownership).
YES†
31.205-6(p) Compensation, generally. YES†
31.205-44(f) College Savings Plans for Dependents of Company Employees. NO
31.105 & 31.201-7 Construction and Architect-Engineer Contracts. --
31.205-33 Consultant Service Cost and Professional Fees (outside accountants, lawyers,
actuaries, and marketing consultants). Also known as "Professional and
Consultant Service Fees" (PCS costs). See Retainer fees at 31.205-33(e).
YES†
31.205-7 Contingencies. NO
31.205-42 Contract-Termination Costs. VARIES
31.205-8 Contributions or Donations. (All cash donations are unallowable). NO
31.205-1(e)(3) Contributions or Donations: Community Service Activities (cash contributions
unallowable; donation of time/labor is allowable).
YES
31.205-10 Cost of Money also known as "Facilities Capital Cost of Money" (FCCM). YES
31.205-14 Country-Club Memberships. NO
31.201-5 Credits (costs must be presented net of all applicable credits.) OFFSET
31.205-47 Defense of Fraud (False Claims Act, Anti-Kickback Act, etc.). NO†
31.205-18(d) Deferred IR&D Costs: Allowability. NO†
Key
†‐ SeeExceptions.(*)‐ Requires advanceagreement orverifiablemethodology.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-4
KEYWORD INDEX: 48 CFR Chapter 1, Part 31 (Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31)
Citation Key Words
Generally
A
llowable?
31.001 Definitions of Terms used in FAR Part 31. --
31.205-44(f) Dependents: Employee-dependent education plans NO
31.205-11 Depreciation, generally. YES
31.205-11(c) Depreciation: Expense in excess of amount used for financial accounting. NO
31.202 Direct Costs. YES
31.205-38(b)(5) Direct Selling Costs. YES
31.201-6(a) & CAS
405-40
Directly-Associated Costs, defined (costs associated with unallowables). NO
31.205-28(f) Directors' Meetings YES
31.205-6(a)(6)(ii)(B)
Distribution of Profits to Owners (unallowable for closely-held companies). NO
31.205-8 Donations NO
31.205-13 Dormitory Costs and Credits. YES
31.202(a) &
31.203
(
b
)
Double-Counted Costs (unallowable). NO
31.205-43 Dues and Subscriptions. YES
31.205-12 Economic Planning Costs. YES
31.205-44 Education Costs (vocational training, part-time college, full-time college) YES
31.205-6(f) Employee Performance Awards (bonuses and incentive). YES
31.205-6(n) Employee Rebate and Purchase-Discount Plans. NO
31.205-6(q) Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs). YES
31.205-14 Entertainment Costs (overrides all other cost principles). NO
31.205-6(q) ESOPs. YES
31.205-6(q)(2)(i)(B) ESOP: Current Funding Requirement. YES
31.205-41(b)(1) Excess Profits Taxes. NO
31.205-6(p)(1) Executive Benchmark Compensation Amount (reference to). Note that these
costs are further limited by reasonableness--see National Compensation Matrix
(
Audit Guide Section 6.4
)
for details.
YES†
31.205-41(b)(1) Federal Income Taxes. NO
Key
†‐ SeeExceptions.(*)‐ Requires advanceagreement orverifiablemethodology.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-5
KEYWORD INDEX: 48 CFR Chapter 1, Part 31 (Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31)
Citation Key Words
Generally
A
llowable?
31.205-15(a) Fines, Penalties, and Mischarging Costs Related to Violation of Laws. NO
31.205-15(b) Fines, Penalties, and Mischarging Costs Related to Improper Charging or
Rec ordin
g
of Costs.
NO
31.102 Fixed-Price Contracts. --
31.205-13(d) Food Service, and Dormitory Costs and Credits. YES
31.205-47(b), (f)(4)
&
(g)
Fraud, Defense of (including requirement to segregate and account for these
costs se
p
aratel
y
--see 31.205-47
(g))
.
SEGREGATE
31.205-6(m) Fringe Benefits. YES
31.205-16 Gains and Losses on Disposition or Impairment of Depreciable Property or
Other Ca
p
ital Assets.
YES†
31.201-1 Generally Accepted Methods for Measuring Costs (requirement to use). --
31.205-1(d)(2) Gifts (to clients and the public as part of trade shows). NO
31.205-13(b) Gifts (to employees). NO
31.205-6(l)(2) Golden Handcuff Payments. NO
31.205-6(l)(1) Golden Parachute Payments. NO
31.205-49 Goodwill. NO
31.205-44(d) Grants, Scholarships, and Fellowships to Educational or Training Institutions. NO
31.205-13 Health, Welfare, Food Service, and Dormitory Costs and Credits. YES
31.205-34(a)(1) &
(
b
)
Help-Wanted Advertising Costs--Recruitment. YES
31.205-35(a)(2) House-Hunting Trip Costs (for employees with a permanent change of work
location
)
.
YES
31.205-17(b) Idle Facilities Costs. NO†
31.205-17(c) Idle Capacity Costs. YES
31.205-6(e)(1) Income Tax Differential Pay (foreign assignments). YES
31.205-6(e)(2) Income Tax Differential Pay (domestic assignments). NO
31.205-41(b)(1) Income Taxes, Federal. NO
31.205-41(a)(1) Income Taxes, State and Local. YES
Key
†‐ SeeExceptions.(*)‐ Requires advanceagreement orverifiablemethodology.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-6
KEYWORD INDEX: 48 CFR Chapter 1, Part 31 (Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31)
Citation Key Words
Generally
A
llowable?
31.205-18 Independent Research and Development and Bid and Proposal Costs. YES
31.110 Indirect Cost Rate Certification and Penalties on Unallowable Costs. --
31.203 Indirect Costs. --
31.205-19 Insurance and Indemnification. YES
31.205-20 Interest and Other Financial Costs. NO
31.205-18 IR&D and B&P: Independent Research and Development and Bid and Proposal
Costs.
YES
31.205-21 Labor Relations Costs. YES
31.205-19(e)(2)(v) Key-Man Life Insurance (allowable to extent that costs is included in
compensation of officers--not allowable when company is beneficiary of policy)
LIMITED†
31.205-36(b)(1) Leases (operating leases for real property and personal property) YES
31.205-47 Legal and Other Proceedings. YES
31.205-19(e)(2)(v) Life Insurance YES
31.205-22 Lobbying and Political Activity Costs. NO
31.205-46 Lodging, Meals, and Incidental Expenses. YES†
31.205-35(c)(1) Loss on Sale of Home (for employees with a permanent change of work
location).
NO
31.205-23 Losses on Other Contracts. NO
31.205-25 Manufacturing and Production Engineering Costs. YES
31.205-1; 31.205-38 Marketing Costs. (Note: FAR Part 31 does not expressly use the term
"marketing," but public relations, advertising costs, and selling costs are widely
referred to as marketing by many individuals. Within the FAR,
selling costs
are the most analogous to marketing costs - see 31.205-38.)
NO
31.205-38(b)(4) Market Planning. YES
31.205-26 Material Costs (direct costs, primarily). YES
31.205-46(a)(2) Meals, Lodging, and Incidental Expenses. YES
31.205-1(f)(7) Memberships in Civic and Community Organizations. NO
31.205-46(d) Mileage Costs: Automobile. YES
Key
†‐ SeeExceptions.(*)‐ Requires advanceagreement orverifiablemethodology.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-7
KEYWORD INDEX: 48 CFR Chapter 1, Part 31 (Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31)
Citation Key Words
Generally
A
llowable?
31.205-13 Morale, Health, Welfare, Food Service, and Dormitory Costs and Credits
(subject to limitations in 31.205-13(b) through (e)).
YES†
31.205-35 Moving Costs Paid to Employees. YES†
31.205-25 M&PE Costs (Manufacturing and Production Engineering Costs). YES
31.205-19(e)(2)(v)
Officers' Life Insurance. NO†
31.205-1(e)(4)
Open Houses (subject to limitations in 31.205-1(f)(5): costs unallowable for
promotional materials, videos/films, handouts, magazines, etc.).
YES
31.205-36 Operating Leases (real property and personal property). YES
31.205-27(a) Organization/Reorganization Costs. NO
31.205-28 Other Business Expenses, generally. YES
31.205-30(c) Patent Costs. NO
31.205-15(a) Penalties, Fines, and Mischarging Costs. NO
31.205-6(j) Pension Costs, generally. YES
31.205-6(j)(1)(i)
Pension Costs: Current Funding Requirement. YES
31.205-6(j)(4)
Pension Costs: Defined Contribution Plans. YES
31.205-6(j)(4)(i)
Pension Costs: Contribution Limits. YES†
31.205-6(f) Performance Awards to Employees. YES
31.205-6 Personal Services (compensation for). YES
31.205-6(m)(2) Personal Use of Automobiles. NO
31.205-29 Plant Protection Costs. YES
31.205-31 Plant Reconversion Costs. NO
31.205-32 Precontract Costs (direct costs). YES
31.205-43 Professional Activity Costs. YES
31.205-33 Professional and Consultant Service Costs (e.g., external accountants, lawyers,
actuaries, and marketing consultants).
YES
31.205-19 Professional Liability and General Insurance. YES
Key
†‐ SeeExceptions.(*)‐ Requires advanceagreement orverifiablemethodology.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-8
KEYWORD INDEX: 48 CFR Chapter 1, Part 31 (Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31)
Citation Key Words
Generally
A
llowable?
31.205-6(a)(6)(ii)(B)
Profits to Owners, Distribution of (unallowable for closely-held companies). NO
31.205-1 Public Relations and Advertising Costs. NO†
31.205-6(n) Purchase-Discount Plans for Employees. NO
31.205-1(f)(5)
Promotional Materials. NO
31.205-35(a)(3) Real Estate Brokers' Fees and Commissions (for employees with a permanent
change of work location).
YES
31.201-3 Reasonableness. (No presumption of reasonableness exists.) --
31.205-31 Reconversion Costs. NO
31.201-2(d) Recordkeeping Requirements (engineering consultants' responsibility to
maintain ade
q
uate records
)
.
--
31.205-13(c) Recreation for Employees. NO†
31.205-34 Recruitment Costs. YES
31.205-36(b)(3) Common Control of Leased Properties (e.g., between sub. and parent). YES†
31.201-6(a) Related Costs (Costs Related to Unallowable Costs). See also CAS 405. NO
31.205-36(b)(3) Related Party Transactions: Rental Costs (common control). YES†
31.205-35 Relocation Costs Paid to Employees. YES
31.205-36 Rental Costs: Operating Leases. YES
31.205-27 Reorganization Costs. NO
31.205-48 Research and Development (R&D) Costs. YES
31.205-37(a) Royalties and Other Costs for Use of Patents (direct costs). YES
31.205-11(h)(1)
Sale and Leaseback. YES†
31.205-38 Selling Costs (marketing the engineering consultant's services). LIMITED†
31.205-1(f)(3) Seminars, Symposia, and Meetings (unallowable portion of these costs). NO
31.205-39 Service and Warranty Costs (direct costs). YES
31.205-42 Settlement Costs Associated with Contract Terminations. VARIES
Key
†‐ SeeExceptions.(*)‐ Requires advanceagreement orverifiablemethodology.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-9
KEYWORD INDEX: 48 CFR Chapter 1, Part 31 (Federal Acquisition Regulation Part 31)
Citation Key Words
Generally
A
llowable?
31.205-6(g) Severance Pay, generally. YES
31.205-14 Social and Dining Club Memberships (entertainment). NO
31.205-40 Special Tooling and Special Test Equipment Costs (direct costs). YES†
31.205-41(a)(1) State Income Taxes. YES
31.201-6(c)(2) Statistical Sampling for Unallowable Costs. ONLY IF(*)
31.205-28(a) Stock Issue Costs. YES
31.205-43(b) Subscriptions and Dues (net of incidental lobbying costs). YES
31.205-41 Taxes. YES†
31.205-42 Termination Costs (direct costs). VARIES
31.201-1(a) Total Cost, defined. --
31.205-43 Trade, Business, Technical and Professional Activity Costs. YES
31.205-1(f)(2) Trade Shows. NO
31.205-44 Training and Education Costs (subject to limitations listed in 31.205-44(a)
through (f)).
YES†
31.205-46 Travel Costs. YES†
31.201-6 Unallowable Costs (and related costs). --
31.205-13 Welfare, Food Service, and Dormitory Costs and Credits. YES
Key
†‐ SeeExceptions.(*)‐ Requires advanceagreement orverifiablemethodology.
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition)Appendix C-10
Listing of Resource Materials
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix D-1
Appendix D—Listing of Resource Materials
This section provides a listing of resource materials commonly used by auditors who perform Government
contract audits. The listing is not comprehensive; instead, it merely highlights the most frequently used
materials. While paper copies are available, most of the publications also are available on the Internet.
Accounting Standards—Current Text
Published by:
Financial Accounting Standards Board
Format:
Hard-copy 3 volume set
Website address: http://www.fasb.org
Purpose:
The Accounting Standards Current Text is an integration of currently effective accounting and reporting
standards. Material is drawn from AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins, APB Opinions, FASB
Statements of Financial Accounting Standards, and FASB Interpretations. While its focus is primarily
publicly-traded corporations, some of the material may be helpful for government auditors.
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Publications
Published by:
The AICPA is the premier national professional association for CPAs in the United States. This
organization produces numerous publications to assist accountants and auditors in following accounting
principles and auditing standards.
Formats:
AICPA publications generally are available in hard-copy form in a variety of formats, and include,
among others, Audit and Accounting Guides, Audit Guides, Professional Standards Binders,
Statements of Position, Newsletters, and Exposure Drafts.
All of the AICPA’s professional literature is available on CD-ROM with built in search capabilities.
Many of the materials are available on the Internet at the AICPA website: http://www.aicpa.org.
Appendix
D
Listing of Resource Materials
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix D-2
Relevant Materials:
AICPA Professional Standards (Two Volume Set)
Audits of Federal Government Contractors - Audit and Accounting Guide
Auditing Recipients of Federal Awards: Practical Guidance for Applying OMB Circular A-133,
Audits of States, Local Governments and Non-Profit Organizations
Codification of Statements on Auditing Standards. See for example, SAS 99: Consideration of
Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit (October 2002).
Accounting Trends and Techniques -CD-ROM
Audit Sampling - Auditing Practice Release
Auditing in Common Computer Environments - Auditing Practice Release
Codification of Statements on Standards for Attestation Engagements
Cost Accounting Standards (CAS)
Published by:
Cost Accounting Standards Board (CASB), a section of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy
within the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. The CASB has the exclusive authority to issue and
amend cost accounting standards and interpretations designed to achieve uniformity and consistency in
the cost accounting practices governing the measurement, assignment, and allocation of costs to
contracts that involve Federal funds. The CAS are codified in 48 CFR Chapter 99.
Format:
Available in hard copy, and on the Internet at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/procurement_casb and
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR.
Purpose:
The standards are mandatory for use by all executive agencies and by contractors and
subcontractors in estimating, accumulating, and reporting costs in connection with
pricing and administration of, and settlement of disputes concerning, all negotiated
prime contract and subcontract procurement with the United States in excess of
$700,000, provided that, at the time of award, the contractor or subcontractor is
performing any CAS-covered contracts or subcontracts valued at $7.5 million or
greater.
Listing of Resource Materials
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix D-3
DCAA Contract Audit Manual
Published by:
United States Department of Defense, Contract Audit Agency (DCAA).
Formats:
Two-volume set of hard-copy manuals, published semiannually.
Available on the Internet at: http://www.dcaa.mil/cam.htm.
Purpose:
As stated in the foreword:
The DCAA Contract Audit Manual (DCAA Manual 7640.1) is an official publication of
the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA). It prescribes auditing policies and
procedures and furnishes guidance in auditing techniques for personnel engaged in the
performance of the DCAA mission.
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)
Published jointly by:
United States Department of Defense (DOD), General Services Administration (GSA), and National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
Format:
Available in hard copy, and on the Internet at: https://www.acquisition.gov/FAR/.
Contained in:
Code of Federal Regulations at 48 CFR Chapter 1.
Relevant Part:
Part 31 - Contract Cost Principles and Procedures.
Purpose:
Provides primary authoritative guidelines for acquisition of supplies and services by government
agencies. Provides detailed explanations of specific rules for determining allowable and unallowable
costs.
Federal Travel Regulation (FTR)
The FTR is the regulation contained in 41 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Chapters 300 through 304, which
implements statutory requirements and Executive branch policies for travel by Federal civilian employees and
others authorized to travel at Government expense. The FTR is available at:
http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/104790.
Listing of Resource Materials
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix D-4
Government Auditing Standards—2011 Revision (“Yellow Book”)
Published by:
United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), by the Comptroller General
Format:
Available in hard copy, and on the Internet at http://www.gao.gov/yellowbook.
Purpose:
Quote from introduction (paragraph 1.04):
The professional standards and guidance contained in this document, commonly referred to as
generally accepted government auditing standards (GAGAS), provide a framework for
conducting high quality audits with competence, integrity, objectivity, and independence. These
standards are for use by auditors of government entities and entities that receive government
awards and audit organizations performing GAGAS audits. Overall, GAGAS contains
standards for audits, which are comprised of individual requirements that are identified by
terminology as discussed in paragraphs 2.14 through 2.18. GAGAS contains requirements and
guidance dealing with ethics, independence, auditors’ professional judgment and competence,
quality control, performance of the audit, and reporting.
Sample Management Representation Letter for Contract (Project) Audit
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix E-1
Appendix E—Sample Management Representation Letters
Appendix
E
Sample Management Representation Letter for Contract (Project) Audit
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix E-2
[Company Letterhead]
Management Representation Letter—Contract Audit
[Insert Month Day, Year]
[AGENCY]
[ADDRESS]
[ADDRESS]
[ADDRESS]
We are providing this letter in connection with your examination of our job cost records for
contract [insert contract number]. We confirm that we are responsible for the fair presentation
of job cost records in conformity with: generally accepted accounting principles; contractual
provisions; and Federal Acquisition Regulation, Subparts 9900, 31.105 and 31.2. We are also
responsible for adopting sound accounting policies, establishing and maintaining internal
control, and preventing and detecting fraud.
We confirm to the best of our knowledge and belief, as of [insert date], the following
representations made to you during your examination.
1. The financial information referred to above are fairly presented in conformity with
generally accepted accounting principles.
2. We have made available to you all the financial records requested and
A. These records were prepared from [insert company name] official records.
B. The job cost ledger provided for examination contains actual direct costs and
quantities incurred for contract [insert contract number].
3. There have been no communications from regulatory agencies concerning
noncompliance with, or deficiencies in, financial reporting practices.
4. There are no material transactions that have not been properly reported in the
accounting records underlying the job cost accounting system.
5. There has been no:
A. Fraud involving management or employees who have significant roles in internal
control.
B. Fraud involving others that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
6. The company has no plans or intentions that may materially affect the carrying value or
classification of assets and liabilities.
7. The following have been properly recorded or disclosed in the financial job cost
records:
A. Related party transactions and related accounts receivable or payable, including
sales, purchases, loans, transfers, leasing arrangements, and guarantees.
B. Guarantees, whether written or oral, under which the company is contingently
liable.
Sample Management Representation Letter for Contract (Project) Audit
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix E-3
8. There are no:
A. Violations or possible violations of laws or regulation whose effect should be
considered for disclosure in the financial statements or as a basis for recording a
contingency loss.
B. Unasserted claims or assessments that our legal staff has advised us are probable
of assertion and must be disclosed in accordance with Statement on Financial
Accounting Standards No. 5.
C. Other liabilities or gain or loss contingencies that are required to be accrued or
disclosed by Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 5.
9. We have complied with all aspects of contractual agreements that would have a
material effect on the financial statements in the event of noncompliance.
No events have occurred subsequent to the job cost ledger date and through the date of this
letter that would require adjustment to our contract costs or require any further disclosure.
Printed or Typed Name: _______________________________
Signature: _______________________________
Title: _______________________________
Sample Management Representation Letter for Contract (Project) Audit
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix E-4
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-1
Appendix F—FHWA Order 4470.1A (Cost Certification)
Appendix
F
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-2
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-3
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-4
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-5
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-6
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-7
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-8
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-9
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-10
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-11
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-12
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-13
FHWA Order 4470.1A
AASHTO Uniform Auditing & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) Appendix F-14
INDEX
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) INDEX-1
AASHTO,1,60,93,94,105,114,120,121,124,
127,A‐2,A‐4,A‐8,A‐10,A‐16,A‐15,A‐17,
A‐18,A‐21,A‐24,B‐2,B‐3,B‐6,B‐7,B‐10,
B‐14
AccountingforUnallowableCosts(48C.F.R.
9904.405),26,
30,69,A‐24
AccountingPeriod:ApplicationofSubmitted
IndirectCostRates,13
accountingpolicies,88,109,A‐8,A‐27,B‐4,
B‐20,E‐2
ACEC,60,105,114
acquisitions,59,77,108
advertising,47,69,70,75,80,81,84,94,B‐14
AdvertisingCosts,47
AICPA,
1,2,3,17,20,62,85,90,97,102,105,
120,D‐1
aircraftcosts,82
alcoholicbeverages,69,83,84,100,A‐19
allocability,4,6,13,23,24,25,30,37,47,55,
69,76,81,100,101,A‐16,A‐20,A‐24
allowability,2,4,23,
24,45,46,47,53,55,58,
59,64,66,69,79,80,81,82,83,90,99,
100,101,110,117,121,122,123,124,A‐10,
A‐16,A‐18,A‐20,B‐4,B‐6
amortizationofgoodwill,83
approvalsandauthorizations,labor,35
ASBCANos.41470,
45387,and45388,1996
ASBCALEXIS141.,56
attestationengagements,1,2,7,20,21,85,
105,108,109,D‐2
AuditReportsandMinimumDisclosures,105,
A‐8
auditriskandmateriality,89
audittrail,4,32,33,49,88,93,B‐8
authorizationsandapprovals,33,35
automatedtimekeeping
system,49
baddebtsandcollection,71
BenchmarkCompensationAmount(BCA),55,
58,60,110,124,A‐18
bidandproposalcosts,46,75,80
billingproceduresandcontrols,86
bonusandincentivepayplans,63
bonusandprofit‐distributionplans,63
brochures,71,81,84
brokeragefees,commissions,and
similarcosts,
47,78
BurdenofProofFAR31.201‐2(d),24,48,69,70
CADDcosts,27,29,30,32,112,A‐13,B‐12,
B‐20
capitallease,72,74,79
CASDisclosureStatement,89
changeorder,8,86
civicandcommunityorganizations,71,84
cognizance/cognizantaudits,3,5,27,
61,113,
114,116,118,119,120,121,123,B‐2
CommitteeofSponsoringOrganizationsofthe
TreadwayCommission,85,86
commoncontrol,5,69,72,79,80,100,111,
A‐20
communicatingwiththepublic,47,71
communityserviceactivities,47,71
companycelebrations,74
Compensation,Allowabilityof,53
Compensation,GeneralPrinciples,53
compensation,reasonablenessof,24,53,54,
57
ComptrollerGeneral,U.S.,2,93,106,108,127,
D‐4
computerizedaccountinginformationsystems,
89
consistency,1,37,60,72,101,124,125,A‐2,
A‐3,A‐13,A‐24,A‐28,B‐20,D‐2
consolidations,82
ConstructionContractAdministration(Field
Office),38
Consumption/Usage,29,30
contractpre‐awardreviews,8,20
contractterms,85
contract/purchasedlabor,36,37,75,111,A‐8,
B‐11,B‐20
contracts,typeandvolumeof,6,12,36,90,
116,A‐19,B‐4
contributions,31,53,56,61,63,65,
66,71,84,
100,A‐16,A‐19
controlactivities,87
controlenvironment,86,89,91,A‐22
controlrisk,88,89,97,98
corporateimageenhancement,47,71,75,80
COSOInternalControlFramework,86,87
CostAccountingStandards(CAS),1,4,11,12,
13,15,17,23,24,
26,30,33,36,37,46,55,
64,65,67,72,73,85,87,89,111,120,123,
124,A‐2,A‐9,A‐10,A‐12,A‐13,A‐14,A‐15,
A‐16,A‐21,A‐22,A‐23,A‐24,A‐27,B‐4,B‐6,
D‐2
CostAccountingStandardsBoard(CASB),1,4,
23,26,65,85,123,125,D‐2
costaccountingsystems,29,87,88,B‐18
costofmoney,6,12,72,79,80,83,111,112,
127,A‐2,A‐8,A‐27,B‐17
CPAWorkpaperReviewProgram,15,17,103,
115,120,A‐25
INDEX
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) INDEX-2
DCAAContractAuditManual(CAM),2,33,47,
54,55,56,57,58,59,60,85,93,94,95,96,
97,100,A‐2,A‐4,A‐20,D‐3
DCAAP7641.90,9,48,51,98
deferredcompensation,53,56,64,65,111,
A‐8,A‐28
detectionrisk,88,
89
directcosts,6,7,8,14,15,20,26,27,30,35,
36,37,46,48,70,83,86,88,90,100,101,
102,112,A‐8,A‐12,A‐13,A‐14,A‐19,A‐20,
A‐22,A‐27,A‐28,B‐4,B‐12,B‐20,E
‐2
directlabor,2,3,6,7,9,11,12,24,25,27,29,
30,32,33,34,35,36,38,39,40,46,48,50,
61,62,63,70,72,87,88,98,99,106,109,
111,112,127,A‐2,A‐10,A‐12,A‐21,B‐2,
B‐10,B‐11
DirectLaborandFringeBenefits,usedas
allocationbase,24,27
directlaborhours,9,29,34,50,63,72,B‐10
directselling,47,80,A‐10,A‐27
directlyassociatedcosts,6,9,13,26,69,71,
74,82
documentationrequirements,78,117
EmployeeRetirement
IncomeSecurityAct
(ERISA),64
EmployeeStockOwnershipPlan(ESOP),65,66,
77,111,A‐8
EmployeeStockOwnershipTrust(ESOT),65,
66,111
entertainment,3,47,69,73,74,80,100,110,
A‐19,A‐20,B‐14
equipment,32,39,72,102,112
ERISAExcessPlans,67
Estimating
andProposalSystems,87
FederalAcquisitionRegulation(FAR),2,19,23,
55,89,101,106,108,109,114,121,127,
A‐2,C‐1,D‐3,E‐2
FederalTravelRegulation(FTR),2,14,17,74,
81,100,120,A‐19,D‐3
fieldofficedirectlabor,38,39
fieldoffice
indirectcosts,38,39
fieldofficelaborrate,39
financialaudits,2,20,21,90,105,108,109,
113
financialstatements,4,7,11,14,15,16,21,
61,73,88,94,102,111,126,A‐3,A‐6,A‐15,
A‐27,B‐2,B‐4,B‐5,E‐
2,E‐3
finesandpenalties,74
fleetorcompanyvehicles,internally‐allocated
costs,30,32,71,84,100,112,A‐14,B‐12
Form10‐K,89
forwardpricingrates,20,96
fringebenefits,2,3,7,24,25,27,29,31,37,
39,61,62,64,70,106,109,
112,124,127,
A‐2,A‐14,A‐16,A‐21,B‐2,B‐4
functionalcostcenters,31
fundingrequirements,pensionplans,65
GAAP(GenerallyAcceptedAccounting
Principles),2,4,21,23,24,26,27,61,87,
102,106,A‐2,E‐2
GAGAS(GenerallyAcceptedGovernment
AuditingStandards),
2,7,15,16,17,20,21,
85,90,95,97,105,108,113,115,117,118,
120,122,125,A‐2,A‐3,A‐4,A‐5,A‐6,A‐7,
A‐9,A‐10,A‐12,A‐13,A‐14,A‐15,A‐16,A‐
21,A‐23,A
‐24,A‐26,A‐27,D‐4
GAGASengagementtypes,21
GAGAS,ReportingStandardsforFinancial
AuditsorAttestationEngagements,105
generalandadministrative(G&A),3,7,26,27,
29,30,31,39,40,46,109,A‐14,A‐21
giftstoemployees,73,74,84,100,A‐20
gifts
tothepublic,74
goldenhandcuffs,67
goldenparachutes,67
Goodwill,82,83,84
grossrevenue,B‐4
helpwanted,47,70
idlefacilitiesandidlecapacity,46,75,100,
A‐20
indirectcostrates,2,11,13,14,19,20,31,89,
112,114,116,117,118,119,120,121,
122,
123,125,126,127,A‐2,A‐3,A‐14,B‐7,B‐8
indirectcostratesforcostsincurred,
engagementsrelatedto,19
indirectcosts,2,3,7,11,13,14,20,26,27,29,
30,31,35,37,38,39,45,46,48,75,81,83,
99,
100,102,111,124,A‐14,A‐16,A‐18,
A‐20,A‐28,B‐4,B‐7
InformationandCommunication,87
InformationSystemsandNetworks
Corporation,56,58
inherentrisk,88
insurancedeductibles,76
interestcosts,6,69,77,94,111,B‐17
internalcontrolquestionnaire(ICQ),88,89,94,
115,116,117,121,B‐2
internalcontrols,2,7,14,15,16,49,52,85,
89,94,98,106,108,121,A‐2,A‐7,A‐22,
A‐28
internaldirectexpenses,29
internallaborcosts,32,35
IRSForm941,35,A‐15
INDEX
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) INDEX-3
laborcostsdirectlyassociatedwithunallowable
activities,36
laboraccounting,32,87,A‐10,A‐11,A‐28
labor‐chargingchecklist,50,52
LDSitems,94,97,99,A‐9,A‐15,A‐18,A‐28
legalcosts,31,71,77,82
LifeInsuranceonKeyEmployees,84,A‐19,
B
‐18,B‐20
lobbyingandpoliticalactivitycosts,77,84,100,
110,A‐19,B‐14
lodging,meals,andincidentalexpenses,74,78,
81
Long‐TermIncentive(LTI)Plans,67
luxuryvehicles,71,82,A‐20
managementrepresentations,14,E‐2
manualtimekeepingsystem,50
marketing(unallowabletypesofselling,
advertising,corporateimageenhancement,
andmarketplanningcosts),75,81,A‐10,
A‐28
materialmisstatement,88,89,94,106,108
materiality,19,20,33,88,89,90,94,97,99,
A‐5
meetings,conventions,symposia,and
seminars,47,71,100,A‐19,A‐28
memberships,71,74,84
mergersand
acquisitions,39,77,82,83
Mid‐AmericaIntergovernmentalAuditForum,
17
minimumaudit,12,93,102,109
monitoring,86,87,A‐23
mortgagelifeinsurance,79
multiplierratio,36
NationalCompensationMatrix(NCM),56,60,
61,110,A‐16,A‐17,A‐28
NationalHighwaySystemDesignation(NHSD)
Act,113,
114
OfficeofFederalProcurementPolicy(OFPP),1,
26,55,65,85,D‐2
OfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB),1,
26,55,85,D‐2
OMBCircular85,D‐2
openhouses,47
operatinglease,79,111
ordinarycost,25
Organization/ReorganizationCosts,77,100,
A‐19
overhead,2,3,
4,6,7,8,9,12,14,15,16,17,
19,24,26,27,29,30,31,33,34,36,37,38,
39,40,45,46,50,55,56,63,75,90,93,95,
97,98,99,101,102,103,105,106,109,
110,111,112,113,115,116,120,127,
A‐2,
A‐8,A‐12,A‐14,A‐16,A‐21,B‐2,B‐4,B‐5,B‐
11,B‐14,B‐20
overheadratestructure,descriptionof,109,
A‐8
overheadschedule,2,120
overtime,8,9,33,34,35,50,99,110,A‐8,
A‐10,A‐
11,A‐12,A‐28,B‐4,B‐9,B‐10,B‐11,
B‐20
overtimepremium,8,35,99,110,A‐8,A‐11,
A‐28,B‐11,B‐20
Ownersofcloselyheldcorporations,54,55,62,
63,99,110
paidtimeoff,31,110,A‐8
pay
‐as‐you‐gomethod,nonqualifiedpension
plans,65
pensionplans,25,31,53,56,61,64,65,66,
111,A‐8,A‐16,A‐28
performanceaudits,21
personalproperty,commoncontrolof,79,80,
100,A‐20
personaluseofcompanyvehicles,71,80,84,
100,112
picnics,74,
100,A‐20
planttours,47
potentialareasofriskregardinginternallabor,
36
printing/copying/planreproduction,internally‐
allocatedcosts,30,32,37,100,102,112,
A‐13,A‐19,A‐28,B‐12,B‐13,B‐20
productivity/efficiencyratio,36
professionalliabilityinsurance,76,A‐19
profit‐distributionplans,63,
64
profits,distributionof,8,55,63,A‐17
projectlabor,29,77,110,A‐8
projectoffice,38
promotionalmaterial,71,81,84,A‐10,A‐28
PromptPaymentActinterestrate,6,72,112
PublicCompanyAccountingOversightBoard
(PCAOB),21,85,102
PublicLaw105‐85,55
public
relationscosts,47,70,71,74,80,81,
B‐14
INDEX
AASHTO Uniform Audit & Accounting Guide (2012 Edition) INDEX-4
purchasemethod,82,83
QualificationsBasedSelection(QBS),19,116,
118
qualifiedpensionplans,65
quantitativeanalysis,25
raisingcapital,77
ratioanalysis,25,A‐18
realestatebrokers’feesandcommissions,78
reasonableness,4,6,20,23,24,25,38,45,46,
47,53,54,55,56,57,60,67,
69,70,71,74,
76,80,81,100,110,111,124,A‐16,A‐18,
A‐20,B‐14,B‐20
reconciliationoflaborsystemtopayrolland
generalledger,35
recordkeepingrequirements,sellingactivities,
48
relatedparties,61,62,111,A‐19,B‐17
reliance,94,117
RelocationCosts,
78,79,84
RetainerAgreements,77,78,84,A‐19,A‐20
riskassessment,54,62,86,88,89,90,94,97,
98,99,101,116,117,118,120,121,122,
126,A‐11,A‐18,A‐22,A‐28,B‐8,B‐18,
B‐20
SCorporation,5,81,B
‐2
SalaryVarianceMethod,34,B‐10
saleandleaseback,80
samplesize,determinationof,95,97,98,99,
100,A‐11
samplingmethods,3,95,97
Sarbanes‐OxleyAct(SOX),14,21,85
segregationofduties,49,87
segregation,directcostsandindirectcosts,48,
49,87,100,A‐
2,A‐20
selectedareasofcost,69
selfinsurance,76,100,A‐19
sellingcosts,26,46,47,48,75,80,81,A‐10,
A‐27
SeniorExecutives,55,124
severancepay,66,67
socialactivities,74,84
soleproprietors’andpartners’salaries,8,36,
54,B‐2,B‐
20
sportingevents,74,100,A‐20
stockoptions,56,67,111
subsidiaries,affiliates,divisions,and
geographiclocations,5,12,31,79,109
timecards,45,49,50,51,98,99
SupplementalExecutiveRetirementPlans
(SERPs),67
taxes,3,5,7,8,31,35,39,77,79,80,81,123,
124,A
‐18
TechplanCorporation,55,56,60
timekeepingpolicy,48,50
titlepolicyinsurance,79
TotalCostInput,usedasallocationbase,27,
29,72
TotalCostValueAdded,29
totalcosts,99
TotalLaborHours(TotalHoursWorked),29,
33,50,B‐15,B‐16
tradeshows,47,70,71,
84
travelcosts,25,81,82,84,100,A‐19
typesoffieldoffices,38
U.S.OfficeofManagementandBudget(OMB),
1,26,55,85,D‐2
uncompensatedovertime,9,33,34,50,110,
A‐8,A‐10,A‐28,B‐10,B‐20
variances,25,26,30,110,A
‐8,A‐11,A‐14
vehiclecosts,25,82
444 N Capitol St. NW Ste. 249
Washington, DC 20001
UAAG–3
ISBN: 978-1-56051-566-1
www.transportation.org
