Style Manual (Updated 2023)

S tyle Manual

(Updated 2023)

OREGON APPELLATE COURTS

Style Manual

(Updated 2023)

Preface

The Oregon Appellate Courts have adopted this style manual as a guideline for

conventions used in format, citation, quotation, and style when writing opinions.

It is not all-inclusive nor an attempt to dictate writing style. See ORAP 5.20(45)

(referring to Style Manual as guide to conventions in style and citation).

Sincere appreciation to all who added their time and talent to this project.

For form and style questions not covered by this manual,

please contact the OJD Publications Program

([email protected].us).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORMATTING

In General ....................................................................................................................................... 5

I. Title Page

A. Date of Opinion ................................................................................................. 6

B. Identifying Caption of the Appellate Court Issuing the Opinion ...................... 6

C. Names and Roles of the Parties to the Case ...................................................... 6

  D.IdenticationNumbers ...................................................................................... 6

E. En Banc .............................................................................................................. 7

F. Court / Agency of Origination ........................................................................... 7

G. Trial Court Judge ............................................................................................... 7

H. Argued and Submitted Date .............................................................................. 7

I. Names of Counsel .............................................................................................. 7

J. Panel of Judges / Justices .................................................................................... 7

K. Opinion Author(s) ............................................................................................. 7

L. Disposition of Case ........................................................................................... 8

M. Designation of Prevailing Party and Award of Costs ........................................ 8

II. Body of Opinion

In General ........................................................................................................................... 9

A. General Format ............................................................................................... 10

B. Structural Tools ................................................................................................ 11

C. Writing Tools ................................................................................................... 14

CITATION

In General ..................................................................................................................................... 15

I. Organization and Arrangement

A. The Bluebook ................................................................................................... 16

B. Consistency of Citations .................................................................................. 16

C. Case Names ..................................................................................................... 16

D. Spaces and Abbreviations of Citations ............................................................ 17

E. String Citations ................................................................................................ 18

F. Signals ............................................................................................................. 18

G. Parenthetical Information ................................................................................ 18

II. Case Law

A. Oregon–Full Citations ..................................................................................... 20

B. Oregon–Short Citations and Other Issues ....................................................... 26

C. Federal Jurisdictions ........................................................................................ 29

D. States Other Than Oregon ............................................................................... 31

E. Online Sources ................................................................................................. 32

III. Constitutional, Statutory, and Other Related Citations

A. Oregon Citations ............................................................................................. 33

B. Federal Citations ............................................................................................. 45

IV. Periodical Articles, Books, Treatises, Restatements, Etc.

In General ......................................................................................................................... 48

A. Periodical Articles ........................................................................................... 48

B. Books and Treatises ......................................................................................... 49

C. Restatements .................................................................................................... 51

D. Others .............................................................................................................. 51

QUOTATION

In General ..................................................................................................................................... 52

I. Citations, Parenthetical Phrases, and Footnotes

A. Placement ........................................................................................................ 53

B. Use of Parenthetical Phrases With Quotations Within Text ............................ 55

II. Use of Uppercase, Brackets, and Ellipsis Within Quotations

A. Use of Uppercase ............................................................................................. 59

B. Use of Brackets ................................................................................................ 59

C. Use of Ellipsis .................................................................................................. 62

STYLE GUIDE

In General ..................................................................................................................................... 66

Other Resources ........................................................................................................................... 66

I. Spelling, Font, and Treatment of Words

A. Use of Italics and Roman Typeface ................................................................ 67

B. Use of Uppercase and Lowercase ................................................................... 68

C. Numbers and Dates ......................................................................................... 72

D. Acronyms / Initialisms ..................................................................................... 75

  E.TitlesandOces............................................................................................. 76

F. Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 76

II. Punctuation

A. Apostrophes ..................................................................................................... 77

B. Colons .............................................................................................................. 78

C. Commas ........................................................................................................... 79

D. Dashes ............................................................................................................. 84

E. Hyphens .......................................................................................................... 85

F. Punctuating Lists ............................................................................................. 87

G. Punctuating Parenthetical Elements ................................................................ 88

H. Semicolons ...................................................................................................... 88

III. Word Usage and Conventions

A. Word Pairs ....................................................................................................... 90

B. Word Functions .............................................................................................. 101

C. Word Usage .................................................................................................... 102

D. Variant Spellings ............................................................................................ 104

IV. Common Grammatical and Style Problems

A. Collective Nouns ........................................................................................... 105

B. Parallel Construction ..................................................................................... 105

C. Passive Voice ................................................................................................ 105

D. Verbs ............................................................................................................. 106

E. Active Voice .................................................................................................. 107

F. Gender-Neutral Wording .............................................................................. 107

G. Informal or Technical Terminology .............................................................. 107

GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................. 108

OPINION OVERVIEWS

I. Supreme Court ......................................................................................................... 113

II. Court of Appeals ....................................................................................................... 114

III. Tax Court–Regular Division .................................................................................... 115

IV. Tax Court–Magistrate Division ............................................................................... 116

APPENDIX

Standard Proofreader’s Marks ....................................................................................... 117

INDEX ...................................................................................................................................... 118

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FORMATTING

In General

Slip opinions are double spaced; indented quoted material is single spaced and

formatted in the same style as the original material; footnotes are placed at the bottom

of the page on which they are referenced. Line numbers are set out along the left hand

margin, except the footnote section. The courts use Times New Roman, 13-point font.

Slip opinions consist of a title page, which includes a designation of prevailing

partyandawardofcostsportion,followedbythebodyoftheopinion.CasesArmed

Without Opinion (AWOP) consist of a title page only. Per Curiam Opinions may

consist of a title page only, but have the same weight of authority as a signed opinion.

Therefore, it is not necessary to indicate parenthetically whether an opinion cited is

PerCuriam.CasesthatareArmedByAnEquallyDividedCourtareresolvedby

opinion—as opposed to an order—and can consist of a title page only unless a concurring

or dissenting opinion is written.

Listed below are the essential elements found on a standard title page of an

appellate court opinion, followed by the substantive components generally contained

within the body of an opinion. Please note that these are models only and that actual title

pages and opinions may vary due to the particular requirements of an individual case.

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I. Title Page

A. Date of Opinion

The date that the opinion issues is located in the upper right hand corner of the

page preceded by FILED:.

B. Identifying Caption of the Appellate Court Issuing the Opinion

 Theidenticationoftheappellatecourtiscenteredonthepageinuppercase

letters, e.g.,

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE

STATE OF OREGON

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE

STATE OF OREGON

IN THE OREGON TAX COURT

REGULAR DIVISION

IN THE OREGON TAX COURT

MAGISTRATE DIVISION

For nonprecedential memorandum opinions issued by the Court of Appeals, the

following recitation will precede the caption:

This is a nonprecedential memorandum opinion pursuant to ORAP 10.30 and may not be cited

except as provided in ORAP 10.30(1).

C. Names and Roles of the Parties to the Case

Parties are generally listed in the order in which they appeared in the lower court

or tribunal, but using their appellate court designations: appellant, respondent, petitioner

on review, respondent on review, etc. That information is generally taken from the

originatingdocumentledforacase,e.g., the Notice of Appeal or Petition for Judicial

Review.

 Incriminalcases,theSTATEOFOREGONistherstpartylisted,followedby

the full name of the defendant.

D. IdenticationNumbers

 Eachappellatecaseisassignedanumberwhenled,whichiscenteredonthe

title page below the names of the parties to the case and preceded by any identifying

number(s) from the court or agency in which the case originated. If cases have been

consolidated on appeal or review, then both appellate case numbers are listed. A Supreme

Court case number begins with an “S,” a Court of Appeals case number begins with an

“A,” a Tax Court-Regular Division case number begins with “TC,” and a Tax Court-

Magistrate Division case number begins with “TC-MD.”

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E. EnBanc

 Ifacaseisdecidedbythefullcourt,thenthatwillbenotedintherstlinestarting

at the left-hand margin. No period follows the en banc designation. The initial letter in

each word is in uppercase on the title page (e.g., En Banc), but when used within the text

of an opinion, the term is in lowercase letters.

F. Court/AgencyofOrigination

 Identieswhere/howthecaseoriginated.

G. Trial Court Judge

 Identiesjudge(s)whosignedtheappealablejudgment(s)ororder(s)thatarethe

subject of the appeal. The Supreme Court footnotes that information on the title page with

an asterisk.

H. ArguedandSubmittedDate

 Identieswhenthecasewassubmittedandwhetheritwasargued.Somecasesare

submitted on the record only.

I. Names of Counsel

The attorney(s) for all parties to a case are named. If a party appears for himself or

herself (sometimes referred to as pro se), then that is noted. A person or entity appearing

as amicus curiae isalsoidentiedhere,alongwiththecounselofrecord.Counselnames

arelistedastheyappearonthesignaturelineofthebriefsledinthecase.

 RegardingDepartmentofJustice(DOJ)attorneys,useocialtitles(e.g., Attorney

General, Deputy Attorney General, Solicitor General, Deputy Solicitor General, Assistant

AttorneyGeneral),butdonotusesanyinternalDOJclassicationorpositiondescription,

such as “Attorney-in-Charge, Post-Conviction Section” or “Senior Assistant Attorney

General,” etc.

 RegardingOceofPublicDefenseServices(OPDS)attorneys,useocialtitles

(e.g., Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section; Chief Defender, Juvenile Appellate

Section;DeputyPublicDefender),butdonotuseanyinternalOPDSclassicationor

position description, such as “Chief Deputy,” “Senior Deputy Public Defender,” etc.

J. PanelofJudges/Justices

The panel of judges (in the Court of Appeals and also denoting the Presiding

Judge) or the names of the Supreme Court justices deciding the case (if not heard en banc)

are listed. When denoting a judge who has retired or resigned, a judge’s designation will

reectthestatusofthejudgeatthetimetheopinionissues.

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K. Opinion Author(s)

1. Signed Opinions

The author’s name is listed in uppercase. When there is a concurring

or dissenting opinion, the name of its author is listed on the title page after the

decision line (e.g., Smith, J., dissenting.). Each opinion is arranged in this order:

majority; concurring (the authoring justice / judge wishes to write separately,

but agrees with both the result and rationale of the majority opinion); specially

concurring (the authoring justice / judge wishes to write separately and agrees

with the result, but not the rationale, of the majority opinion); concurring in part,

dissenting in part; and dissenting (the authoring justice / judge disagrees with the

resultofthemajorityopinion).Iftwoormorejustices/judgesleaconcurringor

dissentingopinion,thenthemoreseniorjustice’s/judge’sopiniongoesrst.See,

e.g., State v. Dameron, 316 Or 448, 853 P2d 1285 (1993) (for order of opinions).

When there is a nonparticipating justice in the Supreme Court, that justice’s

name is footnoted on the title page of the opinion.

2. Per Curiam Opinions

An opinion that summarily disposes of the case may be designated as Per

Curiam. The Per Curiam designation is also used for all lawyer discipline, Bar

admission,andjudicialtnessmattersbeforetheSupremeCourt.

3. ArmedByAnEquallyDividedCourt

In rare circumstances, the court may be split evenly regarding the

dispositionofacase,inwhicheventthecaseisdeemedtobearmed,although

no signed majority opinion is issued.

L. Disposition of Case

A brief statement of the court’s holding. This holding is repeated as the last line

(set out as a separate paragraph) in the body of the opinion and is referred to as the “tag

line.” The tag line serves as the court’s formal disposition of the case and also serves as

further instruction to the lower tribunal(s).

M. Designation of Prevailing Party and Award of Costs

The last part of a Supreme Court or Court of Appeals title page denotes the

prevailing party and whether, and to whom, the court allows costs.

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II. Body of Opinion

In General

 Bothcustomandtraditioninuencethecontentandformatofappellateopinions,

as does the individual writing style of each judge. It is not the intent here to dictate that

style, but to list standard conventions often used to organize opinions. In describing the

elements of a typical opinion, our purpose is to give the reader a better understanding of

appellate opinions.

Due to the scrutiny to which a published appellate opinion is subjected, the court’s

discussion, analysis, and holding need to be expressed clearly, succinctly, and carefully.

An opinion is crafted to inform the reader of the legal issues presented, discuss the facts,

explainthecourt’sanalysis,andconcludewiththecourt’snaldispositionofthecase.

Because overly long sentences and paragraphs tend to appear formidable, all attempts are

made to present the appellate opinion as straightforwardly as possible. Because appellate

opinions are formal documents, contractions are used only when quoting from a source in

which they appear.

Remember, these are general guidelines only, which means that there always will

be exceptions. The requirements of an individual case may demand deviation from the

norms here listed.

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A. General Format

1. Initial Paragraph–Introduction to the Case

The opinion begins by restating the name of the authoring judge or justice

orbyusingthePerCuriamdesignationinuppercase,setoutseparatelyastherst

line. The introductory paragraph sets out the general nature of the case, which

includes the results in any lower tribunal(s), the main issues on appeal / review, and

thenaldispositionofthecourt.Thatprovidestheframeworkforthedetailsthat

follow.

To the extent possible, the opinion refers to parties by their lower

tribunal(s) designations, e.g.,plainti,defendant,claimant,etc.Exceptionsinclude

the following: (1) domestic relations cases, in which the parties are referred to as

“husband” and “wife”; (2) civil commitment proceedings, in which the person

for whom commitment is sought is referred to by his or her position on appeal

(appellant, respondent); (3) termination of parental rights proceedings, in which

the parents are referred to as “mother” and “father,” and the children are referred

to as “child” or “children” or sometimes by initials. The proper names of victims

are not used. See page 103 for further discussion.

When citing a concurring or dissenting opinion, the author’s last name is

used. When a dissenting or concurring opinion refers to the majority opinion, the

majority opinion is referred to as such, not by its author.

If a party has a long name, a shortened version is usually developed for

use in subsequent references, e.g., First Security Bank of the Northwest may be

referred to simply as “First Security” or “bank.”

2. Statement of Facts

The pertinent facts of a case are set out in a concise and objective manner.

Those facts can be organized in patterns, e.g., chronologically or geographically,

or by issue, witness, or actor. If an issue is complex, the facts may be set out in

general here and then in more detail when discussing the issue to which they

relate.

3. Discussion of Issues

The opinion then addresses the dispositive issue(s) in a manner appropriate

to the circumstances of the case. One approach is to state the parties’ positions,

either in the order in which they were raised below, discussed in the briefs,

or dictated by circumstance; respond to those arguments; and then provide an

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explanation for the result reached by stating the authorities relied on. Simply

stated, the discussion states the issue, how it is resolved on the facts of the case

withcitationtorelevantauthority,andtheeectoftheresolution.

4. Disposition of Case

 Thenalparagraphstatestheresultandgivesinstructionswhennecessary.

The conclusion is followed by the tag line, a separate paragraph that sets out the

court’snalrulingandservesasfurtherinstructiontothelowertribunal(s).

B. StructuralTools

If a case is complex, then the authoring judge may decide to divide the opinion

into designated parts and label them to identify for the reader the discussion of the case.

That is accomplished by using the methods discussed below.

1. Paragraph or Section Headings

a. Format

(1) Headings

An author may decide to use principal divisions within an

opinion. When used, headings for those divisions are centered

and set out in uppercase letters. Roman numerals are not used if

subheads are omitted.

(2) Outline Method

If dividing and labeling an opinion into sections and

subsections, then the standard outline format is used as set out

below. Standard outline rules apply, e.g., if there is a heading

designated I., then there must be a II., if there is a subheading A.,

thentheremustbeaB.,etc.Initialcapsareusedintherstlevel

of subheadings (on all words except articles, prepositions, and

conjunctions) unless the subheading reads as a complete sentence.

Each new level of subheading starts at a new level of indentation,

with an indent following the number or letter.

The levels of outlining are referred to as follows:

Headings (indicated by Roman numerals)

Subheadings (indicated by uppercase letters)

Paragraphs (indicated by numerals)

Subparagraphs (indicated by lower case letters)

Subsubparagraphs (indicated by numbers within parentheses)

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I. HEADING (centered, uppercase, no italic or boldface font,

if there are no subheadings, then do not number headings)

A. Subheading Example with Initial Uppercase

Setsubheadingushleft,beginningwithnonitalicizedalphacharacter“A.”Indent

after alpha character, followed by italicized subheading. If subheading is not a sentence,

then use initial uppercase, but if subheading is a sentence, then use a period and no

initialuppercaseaftertherstword.

1. Paragraph heading is indented and italicized (do not use initial uppercase

aftertherstword;useaperiodonlyifasentence).

2. If there is a paragraph 1, then there must be a paragraph 2.

a. Subparagraph heading is indented twice, no italics.

b. If there is a subparagraph a, then there must be a subparagraph b.

(1) Subsubparagraph heading is indented yet again, no italics.

(2) If there is a subsubparagraph (1), then there must be a

subsubparagraph (2).

This is an example of a subheading that does not require initial uppercase but does

use a period, because it is a sentence.

If there is a subheading A, then there must be a subheading B. Paragraphs that

followanyoftheseheadingsareformattedlikethisone,ushleftwitharst-lineindent.

NOTE:

With regard to case names in subheadings, if the opinion subheadings

onlyinvolvetherstscenario(seebelow),italicizethecasename,whichreads

better to the reader. But, if the opinion subheadings have both scenarios (or

only the second one), then format as follows, for internal consistency:

A. State v. Baker

B. State v. Jones and its Progeny

b. Bulleted or Numbered Lists

It may be more clear to organize certain text, e.g., events, dates,

testimony, etc., using a bulleted or numbered list. The bulleted list generally

isindented.Theuseofbulletscanhelptodierentiateitemsinalistthat

need no particular order, e.g.,

• Car of little or no value

• Boat valued at $10,000

• Personal jewelry that is valued at more than $5,000, but less than

$10,000, and similar items.

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Numbered lists, with each numeral appearing inside a set of paren-

theses, help to organize and display information to show relationship, e.g.,

Defendant argues as follows: (1) the trial court erred; (2) the error was

not harmless; and (3) his conviction should be reversed.

See pages 87 to 88 for further discussion regarding the proper

structure for numbered lists.

2. Quotations

When construing a statute or administrative rule, for example, the author

generally quotes the pertinent text. The purpose of quotation is to provide the

reader with the information necessary to understand the court’s discussion of the

issues and the law governing its analysis. The proper format for quoted material is

discussed in the Citation and Quotation sections.

3. Footnotes

a. In General

Footnotes document sources of information or make ancillary

references. Substantive information is best addressed within the body of the

opinion. Footnote text begins on the same line as the superscripted footnote

number, except when the footnote begins with a block quotation.

b. Citations in Footnotes

When citing a case in a footnote and the case has not previously been

cited (in text or footnote), use the full case citation. If the case has already

been cited (in text or footnote), then use a short citation. (Note that, if a case

iscitedforthersttimeinafootnote,thentherstsubsequentcitationto

that case in the text must also be a full citation. See pages 20 and 25.)

Referencing to and Setting Out Footnoted Text Within Body of Opinion

Footnote numbers, where applicable, are placed after periods,

commas, colons, semicolons, and quotation marks. Footnote numbers also

are placed after a closing parenthesis, unless the footnote refers to material

inside the parentheses. Footnote numbers inserted within quoted material

are set out using superscripted brackets.

4. Maps / Pictures / Appendices

It may be necessary to include graphic information to convey a more clear

understanding of the issue(s). In that event, a photograph, map, or chart is either

appended to the opinion or inserted within the text where applicable. When included,

anappendixisusuallyrstdescribedinnarrativeform.Theappendixtypically

begins on a separate page at the end of the opinion with the heading “Appendix.”

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C. Writing Tools

1. Fonts

a. Italics and Underscoring

Italic typeface is used within opinions to denote case names, to set

out introductory signals, to indicate and less common foreign terminology,

and to supply emphasis. See examples listed on page 67. Excessive use of

italics for emphasis is discouraged.

Underscoring is used only in quotations when the original source

used underscoring for emphasis or headings and the like.

b. Boldface and Uppercase

It is best to avoid using a variety of styles and fonts within an

opinion. Use of boldface or all uppercase letters in text is discouraged as a

distractiontothereader.Italictypegenerallyissucienttoshowemphasis.

Avoid using UPPERCASE BOLDFACE ITALIC, asitisdiculttoread.

2. Make Smooth Transitions

When turning to a new issue or argument within an opinion, use

introductory sentences or paragraphs to indicate transition between discussions.

Use signal words to connect thoughts back to a preceding point or ahead to the

next one, e.g., further, however, consequently, etc. Explore one idea per paragraph,

relating each sentence to that central idea.

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CITATION

In General

In legal citation, it is paramount to cite authorities in a clear and concise manner,

thereby enabling the reader to locate those sources. Within this Style Manual, we have

endeavored to include citation examples of sources often cited within the framework of

appellate opinions. When citing an authority not discussed here, follow the format of like

material.

 Citationsshouldbemadetoocialprintsourceswheneverpossible.Ifthereisno

ocialprintedversionorifitisdiculttoobtain,orthepublishingentityhasdesignated

anelectronicsourceastheocialversion,thencitationtothatsourceshouldfollowthe

format (as closely as possible) as described within this manual.

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I. Organization and Arrangement

A. The Bluebook

The appellate courts generally follow the citation practices set out in the most

current version of The Harvard Law Review Association’s The Bluebook, A Uniform

System of Citation, except as noted in this Style Manual. The Bluebook is used as the

default source for citation questions not addressed here.

B. ConsistencyofCitations

 Ifyoucannotndaspecicrulethataddressesyourparticularcitationsituation,

then cite the authority in a clear, sensible manner that will convey the information needed

tondthecitedauthority.Consistencywithinaparticulardocumentisimportanttoavoid

distracting and confusing the reader.

In subsequent case history, if all the decisions in one case take place during the

same year, then place the date (year) once at the end of the entire citation. However, if

the decisions span more than one year, then place all years in the appropriate places, as

shown in the examples. See, e.g., pages 23 to 24.

Standard references used for prior or subsequent case history in citations are as

follows:

AcceptableAbbreviations:   TermsNotAbbreviated:

adh’d to on recons (adhered) allowed (not all)

a’d (armed) appeal dismissed

cert (certiorari) as improvidently allowed

cert den (certiorari denied) compiled as a note after

recons (reconsideration; not recon) decision by order

reh’g (rehearing) dismissed (not dism)

rem’d (remanded) modied (not mod)

rev’d (reversed) overruled on other grounds

rev (revised)

rev den (review denied)

vac’d (vacated)

writ den (writ of mandamus denied)

C. Case Names

When citing Oregon appellate cases, DO NOT use the title page, a regional

reporter,Premise,Westlaw,orLEXISasasourcefortheocialcasename.Usethecase

nameexactlyaspublishedintheocialstatereporter,locatedatthetopofeitherthe

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odd- or even-numbered pages. In the Oregon Reports and the Oregon Appellate Courts

Advance Sheets, the case name appears on the even-numbered pages.

ExceptionforcasesconcerningthefederalViolenceAgainstWomenAct(VAWA):

PerJointCJO23-012/23-01,eectiveApril1,2023,whencitingtoanyVAWA

case, the author shall modify the case names to include only the initials of the

protected party, regardless of how the case names were previously published. As

stated in Joint CJO 23-012/23-01, cases are designated as “VAWA cases” in the

Appellate Case Management System and include civil stalking, Family Abuse Pre-

vention Act, Elderly Persons with Disabilities Abuse Prevention Act, Registration

of Foreign Restraining Orders, Sexual Abuse Protection Orders, Extreme Risk

Protection Orders, and Punitive Contempt Cases, most of which involve the vio-

lationofrestrainingorders,aswellasotherindividualcasesthatcourtstahave

determined should be so designated under the provisions of VAWA.

In the Oregon Reports and the Oregon Appellate Courts Advance Sheets, the case

name appears on the even-numbered pages. If citing a case from a jurisdiction that does

nothaveitsownseparateocialreporterorifyoudonothaveaccesstotheocial

reports, then use the case name as used in the regional reporter or follow the naming

conventions as set out in The Bluebook when using online services. Cases that are

ArmedWithoutOpinionarelistedintablesusingtheirfullcasetitles.Intheeventthat

such a case needs to be cited using a shortened case name, please contact the Publications

Program for the correct case name if it is not easily discernible.

In older bound volumes of the Oregon Reports, case names are shown with small

uppercase letters. Replace those with ordinary Roman type for citation purposes. Also

in older volumes, running heads are sometimes shown using et al., et ux., or et vir. to

indicate additional parties. For purposes of consistency when citing such cases, those

abbreviations should be included, as well as their punctuation.

D. SpacesandAbbreviationsofCitations

Generally, spaces in citations are used to separate longer abbreviations, e.g.,

S Ct, F Supp, L Ed 2d, Or L Rev, Tex App, etc. A space is not necessary between adjacent

single uppercase letters or numerals and ordinals that are treated as single uppercase

letters, e.g., P3d, NE2d, NYS2d, but insert a space before any abbreviation containing

two or more letters, e.g., So 2d. Periods are not used after abbreviations, except when

quoting material in which they are included.

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E. String Citations

When using string citations, follow The Bluebook format for the order of

authorities, i.e., (1) cases decided by the same court, or by all federal circuit courts of

appeals or federal district courts, are arranged in reverse chronological order; and

(2)dierentcourtsgenerallyaresetoutbyrank.Useasemicolon,notacommaorthe

word “and,” to separate citations within a string.

F. Signals

Introductory signals are used to indicate the level of support to be found in a

citation, suggest comparison, indicate contradiction, or indicate background material.

When using a signal, it is important to recognize the intent of the signal. Some signals

indicate support: e.g., see, see also, accord, cf.; others comparison: compare (using the

construction compare and or compare with); or contradiction: contra, but see, but cf.;

and background: see generally. Like signals are grouped into a single citation sentence,

separated by a semicolon.

The courts generally follow The Bluebook regarding the appropriate use of signals,

i.e., the meaning of each signal, order of signals, order of authorities within signals,

and parentheticals with signals. When using signals, the courts typically include a

parentheticalexplanationbrieydescribingtherelevanceoftheauthoritycited,e.g.,

Cf. State v. Brown, 300 Or 125, 130, 860 P2d 498 (1985) (hearsay inadmissible at trial).

See, e.g., OEC 401 (regarding relevancy of evidence).

School Dist. 1, Mult. Co. v. Bingham et al., 204 Or 601, 611, 283 P2d 670, modied on

reh’g, 204 Or 606, 284 P2d 779 (1955) (when interpreting Oregon Constitution, court

must assume that every word, clause, and sentence therein inserted for some useful

purpose).

NOTE: No signal is needed when the cited authority directly states the

proposition; in some situations, it still may be advisable to include a parenthetical

explanation, even if no signal is used. Also, note that the internal comma within a

signal is italicized.

G. ParentheticalInformation

Parenthetical explanations are added as needed to describe the relevance of an

authority that is cited in the text. Although not mandatory, often that information is

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helpfulforclarication.Aparentheticalstatementcanconsistofquotedmaterialora

brief statement. When including a parenthetical explanation in a case with citations

to subsequent history, place the explanation following all the subsequent case history.

Quoted statements that read as a complete sentence should include an initial uppercase

letter and period (with brackets and / or an ellipsis, if appropriate), but other material that

reads as a sentence does not receive an initial uppercase letter or a period, e.g.,

Old v. Navy, 555 Or App 444, 447, 222 P3d 888 (2015) (“[An] award of ‘reasonable’

attorney fees does not preclude the use of a multiplier or other fee enhancement * * *.

Such an enhancement may be applied at the beginning of the calculation process.”).

Aber v. Crombie, 123 Or 234, 236, 456 P3d 678 (2015) (the constitution does not pro-

vide that shirts have to be “button down”).

See, e.g., People v. Vasquez, 148 P3d 326, 330 (Colo Ct App 2006), rev den, No

06SC556, 2006 WL 3404625 (Colo, Nov 27, 2006) (“Because the reasonable person

standard requires a ‘defendant [to] appraise the situation as would a reasonable sober

[person],’evidenceofvoluntaryintoxicationisirrelevanttothedefendant’sarmative

defense of self-defense.” (Quoting LaFave, 2 Substantive Criminal Law § 9.5(d) at 51

(emphasis in LaFave; brackets in Vasquez).)).

More examples of parenthetical phrases can be found on pages 57 to 58.

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II. Case Law

A. Oregon–Full Citations

 Whencitingacaseforthersttimeinthetextofanopinion(majority,concurring,

or dissenting) use the full case citation. (If the case has previously been cited in full in a

footnote,thenthersttextualcitationtothecaseshouldstillbeafullcitation.)Seepage

13.

The basic citation format for a full case citation includes these elements, in this

order:nameofthecase(usingtheocialrunninghead,butredactinganyprotected

party’s name to initials in VAWA cases, see example on page 25); volume, abbreviated

nameoftheocialreporter,andbeginningpagenumberofthecase;parallelcitationto

regional reporter; parenthetical indicating year case was decided; subsequent history; and

any other pertinent parenthetical information.

1. Supreme Court

PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 317 Or 606, 859 P2d 1143 (1993).

NOTE: Oregon Supreme Court cases issued before 1888 have no parallel

citations.

On rehearing

Older Oregon cases with separate “rehearing” decisions have one Oregon

citation (because the rehearing decision was published immediately after the initial

decision), but two West citations. For those cases, the year shown in the published

case name at the top of the odd- or even-numbered pages is the year that a decision

onrehearingwasissued,nottheyearthatthecaseinitiallywasdecided(ifdierent).

Citation to such cases depends on whether you are citing to the original decision or

the decision on rehearing.

If citing the initial decision, include the date of that decision, then include

the rehearing information as subsequent history:

State v. Laundy, 103 Or 443, 455, 204 P 958 (1921), reh’g den, 103 Or 503,

206 P 290 (1922).

NOTE: Opinion on the merits begins on page 443, but opinion on

rehearing starts on page 503.

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If citing the rehearing decision, then cite both decisions, with the rehearing

year and a “rehearing” indicator:

State v. Laundy, 103 Or 443, 503, 206 P 290 (1922) (on rehearing).

On reconsideration (specify disposition):

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Tualatin Tire & Auto, 322 Or 406, 908 P2d 300

(1995), modied on recons, 325 Or 46, 932 P2d 1141 (1997).

NOTE: If citing only the case on reconsideration, it is not necessary to include the

earlier case citation, e.g., Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Tualatin Tire & Auto,

325 Or 46, 932 P2d 1141 (1997).

Overruled by subsequent Oregon case:

Rose v. Port of Portland, 82 Or 541, 552, 162 P 498 (1917), overruled in part

on other grounds by State ex rel Heinig v. Milwaukie et al, 231 Or 473, 479,

373 P2d 680 (1962).

Rejected by subsequent Oregon case:

State v. Smith, 295 Or 200, 625 P2d 20 (1981), rejected in part by State v.

Jones, 321 Or 100, 805 P2d 150 (1991).

(Other alternatives, such as, “abrogated by” and “questioned by,” can be

used as appropriate.)

Certiorari (or writ) denied by United States Supreme Court:

Dept. of Trans. v. Lundberg, 312 Or 568, 825 P2d 641, cert den, 506 US 975

(1992).

Whitman v. United States, 904 F Supp 2d 363 (SDNY 2012), writ den, 574 US

___, 135 S Ct 352 (2014).

NOTE: (1) Always include cert den, if applicable. (2) If certiorari is dismissed,

use the same format as the above example, substituting “cert dismissed” for “cert

den.” (3) Unless certiorari is denied or dismissed by opinion, parallel citations

are not necessary for “cert den” or “cert dismissed” after they are published in the

United States Reports.

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Certiorari granted by United States Supreme Court (include as much

information as is available at the time that you are writing). These examples list

earliest to latest sources:

State v. Ice, 343 Or 248, 70 P3d 1049, cert granted, __ US __, 76 USLW 3496

(Mar 17, 2008).

State v. Ice, 343 Or 248, 70 P3d 1049, cert granted, __ US __, 128 S Ct 1657

(2008).

State v. Ice, 343 Or 248, 70 P3d 1049, cert granted, 552 US 1256 (2008).

Supreme Court opinion reversed by United States Supreme Court:

Gilliam County v. Dept. of Environmental Quality, 316 Or 99, 849 P2d 500

(1993), rev’d and rem’d sub nom Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of

Environmental Quality of Ore., 511 US 93, 114 S Ct 1345, 128 L Ed 2d 13 (1994).

Sub nomindicatesthatadierentcasenamewasusedinsubsequent

history. Regarding changing case names, follow this rule: When the name of the

casediersinpriororsubsequenthistory,thenewnamemustbegiven,except

(1) when the parties’ names merely are reversed; (2) when the citation in which

thedierenceoccursistoadenialofcertiorari or rehearing; or (3) when, in the

appeal of an administrative action, the name of the private party remains the same.

Use the word “by” when referring to subsequent case history only if

referringtoanentirelydierentcase,e.g.,

Keenan v. Norris-Lampe, 330 Or 456, 777 P2d 897 (1999), overruled on other

grounds by Bennett v. Bauman, 333 Or 566, 790 P2d 654 (2001).

Otherwise, use sub nom, as explained above, e.g.,

Smith v. Jones, 330 Or 456, 777 P2d 897 (1999), rev’d on other grounds sub nom

Jones and White v. Smith, 668 US 123, 113 S Ct 1346, 129 L Ed 2d 14 (2001).

2. Court of Appeals

Precedential opinions:

Lesch v. DeWitt, 118 Or App 397, 847 P2d 888 (1993).

Nonprecedential memorandum opinions (cited in accordance with ORAP

10.30):

State v. Nord, 320 Or App 672 (2022) (nonprecedential memorandum opinion).

NOTE:

Because the parenthetical included in nonprecedential

memorandum opinions concerns weight of authority, it precedes any

subsequent history, such as opinions on reconsideration or the denial

of review by the Supreme Court, e.g., Party v. Party, 320 Or App 486

(nonprecedential memorandum opinion), rev den, 370 Or 56 (2022).

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Overruled by subsequent Oregon case:

Eklund v. Clackamas County, 36 Or App 73, 583 P2d 567 (1978), overruled on

other grounds by Forman v. Clatsop County, 63 Or App 617, 665 P2d 365 (1983).

Supreme Court review denied:

Allred v. Board of Parole, 124 Or App 278, 862 P2d 546 (1993), rev den, 318

Or 325 (1994).

More than one petition for review denied:

Allred v. Board of Parole, 124 Or App 278, 862 P2d 546 (1993), rev den, 318

Or 325; 318 Or 502 (1994).

NOTE: (1) Always include rev den and cert den, if applicable. (2) Unless the

review denied or certiorari denied citation is not available or there is an opinion

denying review or certiorari, parallel citations are not necessary. (3) Before 1976,

disposition of petitions for review were not published; accordingly, only the year

and disposition are indicated, e.g., State v. Smith, 14 Or App 72 (1973), rev den

(1974).(4)Whenapetitionforreviewhasbeenledinacase,butnotyetacted

on, the current practice of the appellate courts is NOT to show that review is

pending. However, practitioners may want to do so when writing a brief.

Supreme Court review allowed, but case not yet decided:

Lesch v. DeWitt, 118 Or App 397, 847 P2d 888, rev allowed, 317 Or 162 (1993).

Supreme Court review allowed, then later dismissed:

Finch v. Andrews, 124 Or App 558, 863 P2d 496, rev dismissed, 320 Or 267 (1994).

NOTE: If applicable, it is optional to include “as improvidently allowed”

after “rev dismissed.”

 CourtofAppealsdecisionarmedbySupremeCourt:

State v. McCoy, 17 Or App 155, 521 P2d 1074, a’d, 270 Or 340, 527 P2d 725 (1974).

Court of Appeals decision reversed by Supreme Court:

State v. Cloutier, 33 Or App 121, 575 P2d 996, rev’d on other grounds, 286 Or

579, 596 P2d 278 (1979).

Court of Appeals decision remanded by Supreme Court:

State v. White, 59 Or App 61, 650 P2d 184 (1982), rem’d, 297 Or 302, 685 P2d

983 (1984).

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Court of Appeals decision on reconsideration (specify disposition):

Kirpal Light Satsang v. Douglas County, 96 Or App 207, 772 P2d 944, adh’d

to on recons, 97 Or App 614, 776 P2d 1312 (1989).

State v. Ramirez, 205 Or App 113, 133 P3d 343, adh’d to on recons, 207 Or

App 1, 139 P3d 981 (2006), rev’d on other grounds, 343 Or 505, 173 P3d 817

(2007), adh’d to as modied on recons, 344 Or 195, 179 P3d 673 (2008).

NOTE: Whether to include “on other grounds” in subsequent history to the Court

of Appeals opinion depends on the proposition for which the case is being cited.

Court of Appeals decision vacated by unpublished order:

Davis v. Johnson, 155 Or App 266, 958 P2d 907 (1998), decision vac’d by

order, July 21, 1998.

Oregon review denied and United States Supreme Court certiorari denied

(but not by opinion):

State Highway Com. v. DeLong Corp., 9 Or App 550, 495 P2d 1215, rev den

(1972), cert den, 411 US 965 (1973).

Axen v. American Home Products Corp., 158 Or App 292, 974 P2d 224, adh’d

to on recons, 160 Or App 19, 981 P2d 340, rev den, 329 Or 357 (1999), cert

den, 528 US 1136 (2000).

If certiorari is dismissed, use the same format as the above example,

substituting “cert dismissed” for “cert den.”

Certiorari denied by opinion by United States Supreme Court:

State v. Smith, 30 Or App 462, 575 P2d 369, rev den, 282 Or 823 (1978), cert

den, 454 US 324, 99 S Ct 379, 25 L Ed 2d 889 (1979).

Appeal dismissed by United States Supreme Court (if by opinion, as in the

example below, include parallel citations; otherwise, cite only United States Reporter):

Boykin v. Ott, 10 Or App 210, 498 P2d 815, rev den (1972), appeal dismissed,

411 US 912, 36 S Ct 304, 93 L Ed 2d 1554 (1973).

3. Tax Court

Regular Division:

Fellows v. Dept. of Rev., 14 OTR 13 (1999).

Unpublished Regular Division Decisions:

Fellows v. Dept. of Rev., TC 4952, WL 2037643 (Or Tax, May 24, 1999).

(optional to include online reference, but recommended)

Magistrate Division:

Jacobs v. Harney Co., 16 OTR-MD 344 (2001).

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Unpublished Magistrate Division Decisions:

Jacobs v. Harney Co., TC-MD 994356Z, WL 842084 at *3 (Or Tax M Div,

Apr 7, 2000). (optional to include online reference, but recommended)

NOTE: For citing subsequent history, refer to examples for the Court of

Appeals.

4. Case Not Yet Appearing in Publication

Jones v. State of Oregon, ___ Or ___, ___, ___ P3d ___ (Apr 1, 2013) (slip op

at 15:9-16).

Smith, ___ Or at ___ (slip op at 28:6 - 29:2).

Smith, ___ Or at ___, ___ (slip op at 28:6 - 29:2; slip op at 31:17 - 32:2).

NOTE: To ensure correct cross-referencing within a slip opinion, the appellate

courts cite the appropriate page number(s). For added accuracy, the Supreme Court

alsoincludesthespeciclinenumber(s).

Smith v. Jones, ___ Or App ___, ___ n 3, ___ P3d ___ (Feb 1, 2013) (emphasis

added) (slip op at 5 n 3).

5. Circuit Court Cases

State v. Cazares-Mendoza, Case No. C062326CR.

6. VAWA (Violence Against Women Act) Cases

Case title in court records: Protected Party v. Second Party

Title Page format: P. P. v. SECOND PARTY

Full citation format (even if previously published as Party v. Party):

P. P. v. Party, 325 Or App 123, 456 P3d 789 (2023).

Short citation format: P. P. , 325 Or App at 124.

NOTE:Whenredactinganametoinitials,usetherstletterofeachnameintheprotectedpar-

ty’s name, maintaining hyphens, if used (e.g., Jane Doe-Smith v. John Doe would be formatted

J. D.-S. v. Doe, if Jane is the protected party; Doe-Smith v. J. D., if John is the protected party).

Shortcitationformatfollowsthesamerulessetoutbelow--usingtherst nongovernmental

party, whether initials or not.

NOTE: If uncertain as to what the proper shortened case name would be for a case, such

asanopinionissuedthesamedayoracasethatwasarmedwithoutopinion,contactthe

Publications Program for the correct case name for citation purposes (as there is a limit to

the number of characters that can be used).

B. Oregon–Short Citations and Other Issues

1. In General

When citing a case that has already been cited in the text of an opinion, use

a short citation. However, if the only previous citation to a case is in a footnote,

usethefullcitationthersttimethecaseiscitedinthetext.Seepage13.

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When using a shortened case name in a short citation, the shortened case

nameistherstnongovernmentalpartyappearingintheocialcasename

citation, e.g.,

State v. Bates,304Or519,747P2d991(1987).(fullcitation,rstreference)

Short citation form is [shortened case name], [volume number] [reporter] at

[page], e.g.,

Bates, 304 Or at 522 (eliminating the parallel citation).

 Whencitingaspecicpagewhenthecasenameisusedinthesentence

being cited, or if there otherwise is no doubt as to the case being cited, the case

name may be omitted from the citation, e.g.,

In Bates,thiscourtstatedthattheocersviolateddefendant’sconstitutional

rights by instructing him to move bag into view. 304 Or at 527.

In Bates, this court addressed a similar issue. The court held that, by order-

ing defendant to move the bag, the police violated defendant’s constitutional

rights. 304 Or at 527.

Otherwise, include the shortened case name with the citation:

Thiscourtheldthattheocersviolateddefendant’sconstitutionalrightsby

instructing him to move the bag into view. Bates, 304 Or at 527.

NOTE:Evenwhenagovernmentalocialisindividuallynamed,usethe

rstnongovernmentalpartyappearingintheocialcasenamecitationforthe

shortened case name.

2. Variations on Case Name

If a shortened case name causes confusion, such as if two cases with similar

names have been cited within the same opinion, then use the full case name for

each throughout the opinion, e.g.,

State v. Bates

Bates v. Smith

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When both parties have the same last name, as in some domestic relations

matters, e.g., Smith and Smith, use Smith as the short cite.

Additionally, an explanation might need to be added for clarity, such as a

modiedcasenameinparentheses,iftherearerelatedcasesinaseries,e.g.,

The accused has a disciplinary record, having been suspended twice from the

practice of law. See In re Wyllie, 326 Or 447, 952 P2d 550 (1998) (Wyllie I)

(one-year suspension for refusing to comply with remedial program); In re

Wyllie, 327 Or 175, 957 P2d 1222 (1998) (Wyllie II ) (two-year suspension for

misrepresenting compliance with MCLE requirements and failing to cooper-

ate). In Wyllie I, * * *

TheCourtofAppealsarmedthetortjudgment,concludingthatitwasunneces-

sary to resolve the breach of contract counterclaim. Northwest Natural Gas Co. v.

Chase Gardens, Inc., 146 Or App 249, 933 P2d 370 (1997) (Chase I ). This court

allowed review in Chase I, reversed, and remanded for consideration of Chase’s

contract claim. Northwest Natural Gas Co. v. Chase Gardens, Inc., 328 Or 487,

982 P2d 1117 (1999) (Chase II ). On remand, the Court of Appeals, relying in

large part on its earlier decision and this court’s decision in Chase II, concluded

that Chase’s breach of contract judgment could not be sustained. Northwest

Natural Gas Co. v. Chase Gardens, Inc., 164 Or App 763, 995 P2d 555 (2000)

(Chase III ). We now reverse the Court of Appeals decision in Chase III.

In lawyer disciplinary cases, the shortened case name is the lawyer’s last

name, without the In re designation, e.g.,

In re Jones, 326 Or 195, 951 P2d 149 (1997). (full citation form)

Jones, 326 Or at 198. (short citation form)

In mandamus cases initiated after 1997, the case name is the same as the

case name of the proceeding in the lower court, and the judge’s name (if the case

involves a circuit court judge action) does not appear in the title, e.g., State v.

Foster. In older mandamus cases, the name of the judge whose action was being

challenged was included in the title, together with a “State ex rel” designation; cite

such cases as follows:

State ex rel Huddleston v. Sawyer, 324 Or 597, 932 P2d 1145 (1997). (full

citation form)

Huddleston, 324 Or at 600. (short citation form)

NOTE: The appellate courts do not use “supra” as a substitute for short citations.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 28 Go to INDEX

3. Citation to Series of Pages

When citing a series of pages, indicate the page numbers as follows:

Stranahan, 331 Or at 57-58.

Fugate, 332 Or at 202-03. (not 202-3)

Joslin, 332 Or at 499-501. (not 499-01)

4. Use of “id.” with Case Names

When citing the immediately preceding authority, it is acceptable to use id.,

e.g.,

Id. at 525.

If citing the same page of the immediately preceding authority, then use id.

without the page number.

CAUTION: Do not use id. where there is an intervening citation to another

authority (be it a case name, statute, or some other authority). When there is an

intervening textual reference, use id. only when there is no danger of ambiguity.

5. Citation to Footnote

State v. Trenary, 114 Or App 608, 610 n 2, 836 P2d 739 (1992).

Trenary, 114 Or App at 610 n 2. (short citation form)

When citing a series of footnotes, indicate the page numbers as follows:

State v. Trenary, 114 Or App 608, 610 nn 3-5, 836 P2d 739 (1992).

State v. Trenary, 114 Or App 608, 610 n 3, 611 nn 4 & 5, 836 P2d 739 (1992).

NOTE: Citationistotherstpageonwhichthefootnoteappears,evenifitspans

more than one page, no matter where the pertinent text actually appears.

When citing text contained in the body of the opinion and also in a footnote

set out on the same page, set out the page number twice, e.g.,

Trenary, 114 Or App at 610, 610 n 2.

Trenary, 114 Or App at 610 & n 2.

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6. Internal Citations; Dissents; Concurrences

The majority cites a dissenting or concurring opinion in all references

(regardless of the number of dissenting or concurring opinions) as follows:

The dissent contends that the statute operates prospectively only. ___ Or App

at ___ (Smith, J., dissenting) (slip op at 3).

A dissent or concurrence cites the majority opinion as follows (do not

include the case name):

The majority concludes that the statute operates retroactively. ___ Or App at

___ (slip op at 7).

A dissent or concurrence cites itself as follows:

As noted above, I dissent because I disagree with the majority’s statutory con-

struction and conclusion. ___ Or App at ___ (Smith, J., dissenting) (slip op at 1).

NOTE: Do not use supra or infra and do not use only “See note 6” when referring

to earlier or later parts of an opinion (be it majority, concurring, or dissenting);

instead, use the short citation. For example, a majority internal citation is set out as:

Asnoted,ORS813.010prohibitsdrivingundertheinuenceofintoxicants.

See ___ Or App at ___ n 6 (slip op at 4 n 6).

7. Short Citation Form for Oregon Tax Cases

Fellows, 14 OTR at 17. (Regular Division)

Jacobs, 16 OTR-MD at 347. (Magistrate Division)

8. Possessive Endings on Case Names

When a name of a case takes a possessive ending, the “ 's ” is not italicized,

e.g.,

Bates’s rule applies in this case.

C. FederalJurisdictions

For United States Supreme Court cases, the case name for citation purposes

is taken from the case name citation in the United States Reports (US), if available

(which appears on the odd-numbered pages); otherwise, use the case name citation

fromanalternativereporter.(Notethatthecasenamecitationsfrequentlydierinthose

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publications.) The short citation also is to the US Reports, if available; otherwise, cite

the Supreme Court reports, if available, if not, then cite the Lawyer’s Edition. (Note that

some material within the text of the Court’s opinions, such as citations and quotations,

often varies between publications.) If the US Reports citation is not available, insert

“___ US ___” (including a blank for a jump / pinpoint) citation, if applicable) in all

full and short citations, before the citation to an alternative reporter.

1. United States Supreme Court

Wagner v. Oregon,492US914,109SCt3235,163LEd2d583(1989).(rst

reference)

Wagner, 492 US at 916. (short citation form)

NOTE: It is acceptable to refer to Miranda v. Arizona without including full

citation, e.g., “Miranda rights” or “Miranda warnings.”

2. Federal 3d and 2d (case name appears on odd-numbered pages)

Johnson v. Clifton, 74 F3d 1087 (11th Cir), cert den, 519 US 808 (1996).

Freije v. United States, 408 F2d 100, 102 (1st Cir), cert den, 396 US 859 (1969).

U.S. v. Echeverri, 982 F2d 675 (1st Cir 1993).

United States v. Wainwright, 413 F2d 796, 803 (10th Cir 1969), cert den, 396

US 1009 (1970).

3. Federal Supplement (case name appears on odd-numbered pages)

Lucas v. Seagrave Corporation, 277 F Supp 338 (D Minn 1967).

United States v. Zeiger, 350 F Supp 685 (DDC), rev’d, 475 F2d 1280 (DC Cir

1972).

If unpublished:

Smith v. Jones, No CV 96-6109-TC (D Or Feb 5, 2001).

NOTE: For abbreviations of federal district courts, see The Bluebook.

4. Federal Cases with Incomplete Information

United States v. Edwards, ___ US ___, 94 S Ct 1100, 39 L Ed 2d 771 (1974).

(rstreference)

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Id. at ___, 94 S Ct at 1109 (short citation form)

Washington v. Glucksberg, ___ US ___, ___ S Ct ___, ___ L Ed 2d ___, 65

USLW 4669 (June 24, 1997).

United States v. Louiriev, 22 Crim L Rep 2369, ___ F2d ___ (8th Cir, Dec 30,

1977).

Naquin v. Elevating Boats, L.L.C., 744 F3d 927 (5th Cir), cert den, ___ US

___, 135 S Ct 357 (2014).

5. Federal Tax Cases

The order of authority for federal tax cases is (1) the United States Supreme

Court; (2) federal courts of appeals; (3) federal district courts; and (4) the United

States Tax Court. Federal tax cases from the United States Supreme Court, United

States Court of Appeals, Court of Federal Claims, and United States District Court

are combined and bound as “U.S. Tax Cases”; therefore, the best citation will

contain both the federal and parallel citations. For example,

Furlow, Jr. v. U.S., 55 F Supp 2d 360, 2000-1 US Tax Cas (CCH) ¶ 50,684 (D

Md 1999).

NOTE: “U.S. Tax Cases” often is abbreviated as “USTC,” but that is not the

formal citation.

United States Tax Court:

Benson v. Commissioner, 80 TC 789 (1983).

Crook v. Maine, 132 TCM (CCH) 44 (1999). (memorandum decision)

D. States Other Than Oregon

NOTE: For abbreviations of state and regional reporters, see The Bluebook.

 ForstatesotherthanOregon,citetheocialreporterrst,thenaddtheregional

reporterwhenusingjump/pinpointcitationsbecausethatbenetsreaderswhohave

access to only regional reporters, e.g.,

In Statser v. Statser, 205 Okla 608, 611, 239 P2d 764, 766 (1951), the court stated:

“[T]he terms of the condition are directed to defendant’s granting or withhold-

ing permission; the condition does not purport to authorize police action.”

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The court continued:

“Defendant, of course, may argue that the safeguard for employees

exceeds the ordinary standard of due care considering the nature of the risk

and the foreseeability of injury.”

Id. at 615, 239 P2d at 768.

NOTE: The appellate courts accept practitioners’ submissions jump / pinpoint citing only

regional reporters except when citing Oregon appellate decisions.

For cases not yet appearing in publication, it is acceptable to use a citation to

Westlaw, e.g.,

State v. Smith, No 26245-2-II, 2013 WL 651868 at *2 (Wash App Div 2, Apr 19, 2013).

 Whentheocialreporter(i.e., the state reporter) is the same for both the highest

court and the intermediate appellate court, include the court abbreviation in the date

parenthetical, e.g.,

State v. Gray, 231 Ariz 374, 295 P3d 951 (Ariz Ct App 2013).

 Whentheocialreporteristheregionalreporter,includethecourtabbreviationin

the date parenthetical, e.g.,

Golphin v. State, 945 So 2d 1174 (Fla 2006).

E. OnlineSources

A case unreported in a print source can be cited if it resides online in a readily

recognizedsource.Thecasename,number,databaseidentier,courtname,andcomplete

dateshouldbeincludedalongwithanyotheridentiersthatarepertinenttoitslocation.

Silva v. Mt. Bachelor, Inc., No CV 06-6330-AA, 2008 WL 2889656 at *2 (D Or July

21, 2008).

For cases having a state citation, in part, and an online citation, in part:

Zollner v. Smith, 268 Ga App 480, 484, 602 SE2d 140, 141, rev den, 2004 Ga LEXIS

1059 (2004).

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III. Constitutional, Statutory, and Other Related Citations

NOTE: Id. (or id. § ___, if applicable) can be used as a subsequent reference citation to

constitutional provisions, statutory and code provisions (both current provisions and older

codes), legislative commentary, and other types of sources discussed in this section.

A. Oregon Citations

1. Oregon Constitution

a. Narrative Form:

Article I, section 17, of the Oregon Constitution provides that * * *.

(rstreference)

Article VII (Amended), section 1, provides that * * *. (subsequent

reference)

b. Citation Form:

Or Const, Art I, § 17.

Or Const, Art VII (Amended), § 3.

Or Const, Art VII (Original).

Or Const, Art XI, § 11b(2)(b).

Or Const, Art I, § 11 (1857). (denoting the original version of Article

I, section 11, NOT the current version)

NOTE: (1) The word “Article” is always shown as beginning with an uppercase “A.”

(2) The article number is always a Roman numeral. (3) “Amended” begins with an

uppercase “A.” (4) In narrative, the word “section” is always lowercase except in a

heading or subheading. (5) Do not use periods after abbreviations. (6) Original Article

VII was replaced in 1910, which is why it is referred to as amended.

2. Oregon Laws

Oregon Laws 1989, chapter 790, section 87. (narrative form)

Oregon Laws 1990, chapter 2, sections 45 to 47 (Special Session). (narrative

form)

Oregon Laws 1995, chapter 790, section 84, directs the commission to * * *.

(narrative form)

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Or Laws 1989, ch 790, § 87. (citation form)

Or Laws 1990, ch 2, §§ 3-10 (Spec Sess). (citation form)

NOTE: Insert a space after a section or paragraph symbol; when using two

such symbols, no space separates them.

Statutes that have not been assigned by the legislature to an ORS chapter

often are compiled into the ORS in small typeface at the place in the ORS where

Legislative Counsel decides they logically belong. See ORS Preface, viii (2001).

Refer to such statutes as follows:

Oregon Laws 1997, chapter 30, section 2(1), compiled as a note after ORS

659.010(1997).(narrativeform,rstreference)

Oregon Laws 1997, chapter 30, section 2(1). (narrative form, subsequent reference)

Or Laws 1997, ch 30, § 2(1), compiled as a note after ORS 659.010 (1997).

(citationform,rstreference)

Or Laws 1997, ch 30, § 2(1). (short citation form)

Oregon Laws 2005, chapter 463, section 1, compiled as a note before ORS

136.001(2005).(narrativeform,rstreference)

Oregon Laws 2005, chapter 463, section 1. (narrative form, subsequent reference)

Or Laws 2005, ch 463, § 1, compiled as a note before ORS 136.001 (2005).

(citationform,rstreference)

Or Laws 2005, ch 463, § 1. (short citation form)

Occasionally, Legislative Counsel will compile such statutes so that they

appear as legislatively placed statutes, e.g., ORS 475A.010, ORS 475A.040,

and other civil forfeiture statutes. Those statutes are cited in the same manner as

legislatively placed statutes, as explained in paragraph 5 below.

3. General Laws of Oregon and Other Older Statutory Compilations

Some of these compilations are organized by chapters, which incorporate

several titles, and others are organized by titles, which incorporate several chapters.

It is advisable to include page numbers when citing the Deady compilations,

because the various codes are not numbered and there are no indices or general

tables of contents to guide the reader to the proper location regarding particular

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sections of a code (e.g., Criminal Code, Civil Code, etc., each of which is made up

of multiple chapters). Some older cases incorporate neither chapters nor titles; for

such codes, cite to the applicable section and page numbers.

General Laws of Oregon, Crim Code, ch XVIII, § 659, p 435 (Deady & Lane

1843-1872).

General Laws of Oregon, Civ Code, ch IV, title I, § 313, p 226 (Deady

1845-1864).

The Codes and General Laws of Oregon, ch XVIII, title IV, § 2933 (Hill 1887).

The Codes and General Laws of Oregon, ch I, title VIII, § 67 (Hill 2d ed 1892).

The Codes and Statutes of Oregon, title V, ch I, § 339 (Bellinger & Cotton 1901).

Lord’s Oregon Laws, title VI, ch V, § 442 (1910).

Oregon Laws, title I, ch III, § 39 (1920).

Oregon Code, title XXVIII, ch 1, § 28-101 (1930).

Statutes of Oregon, An Act Regulating Proceedings to Vacate Charters and

LettersPatent,andtoPreventtheUsurpationofanOceofFranchise,ch1,

§ 1, p 139 (1854).

4. OCLA (Oregon Compiled Laws Annotated)

OCLA § 3-505.

OCLA § 10-902a (1944-47 pocket part).

5. ORS (Oregon Revised Statutes)

Always use the abbreviated form (ORS) in both narrative references and

citations.

ORS 161.155(1)(a)(A). [chapter 161][section 155][subsection (1)][paragraph

(a)][subparagraph (A)]

Numbered paragraphs within a section are referred to as subsections,

lettered paragraphs as paragraphs. For example, ORS 305.220(1)(a) would be

referred to in text individually as paragraph (a) of subsection (1), when referring to

(1)(a) collectively, use paragraph (1)(a).

a. Narrative Form Examples

ORS chapter 554. (when referring to an entire chapter)

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ORS 30.150 to 30.175; ORS 250.035(2)(a) to (c). (when referring to

a statutory sequence)

ORS 30.866 and ORS 163.730. (when referring to two statutes)

ORS 250.035(2)(a) and (b). (when referring to two parts of the same statute)

b. Citation Form Examples

ORS ch 554. (when citing an entire chapter)

ORS 30.150 - 30.175; ORS 250.035(2)(a) - (c). (when citing a statu-

tory sequence)

ORS 30.866; ORS 163.730. (when citing two statutes)

ORS 250.035(2)(a), (b). (when citing two parts of the same statute)

NOTE: When citing a sequence of statutes in citation, do not use

“et seq.”;

instead,setouttherstandlaststatutesofthesequence.

c. Repealed or Renumbered Statute Examples

When citing a repealed or renumbered ORS (or OAR), the narrative

and citation forms are the same. The word former is set in italics. Only a

repealed or renumbered statute, not an amended statute, is referred to as

“former.”

Former ORS 19.023(2)(a) (1995), renumbered as ORS 19.205(2)(a)

(1997).(rst reference;“1995” willusually refer to the year of the

statute in eect when the facts of the case occurred (although the

authormaymakeadierentchoice,dependingoncontext);“1997”

refers to year that the statute was renumbered)

Former ORS 19.023(2)(a) (1995). (subsequent reference)

Former ORS 736.317 (1961), repealed by Or Laws 1967, ch 482, § 1.

(rstreference)

Former ORS 736.317 (1961). (subsequent reference)

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When a statute has been renumbered or repealed, the author should

citetheversionineectatthetimeoftheeventsinthecase,including

subsequenthistoryontherstreferenceandthenincludingtheyearofthat

version in subsequent references.

d. Amended Statute Examples

ORS 308.370 - 308.375 (1987), amended by Or Laws 1991, ch 459,

§§117-120.(citationform,rstreference)

ORS 308.370 - 308.375 (1987). (citation form, subsequent reference)

NOTE: (1) The above examples for amended statutes require inclusion of

the year parenthetically at the end of all citations (separated by a space).

However, it also is acceptable to include a footnote at the outset of the

opinion, after citing the older statute in full, that explains that all statutory

citations that follow are to a particular year. In that event, it is not necessary

to include the parenthetical year in subsequent references. (2) When

setting out ORS citations or other authorities, be consistent in the use of

punctuation, e.g.,

The state appeals from a pretrial judgment dismissing an indictment

that charged defendant with manufacture of a controlled substance,

ORS 475.992(1); delivery of a controlled substance to minor, ORS

475.999; and criminal conspiracy, ORS 161.450.

In general, when a statute has been amended, the author may:

(1)citetheversionineectatthetimeoftheeventsinthecase;or(2)cite

thecurrentversion,iftheamendmentdoesnotaecttheissueinthecase.

Ifchoosingoption(1),thenincludesubsequenthistoryontherstreference

and include the year of the version being cited on subsequent references.

Ifchoosingoption(2),thenincludeafootnoteontherstreferencethat

sets out the subsequent history and explains that the current version is being

usedbecausetheinterveningamendmentdoesnotaecttheanalysis.For

example,

ORS 164.125 has been amended since defendant committed his

crime;however,becausethoseamendmentsdonotaectouranalysis,

we refer to the current version of the statute in this opinion.

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If a statute has been amended or renumbered more than once, then the best

practiceistoincludethefullsubsequenthistoryontherstreferenceoratleastin

a footnote (example: cite all amendments, not just the one at issue).

6. Oregon Evidence Code (OEC) (ORS chapter 40)

Always use the abbreviated form (OEC) in both narrative references and

citationswhenreferringtoorcitingaspecicrule.Use“OregonEvidenceCode”

(not “OEC”) when referring to the code as a whole. Do not cite the ORS number,

e.g.,

OEC 801(3).

OEC 103 Commentary (1981).

Legislative Commentary to OEC 401, reprinted in Laird C. Kirkpatrick,

Oregon Evidence § 401.02, Art IV-4 (4th ed 2002).

Parts of the Oregon Evidence Code suggest that * * *. (narrative form)

When quoting the Oregon Evidence Code, or when quoting a statute

that quotes the Oregon Evidence Code, replace any ORS reference with the

corresponding OEC rule number in brackets, e.g.,

OEC 405(2)(a) provides:

“In all cases in which character or a trait of character of a

person is admissible under [OEC 404(1)], proof may also be made

ofspecicinstancesoftheconductoftheperson.”

7. Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure (ORCP)

Always use the abbreviated form (ORCP) in both narrative references and

citationswhenreferringtoorcitingaspecicrule.Use“OregonRulesofCivil

Procedure” (not “ORCPs”) when referring to the rules as a whole. Always add a

space after the rule number when referring to a section of the rule, e.g.,

ORCP 71 B(1)(b)(i). [rule 71][section B][subsection (1)][paragraph (b)][sub-

paragraph (i)].

ORCP 7 C(3)(a) to (c). (narrative form, when citing a sequence)

ORCP 7 C(3)(a) - (c). (citation form, when citing a sequence)

ORCP 7 C(3)(a) and (c). (narrative form, when referring to two paragraphs of

the same rule)

ORCP 7 C(3)(a), (c). (citation form, when citing two paragraphs of the same rule)

Nothing in the Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure points to a contrary conclu-

sion. (narrative form)

ORCP 71 B(1)(c) or ORCP 71 C (when citing two parts of a rule).

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When citing the drafts, comments, and history of the ORCPs, cite the bound

volumes, i.e.:

Council on Court Procedures, 4 Legislative History Relating to Promulgation

of Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure (1/1/78 through 12/31/78), June 28, 1978,

Draft and Proposed Comment to Rule 6, 33 (1979).

When citing the permanent comments to the enacted ORCPs, cite the

Merrill handbook, i.e.:

CouncilonCourtProcedures,StaCommenttoRule9,reprinted in Frederic

R. Merrill, Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure: A Handbook 28-29 (1981).

8. Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure (ORAP)

Always use the abbreviated form (ORAP) in both narrative references

andcitationswhenreferringtoorcitingaspecicrule.Use“OregonRulesof

Appellate Procedure” (not “ORAPs”) when referring to the rules as a whole, e.g.,

ORAP 9.15(1).

The Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure set out a process for initiating a case.

NOTE: Follow the links at www.courts.oregon.govtondthemostcurrent

version of the Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure, which occasionally are

temporarily amended by Chief Justice-Chief Judge Order.

9. Oregon Administrative Rules (OAR)

Always use the abbreviated form (OAR) in both narrative references and

citationswhenreferringtoorcitingaspecicrule.Use“OregonAdministrative

Rules” not “OARs” when referring to the rules as a whole, e.g.,

OAR 253-004-0001. (narrative and citation form, when referring to or citing

aspecicparagraph)

OAR chapter 253, division 4. (narrative form, when referring to an entire division)

OAR chapter 253, division 4, Appendix 3. (narrative form, when referring to an

appendix)

OAR ch 253, App 3. (citation form)

OAR 660-022-0077 to 660-022-0080. (narrative form when referring to a

series)

OAR 660-022-0077 - 660-022-0080. (citation form when referring to a series)

OAR 435-001-0025 (May 12, 2002). (indicates that a rule has been amended)

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 40 Go to INDEX

Former OAR 255-80-005(2) (May 31, 1985). (indicates that a rule has been

renumbered or repealed)

OAR 150-305.265(14)-(A). (when citing chapter 150, place hyphens and peri-

ods as published for each rule)

Nothing in the Oregon Administrative Rules suggests that * * *. (narrative form)

10. Uniform Trial Court Rules (UTCR) / Supplementary Local Rules (SLR)

UTCR 7.020(5). (narrative and citation form, when referring to or citing a

specicrule)

Multnomah Circuit Court Supplementary Local Rule (SLR) 5.045(1). (rst

reference)

SLR 5.045(2). (short citation form)

The Uniform Trial Court Rules contain several provisions

* * *

. (narrative

form)

11. Uniform Jury Instructions

a. Civil Instructions:

Uniform Civil Jury Instruction 10.10. (narrative form)

UCJI 10.10. (citation form)

b. Criminal Instructions:

Uniform Criminal Jury Instruction 3.1. (narrative form)

UCrJI 3.1. (citation form)

12. Agency Decisions

a. Workers’ Compensation Board:

Edward D. Lucas, 41 Van Natta 2272, 2274-75 (1989), rev’d on other

grounds, Lucas v. Clark, 106 Or App 687, 809 P2d 712 (1991).

b. Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA):

Stefansky v. Grant County, 12 Or LUBA 91 (1984).

Holland v. City of Cannon Beach, ___ Or LUBA ___, ___ (LUBA No

02-060, Oct 1, 2002) (slip op at 10).

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 41 Go to INDEX

c. Employment Relations Board (ERB):

Jeerson County v. OPEU, 18 PECBR 285 (1999).

d. Employment Appeals Board (EAB):

Terrance E. Webb, EAB Decision 96-AB-876 (Apr 16, 1996).

13. Attorney General Opinions

a. Formal Attorney General Opinions:

35 Op Atty Gen 710 (1972).

47 Op Atty Gen ___ (No 8216, Sept 7, 1994). (slip opinion)

b. Letters of Advice (Informal Attorney General Opinions):

Attorney General Letter of Advice to Rep Clayton Klein (OP-4519)

(Dec 1, 2003).

14. Municipal Codes

 Citationformwillvary,dependingonthecodeatissue.Checktheocial

code or ordinance itself for its proper name and short citation form, e.g., the

Eugene Municipal Code provides for citation to “EC.” Otherwise, use the name of

thecode(oranabbreviationaftertherstreferenceorcitation)andthenumberof

the code provision, e.g.,

EugeneCode(EC)3.005.(narrativeandcitation,rstreference)

EC 3.005. (narrative and citation, subsequent reference)

PortlandCityCode(PCC)14A.40.050.(narrativeandcitation,rstreference)

PCC 14A.40.050. (narrative and citation, subsequent reference)

15. Legislative History

Senate Bill (SB) 123 (1997); House Bill (HB) 1234 (1997). (narrative form,

rstreference)

SB 123; HB 1234. (subsequent reference)

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 42 Go to INDEX

SB 123 (1997); HB 1234 (1997). (citation form)

HB 2759 (1993), -1 amendments (Apr 13, 1993).

Senate Joint Resolution (SJR) 5 (1997); House Joint Resolution (HJR) 10

(1997).(narrativeform,rstreference)

SJR5(1997);HJR10(1997).(citationform,rstreference)

SJR 5; HJR 10. (narrative or citation form, subsequent reference)

Testimony, House Committee on Human Resources, HB 2762, Mar 17, 1981,

Ex C (statement of Rep Bob Smith).

Tape Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and

Corrections, SB 833, June 9, 1993, Tape 126, Side A (statement of Sen Ron Cease).

Tape Recording, Senate Committee on Criminal Law and Procedure, SB 100,

Mar 31, 1971, Tape 1, Side A (statement of Attorney General Joe Jones).

Audio Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, HB 2460, Apr 16, 2001,

at 2:10:38 (comments of Rep Amy Smith and Rep Barbara Jones), https://olis.

oregonlegislature.gov (accessed Jan 2, 2013).

Exhibit F, House Labor Committee, SB 89, June 15, 1983 (accompanying

statement of BOLI representative Paul Smith).

Judgments / Enforcement of Judgments: Judgments Report (HB 2646), Oregon

Law Commission, Feb 6, 2003, 12 (Judgments Report). [The parenthetical

indicates the short title by which it will be referred.]

Minutes, Criminal Law Revision Commission, Jan 22, 1971, 12.

NOTE: For legislative committees, minutes should be cited as authority only to explain a

committee vote or action taken, such as approving a bill with a do-pass recommendation.

Any citation to discussion about a bill in the committee should be drawn from the audio

recording of the hearing or work session, not the minutes.

Commentary to Criminal Law Revision Commission Proposed Oregon

Criminal Code, Final Draft and Report § 122, 131 (July 1970).

Commentary to Criminal Law Revision Commission Proposed Oregon

Criminal Procedure Code, Final Draft and Report § 28, 22 (Nov 1972).

Commentary § 29 at 7. (short citation form)

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 43 Go to INDEX

Legislative Comment 1 to ORS 72.7030, reprinted in Legislative Counsel

Committee,

Oregon’s Uniform Commercial Code with Comments and Index

and Tables 101 (1962).

Legislative Comment 1 to ORS 72.7030 at 102. (short citation form)

16. Initiative Petitions, Ballot Measures, and Related Pamphlets and Manuals

InitiativePetition136(2001)(IP136).(narrativeform,rstreference;citation

form)

IP 136. (narrative form, subsequent reference; citation form)

BallotMeasure40(1996).(narrativeform,rstreference;citationform)

Measure 40. (narrative form, subsequent reference; short citation form)

OcialVoters’Pamphlet,GeneralElection,Nov7,2000,309.(citationform,

rstreference)

Voters’ Pamphlet at 310. (subsequent reference)

The voters’ pamphlet for the 2000 General Election suggests that * * *. (nar-

rative form)

NOTE: The above examples refer to statewide measures. If citing a local

measure, then follow the format set out above, but insert the appropriate local

numbering, e.g., Ballot Measure 10-06 (1992).

Elections Division, Oregon Secretary of State, State Initiative & Referendum

Manual [page] (Jan 2016), [link] (accessed Sept 19, 2017).

17. Sentencing Guidelines Implementation Manual

Oregon Sentencing Guidelines Implementation Manual 131 (1989).

18. Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC), Bar Rules of Procedure (BR), and

American Bar Association (ABA) Standards

NOTE: Do not use “RPC” or “RPCs” when speaking generally about the Rules of

Professional Conduct; instead, cite the rules separately.

a. Rules of Professional Conduct

The Bar’s complaint alleges that the lawyer violated Rule of Profes-

sional Conduct (RPC) 8.4(a)(3) (conduct involving dishonesty, fraud,

deceit,ormisrepresentation).(narrativeform,rstreferencetoanyRPC)

The lawyer contends that he did not violate RPC 8.4(a)(3). (narrative

form, subsequent RPC reference)

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 44 Go to INDEX

The lawyer contends that he did not violate any rule of professional

conduct. (narrative form)

NOTE: The rule on pages 36 to 37 referring to the use of “former” with

repealed and renumbered, but not amended, statutes, does not apply to

rules of professional conduct. With rules of professional conduct, “former”

is used to refer to amended, as well as repealed and renumbered, rules. If

citing to a former rule, then include the year.

b. Bar Rules of Procedure

This is a reinstatement proceeding under Bar Rule of Procedure (BR)

8.8.(narrativeform,rstreferencetoanyBR)

BR 10.1. (narrative form, subsequent reference; citation form)

c. ABA Standards

American Bar Association’s Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions

(1991) (amended 1992) (ABA Standards), Standard 5.21. (narrative or

citationform,rstreference)

ABA Standard 9.32(a). (narrative or citation forms, subsequent refer-

ence when citing a particular standard)

ABA Standards at 7. (citation form, subsequent reference when citing

a particular page in the hardcopy manual)

ABAStandardsat7(dening“injury,”inpart,as“harmto***the

profession”) (citation form for denitions appearing on a particular

page in the hardcopy manual)

ABA Standard 9.22(i) (amended 1992). (narrative or citation form,

subsequent reference when citing a standard contained in only the

1992 amendments)

NOTE: The copyright for the ABA Standards was updated in 2005,

but the rules were not amended in 2005; therefore, the year for the

amended version is 1992. The 1992 version is available online at https://

www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_

responsibility/sanction_standards.pdf

19. Briefs and Other Court Filings

The courts do not cite briefs in the instant case in their opinions;

occasionally, however, an opinion might cite a brief in another case (for example,

ifthebriefexpandedonalegaltheorythatthecourthadaddressedonlybriey

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 45 Go to INDEX

inthatothercase).Whencitingabrieforanyotherocialcourtling,follow

this format: Full name of the document, include the jump / pinpoint citation (if

any), followed by the name of the case and its full citation (if rendered), and case

number.

Appellant’s Opening Brief at 10, State v. Doyle, 213 Or App 456, 111 P3d 87

(2007) (CA A123456).

Douglas County Circuit Court Case No 12345

If citing an event in a register of actions in the Oregon eCourt Case

Information system (OECI, register of actions for Oregon circuit courts):

Motion for Stay, Filed May 1, 2014, State v. Adios (CR456789)

General Judgment, Entered June 15, 2015, State v. Adios (CR456789)

NOTE: Use the OECI “Created Date” for court-issued entries such as orders or

judgments (date of entry); otherwise, use the date in the OECI Date column (date

oflingofareceivedling).

B. Federal Citations

1. United States Constitution

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. (narrative form)

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

Constitution

. (narrative form)

US Const, Amend V. (citation form)

US Const, Art I, § 2. (citation form)

2. Rules of Evidence and Procedure

a. Federal Rules of Evidence

FRE 410.

b. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

FRCP 12.

c. Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure

FRCrP 12.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 46 Go to INDEX

3. Public Laws and United States Code

Pub L 95-473, § 11503, 92 Stat 1445-46 (1978). (citation form)

42 USC § 1983 (1982); 15 USC §§ 2051, 2053 (1982). (citation form)

42USCsection1983;15USCsections2051and2053.(narrativeform,rst

reference)

section 1983. (narrative form, subsequent reference) (the “s” in section is

lowercase unless it starts the sentence)

NOTE: As with ORS citations, include the year only if not citing the version

currently in force.

4. Legislative History

a. Committee Reports

HR Rep No 1395, 95th Cong, 2d Sess, reprinted in 1978 USCCAN

3009, 3018.

S Rep No 445, 87th Cong, 1st Sess (1961), 451-91. (if not in USCCAN)

Testimony

Hearings on SB 927 Before the Subcomm on Surface Transportation

of the S Comm on Commerce, 90th Cong, 1st Sess, 23 (Aug 7, 1967)

(prepared statement of Jim Doe, on behalf of the American Medical

Association).

c. Congressional Record

116 Cong Rec S2024 (Jan 3, 1970).

5. Internal Revenue Code

IRC § 61 (1982). (citation form)

Internal Revenue Code (IRC) section 61 (1982). (narrative form)

IRC section 61. (narrative form, subsequent reference)

6. Tax Materials

a. Regulations

Treasury Regulation section 1.166-1(c). (narrative form)

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 47 Go to INDEX

Treas Reg § 1.72-16(a) (2001). (citation form)

20 CFR § 552.3 (2009). (citation form)

b. Determinations

Rev Rul 83-137, 1983-2 CB 41.

NOTE: CiteCBrst,andthentoIRBifCBunavailable.

Priv Ltr Rul 86-01-013 (Sept 30, 1985).

Tech Adv Mem 85-04-005 (Sept 28, 1984).

7. Uniform Laws

Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act § 202 comment, 9

ULA 649, 674 (1997).

Uniform Probate Code § 2-101(b), 42-43 (9th ed 1990).

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 48 Go to INDEX

IV.PeriodicalArticles,Books,Treatises,Restatements,Etc.

In General

Cite the author’s or editor’s full name as found on the title page of the source

being cited. For books that are compiled and edited by a named editor, place the editor’s

name where the author’s name would normally be, followed by “ed.” (including the

period).

 Citetheauthor’srstnamerst.Ifthereareuptothreeauthors,thenlistthemall

inthesameway.Iffourormoreauthorsarelisted,listtherstauthoranduse“et al.”

For articles written by students, the author’s name is used (if available), along with, e.g.,

“Note,” “Comment,” or “Case Note.”

When citing multivolume sets, place the volume number of the book before the

title, not before the author’s name. Include the edition and the year of the publication in

parentheses at the end of the citation, e.g.,

Jacob Mertens, Jr., 8 Mertens Law of Federal Income Taxation § 32B:01 (rev 1999).

Use italics, not quotation marks, to indicate the name of a book, article, or treatise.

A. PeriodicalArticles

1. Articles Appearing in Journals, Newspapers, and Other Services

[Author], [Name of article(initalics)],[volumenumber][periodical][rst

page], [cited page(s)] ([date]), e.g.,

Pamela S. Karlan, Contingent Fees and Criminal Cases, 93 Colum L Rev 595,

602-03 (1993).

Laurence H. Tribe & Michael C. Dorf, Levels of Generality in the Denition of

Rights, 57 U Chi L Rev 1057 (1990).

Justin Noval & Edward J. Imwinkelried, Jr., Retrograde Extrapolation of

Blood Alcohol Concentration, 50 No. 1 Crim Law Bulletin ART 7 (Westlaw

5, 10) (2014).

Alan Wayne Jones, Evidence-Based Survey of the Elimination Rates of Ethanol

from Blood with Applications in Forensic Casework, 200 Forensic Science

International 1, 14 (2010), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.021

(accessed Jan 15, 2015) (suggesting, from the results of studies, that experts

use a range of elimination rates from 0.010 to 0.025 percent per hour).

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 49 Go to INDEX

2. Short Citation Form for Periodical Articles

After an authority has been cited fully in the text, use the following short

citation form for subsequent references to the same authority:

[Author’s last name], [Volume] [Periodical] at [page]:

Karlan, 93 Colum L Rev at 604.

NOTE:Todeterminetheproperabbreviationforperiodicals,rstcheckthe

periodical itself to determine whether it provides for a particular citation form. If it

does not, then follow The Bluebook abbreviations for periodicals.

3. Volume and Issue Numbers

Omit volume and issue numbers for newspapers and popular periodicals,

because the numbers might not be easily found:

John Sedgwick, The Complexity Problem, The Atlantic 96 (Mar 1993).

B. BooksandTreatises

NOTE: “Ed.” (with a period) refers to “editor”; “ed” (without a period) refers to

“edition.”

1. Citation

[Author(s)], [Volume number (if applicable)] [Title (in italics)] [subdivision,

chapter or section (if applicable)], [page(s)] ([Edition (if there is more than one

edition)] [Year]), e.g.,

Wayne R. LaFave, 3 Search and Seizure § 7.1 (2d ed 1987).

Wayne R. LaFave, 3 Search and Seizure § 7.1(c), 17 (3d ed 1996).

Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 138-39 (1987).

Laird C. Kirkpatrick, Oregon Evidence § 401.02, Art IV-4 (4th ed 2002).

Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 930 (unabridged ed 2002).

Black’s Law Dictionary 700 (7th ed 1999).

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 50 Go to INDEX

Noah Webster, 1 An American Dictionary of the English Language (unpagi-

nated) (1828).

Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary, http://unabridged.merriam-

webster.com/unabridged/capable (accessed Feb 14, 2014).

Gender Identity, Unabridged.Merriam-Webster.com (last updated Apr 2016).

Thomas W. Lippman ed., The Washington Post Deskbook on Style 49-55 (2d

ed 1989).

William M. Collier, 3 Collier on Bankruptcy 506.04[1] (Lawrence P. King ed.,

15th ed 1989).

Appraisal Institute, The Appraisal of Real Estate 89 (12th ed 2001).

Jacob Mertens, Jr., 8 Mertens Law of Federal Income Taxation § 32B:01 (rev

1999).

Jacob Mertens, Jr., 15 Mertens Law of Federal Income Taxation § 56:45 (Supp

2002). (when citing supplement)

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 478 (5th ed 2013)

(DSM-5). (rst reference; include parenthetical if subsequent references or

citations follow)

The Ethical Oregon Lawyer § 4.4 (OSB CLE 1991).

Paul Finkleman & Martin J. Hershock eds., The History of Michigan Law

169

(2006), available at

https://books.google.com/books?id=jjSD45-P2_

YC&pg=PR4&lpg=

PR4&dq=history+of+michigan+law+

finkleman+hershock&source=bl&ots=YvaGZ0ozQ1&sig=

5inym5bYCRXKARtbbFxJ2sRXpvI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=

ecYRVdXAD8uOyAT1jICIDQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwBg#v=snippet&q=

1964%2C%20two%20yars%20after&f=false

(accessed Mar 24, 2015).

MarySueHenin,HowardM.Kipen&SusanR.Poulter,Reference Guide

on Medical Testimony, in Reference Manual on Scientic Evidence 439, 481

(Federal Judicial Center ed., 2d ed 2000).

NOTE: It is also acceptable to cite a source with multiple authors where

savingspaceisdesiredbyusingjusttherstauthor’slastnamefollowedby

et al, e.g.,

Heninet al, Reference Guide on Medical Testimony, in Reference Manual on

Scientic Evidence 439, 481 (Federal Judicial Center ed., 2d ed 2000).

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 51 Go to INDEX

2. Short Citation Form

[Author’s last name], [Volume number (if applicable)] [Title (in italics)

(shorten title if necessary)] [subdivision, chapter or section (if applicable)] at

[page(s)], e.g.,

LaFave, 3 Search and Seizure § 7.1 at 356.

Garner, Modern Legal Usage at 378-79.

Webster’s at 1935.

DSM-5 at 480.

C. Restatements

Restatement (Second) of Torts section 847A comment c (1974). (rst narrative

reference)

Restatement section 847B. (subsequent narrative form)

Restatement (Second) of Torts§847Acommentc(1974).(rstcitationreference)

Restatement § 847B. (subsequent reference, short citation form)

D. Others

1. American Jurisprudence

Reformation of Instruments, 45 Am Jur § 66 at 436 (1958).

2. American Law Reports

William B. Johnson, Annotation, Use of Plea Bargaining or Grant of Immunity

as Improper Vouching for Credibility of Witness in Federal Cases, 76 ALR Fed

409 (1986).

Johnson, 76 ALR Fed at 415. (short citation form)

3. Miscellaneous Tax Materials

• Tax Services

Sales and Use Taxes: General Principles, 1300 Tax Mgmt (BNA) ¶

1300.09.C3

(2000).

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 52 Go to INDEX

QUOTATION

In General

Quotations must duplicate the original material, including spelling, use of

uppercase, and formatting (e.g., indents and tabs). All punctuation is placed inside the

quotation marks, with the exceptions of colons, semicolons, and question marks that do

not appear in the original. Permissible changes are set out in this section.

Quoted material that contains 50 or more words is placed in block form. Quoted

material that contains 49 or fewer words may be placed in block form for emphasis.

Block quotations are single spaced, double indented, and enclosed within quotation

marks.

In a narrative context, the citation (aside from the case title) may follow the

quotation. For example,

The petitioner included discussion from Smith v. Jones, where the court stated,

“We don’t know what they were thinking.” 123 Or App 456, 460, 999 P3d 789 (2015).

While mildly amusing, that did not further his argument.

 Wordsthatareusedtoshowspecialexpressionorgivespecialeect,suchasslang

words, words used in an ironic sense, philosophical terms, terms of art, etc., can be used

within quotation marks. If the same phrase is used repeatedly, then those same quotation

marks could become distracting, so an author should consider whether or not to repeat

them.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 53 Go to INDEX

I.Citations,ParentheticalPhrases,andFootnotes

A. Placement

When setting out a block quotation, the citation and parenthetical phrases (if any)

areplacedushleftonthenextlinewithadoublespacebetweenthequotationandthe

citation, e.g.,

1. Citation

“Defendant, of course, may argue that the safeguard for

employees

exceeds the ordinary standard of due care considering

the nature of the risk and the foreseeability of injury. The court

may explain the governmentally prescribed safeguard to the jury

in an instruction that the jury may consider the safeguard in deter-

mining whether the defendant exercised due care.”

Shahtout, 298 Or at 605-06.

2. Parenthetical Phrase

ORS 19.205(2)(a) provides, in part:

“Anorderaectingasubstantial right,andwhichineectdeter-

mines the action * * *.”

(Emphasis added.)

3. Order of Citations and Parentheticals

As stated in Welker,

“[t]his court has held that a motion is controlled by its substance,

notitscaption.Morespecically,thiscourthasheldthatamotion

was a motion for

new trial although it was not denominated as such.

Under ORS 19.270(4)(a),

the trial court must have intended to

enteranappealablejudgmentatthetimeofthelingofthenotice

of appeal.”

332 Or at 313 (citations omitted).

4. Footnotes

The preferred method for quoting text that contains a footnote is to omit the

footnote and indicate so by parenthetical, e.g.,

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 54 Go to INDEX

“Thedicultywiththatargumentisthatthestatehasnotestab-

lished the requisite nexus between appellant’s mental illness and

the potential substance abuse or failure to appreciate the risks of

such abuse.”

State v. Linde, 179 Or App 553, 561, 32 P3d 78 (2002) (footnote omitted).

To retain a foonote within a blocked quotation, drop the quoted, blocked

footnote under it, separated by a one-inch line, then proceed with new text (that is,

do not set the quoted footnote as a new footnote at the bottom of the page), e.g.,

As this court explained in Kambury v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 173 Or App

372, 387, 21 P3d 1089 (2001) (Edmonds, P. J., dissenting),

“[b]ut the question is one of Oregon law, not federal law, the federal

court’s decision

was the earlier of the two, and it is the Oregon

court’s decision—not that of the Ninth Circuit—that is binding for

purposesofthecerticationlaw.

It follows from the foregoing that

thiscourtshouldnotacceptcerticationoftherstquestion,unless

some other discretionary factor dictates a contrary conclusion.

__________

“

We recognize that the district court appears to be concerned

about an inconsistency in decisions on this subject. However, our

focus in searching for controlling precedent is narrower than the

focus of the district court. The Oregon Court of Appeals decision

in [Korbut] is “controlling precedent” for the purposes of ORS

28.200 [the statute authorizing answers to questions of law cer-

tied by other courts] and our exercise of discretion under that

statute.”

It is unclear from the opinion in Western Helicopter Services whether the

Supreme Court was telling the United States District Court that it should

follow Oregon law rather than the federal cases interpreting Oregon law or

whetherthecourtwasinfactarmingthatKorbut was controlling precedent

ontheissuepresentedbythecertiedquestion.

5. Block Quotations Within Block Quotations

When formatting a second level of blocked quoted text within blocked

quotedtext,usethestandardindentfortherstlevelofquotation,andthenforthe

internal quoted text, use a double indent for both the right and left margins.

“the state must prove that the defendant’s consent was independent of, or only

tenuously related to, the illegal police conduct. As the court explained,

“‘consentisinsucienttoestablishtheadmissibilityofevidence

from a

warrantless search if the state cannot prove that the consent

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 55 Go to INDEX

was independent

of, or only tenuously related to, any preceding

violation of the defendant’s rights under Article I, section 9. Unless

the state is able to make that showing, then the defendant’s con-

sent cannot operate to validate a warrantless search because the

defendant’s consent itself derived from a violation of the defen-

dant’s rights under that state constitutional provision.’ ”

Jones, 265 Or App at 678 (quoting State v. Yunker, 330 Or 388, 395, 457 P3d

890 (2013) (emphasis in Yunker)).

B. UseofParentheticalPhrasesWithQuotationsWithinText

If internal quotation marks or brackets are omitted, so indicate, e.g.,

“By looking to only the current employment of the land, the law ignores the past and

any intentions with regard to future use.” Everhart v. Dept. of Rev., 15 OTR 76, 81

(1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).

In Everhart v. Dept. of Rev., 15 OTR 76, 81 (1999), the court rejected that argument,

stating, “By looking to only the current employment of the land, the law ignores the

past and any intentions with regard to future use.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

NOTE: It is correct to add either a parenthetical indicating that internal quotation

marks are omitted or to leave in the quotation marks and add a parenthetical

indicating the source that you are quoting, but not both.

Oppressive conduct is

“ ‘burdensome, harsh and wrongful conduct; a lack of probity and fair

dealingintheaairsofthecompanytotheprejudiceofsomeofitsmem-

bers; or a * * * departure from the standards of fair dealing, and a violation

of fair play on which every shareholder who entrusts his money to a com-

pany is entitled to rely.’ ”

Polk v. Hergert Land & Cattle Co., 5 P3d 402, 404 (Colo App 2000) (quoting Jorgensen

v. Water Works, Inc., 218 Wis 2d 761, 783, 582 NW2d 98, 107 (Wis App 1998) (brack-

ets omitted)).

 Includeaparentheticalphrasetodierentiateemphasisbeingaddedtoquoted

material as opposed to emphasis that was already in the original text, e.g.,

“While mass-appraisal techniques may place heavy reliance upon cost, cost alone

is not determinative of market value.” Su v. Dept. of Rev., 15 OTR 305, 308 (2001)

(emphasis added).

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 56 Go to INDEX

“ORS 653.295, however, provides no remedy for discharge of an employee * * *.”

Dymock v. Norwest Safety Protective Equipment, 172 Or App 399, 406, 19 P3d 934

(2001) (emphasis in original).

When the material being quoted contains a quotation, the text of which is

emphasized, include a parenthetical phrase that notes the source of the emphasis (use

emphases if plural), e.g.,

As in Gladhart v. Oregon Vineyard Supply Co., this court again repeats that

“the Brown court ‘only acknowledged that perhaps strict liability should

require the dangertobeoneendangeringhumanlifeorsafety,adierent

question from whether tort recovery should be limited to such an injury,’

andthat‘[t]hatdierencedeterminesthedecisioninthepresentcase.’”

164 Or App 438, 451-52, 994 P2d 134 (1999) (quoting Russell v. Ford Motor Company,

281 Or 587, 593-94, 575 P2d 1383 (1978) (emphases in Russell)).

“Apparent authority is created ‘only by some conduct of the principal which, when rea-

sonably interpreted, causes a third party to believe that the principal consents to have

the apparent agent act for him on that matter.’ ” Badger v. Paulson Investment Co., Inc.,

311 Or 14, 24, 803 P2d 1178 (1991) (quoting Mattson v. Commercial Credit Business

Loans, 301 Or 407, 422, 723 P2d 996 (1986) (emphasis added)).

Badger v. Paulson Investment Co., Inc., 311 Or 14, 24, 803 P2d 1178 (1991) (“Apparent

authority is created ‘only by some conduct of the principal which, when reasonably

interpreted, causes a third party to believe that the principal consents to have the appar-

ent agent act for him on that matter.’ ” (Quoting Mattson v. Commercial Credit Business

Loans, 301 Or 407, 422, 723 P2d 996 (1986) (emphasis in Mattson).)).

Multiple notations about a quotation may follow any order that clearly

communicates whether and how the text was altered. If in doubt, choose this order:

“in original,” “omitted,” and “added.” It is also acceptable, to improve readability, to use

“rstemphasisadded;secondemphasisinoriginal,”etc.

In particular, petitioner focuses on the following emphasized statements that

appear in the form under the heading “Information Considered at the Hearing”:

“Discovery is not permitted. Requests that the Board research and obtain

information you want considered cannot be honored. It is your responsi-

bility to provide that information. You do not have the right to call wit-

nesses or to cross-examine witnesses who have provided information to

the Board.”

(Underscoring in original; footnote and boldface omitted; emphasis added.)

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Consistently with those principles, the court more recently summarized the

requirements of ORS 136.440 as follows:

“By its terms, ORS 136.440(1) requires only that the corroborat-

ing evidence tend to connect the defendant with the commission of the

oense,here,aggravatedmurder.Thatstatutedoesnotrequirecorrobora-

tion of a particular theoryofthecommissionoftheoense.

“It is not necessary that the corroborating evidence be direct and

positive; it may be circumstantial. Nor is it necessary that there be indepen-

dent corroborating evidence with respect to every material fact necessary

to be established to sustain a conviction for the commission of a crime.

Where there is any evidence apart from that of the accomplice tending to

connect the defendant with the commission of the crime, the question of

whether the accomplice’s testimony is corroborated is one for the trier of

fact.”

State v. Walton, 311 Or 223, 242-43, 809 P2d 81 (1991) (emphasis in original; citations

omitted).

It depends, the court stated, on the nature of the restriction—in particular,

whether the restriction is on the contribution itself:

“Ifitcanbeshownthatnancialcontributionsandexpendituresarethe

free expression of opinion, laws limiting such activities run afoul of the

constitutional protection. But lawmakers might choose to impose require-

ments distinct from contribution or expenditure limitations (e.g., require-

ments of disclosure of nancing sources and the extent of any gift) as well

as various sanctions (e.g.,civilorcriminalpenalties,disqualicationfrom

the ballot or Voters’ Pamphlet, and the like) and their choice may not nec-

essarilyoendtheconstitutionalrequirement.”

Id.at523(rstemphasisadded;secondemphasisinoriginal;internalquotationmarks

omitted).

When a citation includes both a parenthetical phrase and subsequent history, place

the parenthetical after the subsequent history, e.g.,

Defendant notes that the fact that a search occurred cannot, alone, support an inference

thatthesearchingocershadsubjectiveprobablecause.See State v. Bickford, 157 Or

App 386, 390 n 1, 970 P2d 234 (1998), rev den, 329 Or 589 (2000) (“If a trial court

could infer subjective probable cause from the arrest, we would never need to inquire

into subjective probable cause for the arrest.”).

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When a parenthetical contains a quotation that has been altered, include an internal

parenthetical and adjust the punctuation accordingly, e.g.,

The court held that claims of increasing pain due to injury, standing alone, were insuf-

cienttoestablishanaggravationclaim.SAIF v. Walker, 330 Or 102, 116, 996 P2d

979 (2000) (stating that ORS 656.273(1) requires “proof, based upon medical evidence

supportedbyobjectivendings”(emphasisadded)).

The court held that claimant’s claims of increasing pain due to the injury, standing

alone,wereinsucienttoestablishanaggravationclaim.SAIF v. Walker, 330 Or 102,

116-17,996P2d979(2000)(“UnderORS656.005(19),however,such‘objectivend-

ings’ may include evidence of worsened symptoms.” (Emphasis in original.)).

When appending information to a citation, using terms such as cited in, quoted in,

construed in, etc., those words are italicized,

Keenan v. Norris-Lampe, 330 Or 456, 777 P2d 897 (1999), construed in Bennett v.

Bauman, 333 Or 566, 790 P2d 654 (2001).

Citing ORS 136.425 (2005), amended by Or Laws 2009, chapter 875, section 1, defen-

dantcontendsthat,byitself,aconfessionisinsucienttosupportaconvictionforan

oense.

When including works that the primary authority quotes, discusses, or mentions,

the lead-in words should be indicated parenthetically and not italicized, e.g.,

See Keenan v. Norris-Lampe, 330 Or 456, 777 P2d 897 (1999) (citing Bennett v.

Bauman, 329 Or 566, 770 P2d 654 (1998)); see also Brown v. Upho, 381 F3d 1219,

1226 (10th Cir 2004) (“Unlike Gideon, Crawford does not ‘alter our understanding of

what constitutes basic due process,’ but merely sets out new standards for the admis-

sion of certain kinds of hearsay.” (Quoting United States v. Mora, 293 F3d 1213, 1219

(10th Cir 2002).)).

For more on parentheticals, refer to pages 18 to 19.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 59 Go to INDEX

II.UseofUppercase,Brackets,andEllipsisWithinQuotations

A. UseofUppercase

 Generally,therstletterofaquotationthatreadsasafullsentencemustbein

uppercase, e.g.,

The trial court issued a letter opinion that addressed defendant’s motion as follows:

“Thereisnoevidencesupportingtherstchange.”

Thewitnesstestied,“AlthoughIamnotadoctor,IplayoneonTV.”

Sometimes this requires changing the initial letter of a quotation to uppercase, e.g.,

The court observed, “[U]npreserved error will ordinarily not be reviewed on appeal.”

The examining physician’s report declared, “[C]laimant was medically stationary as of

February 12, 1992.”

In the following example, the use of a bracketed lowercase letter indicates that the

initial letter was in uppercase in the original, e.g.,

Incorrect: Defendant argued, “[t]he trial court erred in excluding witnesses from

the courtroom.”

Correct: Defendant argued, “The trial court erred in excluding witnesses from

the courtroom.”

EXCEPTION: When a quotation that reads as a full sentence is incorporated into the

grammaticalstructureofthesentence(oftenprecededby“that”),donotuppercasetherst

letterandusebracketsiftherstletterofthequotationwasuppercaseintheoriginal,e.g.,

The court observed that “[u]npreserved error will ordinarily not be reviewed on appeal.”

NOTE: For using uppercase after colons, refer to page 79.

B. UseofBrackets

The use of brackets in quoted material indicates that something has been changed,

modied,ordeletedfromhowitwasoriginallypublished.

1. Indicate a Change in Uppercase or Lowercase

You should “[p]lace commas and periods inside quotation marks.”

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2. Alter a Word

“Plaintiplace[s]substantialweightonitsbeliefthatthelegislatureintended

to restore the common practice of exempting brooder houses.”

The prohibition was enacted to “ensure[ ] that dogs will have their day.”

3. Indicate Substituted or Added Words

The court’s “jurisdiction [is limited] to determining whether petitioners’

assessment may be spread over a period of at least 10 years.”

4. Add Punctuation to a Quotation Where There Previously Was No

Punctuation and the Punctuation Is Not Part of the Larger Sentence

The standard of care applicable to physicians requires the use of “that degree

of care, skill[,] and diligence” as is used by physicians in the same or similar

community.

The trial court concluded that “there is no issue of material fact,” but it also

concluded that defendant was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

[No comma in original; brackets not needed, because comma is part of larger

sentence.]

5. Modify Punctuation that Appears in the Original Text

Punctuation in quoted text can be replaced with other punctuation with the

use of brackets:

Original: “The Court of Appeals has 13 members, but they sit in panels

of three.”

New: “The Court of Appeals has 13 members[;] * * * they sit in

panels of three.”

If quoted material ends before the new sentence ends, then punctuation that

is appropriate for the new sentence can be included inside the quotation marks:

Original: Defendant’s argument is beyond reproach and compels us to

strike his brief and order him to pay petitioner’s costs.

New: In Jones, the court characterized the defendant’s argument as

“beyond reproach,” struck his brief, and ordered him to pay

the petitioner’s costs.

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If omitting quoted material at the end of a quoted sentence, but ending

the new sentence with the partially quoted material, denote the omitted quoted

material before the period in the new sentence with an ellipsis:

Original: A party shall make a notation of exception either orally on the

recordorinawritingledwiththecourt.

New: ORCP 59 H(2) provides that “[a] party shall make a notation

of exception either orally on the record or in a writing * * *.”

6. Insert a Citation Within a Quotation

When quoting text that refers to a case by use of supra rather than a

citation, add the citation in brackets, e.g.,

“This court has declared that evidence is suppressed for violations of the

Oregon Constitution ‘to preserve * * * rights to the same extent as if the gov-

ernment’socershadstayedwithinthelaw.’State v. Davis[, 295 Or 227, 234,

666 P2d 802 (1983)].”

Use a short citation form if the case has already been cited in full, e.g.,

“A discovery rule cannot be assumed, but must be found in the statute or lim-

itations itself. Hu[, 322 Or at 462].”

When modifying quoted material to add emphasized text, emphasize the

brackets themselves, in addition to the inserted emphasized text, only when the

words on both sides of the brackets are already emphasized, e.g.,

Correct: “Plainti’s [rst] argument * * *”

Correct: “Plainti’s [rst] argument * * *”

Incorrect: “Plainti’s [rst] argument * * *”

Incorrect: “Plainti’s[rst] argument * * *”

When quoting text that refers to a VAWA case using an unredacted case title,

use brackets to redact the name of the protected party to initials, e.g.,

“ ‘Danger’ in this context means ‘a threat of physical injury, not merely a

threat of annoyance or harassment.’ [K. R.] v. Erazo, 248 Or App 700, 706-07,

274 P3d 214 (2012). To ‘ “[c]oerce” means to restrain, compel or dominate by

force or threat.’ ORS 163.730(2).”

H. L. P., 309 Or App at 113-14.

7. IndicateaSignicantMistakeintheOriginal

“[Sic]” is used to indicate that the author being quoted has used a word

incorrectly or has used an incorrect spelling of a word within the context of

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the sentence that confuses or changes the meaning of the sentence. Obvious

typographical errors may be silently corrected, but any idiosyncrasy of spelling

(particularly from older works) is preserved, e.g., “defence.” When using [sic], it

is italicized, enclosed in brackets, and placed after the uncorrected word, e.g.,

“The court’s rational [sic] for its decision was based entirely on legal precedent.”

“We are going to precede [sic] with our plans for the law suit.”

(Here, the use of [sic] signals the reader that “rational” should actually read

“rationale”; “precede” should read “proceed.”)

Bracketing and correcting an error in quoted material instead of using [sic]

isusuallysucientaslongasitdoesnotalterthemeaning.Theuseof[sic] should

be avoided to point out minor grammatical errors, to indicate disagreement with a

word’s usage, or to appear highhanded. Instead, the preferred method is to silently

correct or to use brackets, e.g.,

Incorrect: “The company, on its own volition, intervened in the trial

Court [sic] proceedings * * *.”

Correct: “The company, on its own volition, intervened in the trial

[c]ourt proceedings * * *.”

Correct: “The company, on its own volition, intervened in the trial

court proceedings * * *.”

Incorrect: “The lab technician dropped the vile [sic] of blood.”

Correct: “The lab technician dropped the vi[al] of blood.”

Correct: “The lab technician dropped the vial of blood.”

NOTE: Where a word or sentence would be correct either way, do not use [sic].

C. Use of Ellipsis

1. Partial Omission

Use three asterisks (not periods), separated by spaces, to indicate omission

of a word or words within a sentence, omission of sentences within a block

quotation, and omission of text after a subsection number, e.g.,

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The claimant seeks compensation “for mental and emotional distress and * * *

damages.”

In amending ORS 656.273(1) in 1995, the legislature “neither repealed nor

amended ORS 656.273(8) * * * but it may have changed how ORS 656.273(8)

is applied.”

When quoting a full sentence except the end, use three asterisks, followed

by a period, to indicate omission of the end of the sentence:

“The evidence directly establishes only the truth of the primary fact or facts

from which an inference may be derived * * *.”

EXCEPTION: If quoting a full sentence except the end and the quoted material

originally ended with a punctuation mark, then use only a bracketed period to

indicate the change of punctuation (and, by inference, the end of the sentence):

“A court may consider unpreserved error under the plan error doctrine only if

the error is one of law[.]” (period replaces semicolon and the remainder of the

sentence)

When including quoted material within a sentence and the new sentence

ends before the quoted material ended, an ellipsis is not needed:

Correct: If reasonable minds can disagree, then “any error is not plain.”

Incorrect: If reasonable minds can disagree, then “any error is not plain

* * *.”

Use three asterisks (not followed by a period) to indicate omission of one

or more sentences at the end of a paragraph within (as opposed to at the end of) a

block quotation:

“The majority’s reading of the statute requires us to make two leaps of

faith.Therstleapisthat,in1965,thelegislatureused‘gear orequip-

ment’ to mean exactly what ‘appliance’ meant between 1921 and 1965.

Thesecondleapoffaithisthattheterms‘boats,shinggearandvehicles’

mean exactly what ‘gear or equipment’ means in ORS 506.655 * * *. * * *

“We decline to take those leaps for several reasons.”

NOTE:Intheprecedingexample,therstellipsisindicatesthatasentence

otherwise quoted in full has been ended prematurely. The second ellipsis indicates

that an additional sentence or sentences has been omitted.

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Omission of text after a subsection number:

“(1) As used in ORS 308A.050 to 308A.128, ‘farm use’ means the

currentemploymentoflandfortheprimarypurposeofobtainingaprot

in money by:

“(a) * * * harvesting and selling crops.”

A block quotation that starts somewhere other than the beginning of the

quotedsentenceorparagraphmaybetreatedafewdierentways,dependingon

the author’s use of the quoted material.

An ellipsis is not necessary to begin a quotation that starts somewhere other

than the beginning of the sentence or paragraph, e.g.,

The issue in Merriweather was as follows:

“[W]hether a circuit court order compelling witnesses to appear

and testify before a grand jury was appealable under ORS

19.205(4) as the product of a ‘special statutory proceeding.’ ”

The court has previously explained that

“neither ORS 279.340 nor any other provision setting out require-

ments for hours of labor by public employees, ORS 279.334 -

279.342, expressly states what is meant by the phrase ‘directly

employed’ or indicates the categories of persons to whom the

phrase applies.”

 Placethebeginningofablockquotationushleftwhentheoriginalquoted

materialisnottherstsentenceofaparagraph,e.g.,

As this court has stated before,

“[e]ven if that assumption is accurate, it is insucient because

even in a high crime neighborhood unprovoked ight does not

invariably lead to reasonable suspicion * * *. Like unprovoked

ightitself,presenceinahighcrimeneighborhoodisafacttoo

generic and susceptible to innocent explanation to satisfy the rea-

sonable suspicion inquiry.”

Do not use an ellipsis if quoting only part of a sentence, e.g.,

Again, the legislature expressly provided that those actions be “commenced

notlaterthantwoyearsafterthedateonwhichtheplaintirstdiscovered,or

in the exercise of reasonable care should have discovered,” the death, injury,

or disease.

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Do not use an ellipsis to denote the omission of a citation or footnote.

Instead, use “citation omitted” or “footnote omitted” in a parenthetical.

When quoting only part of a statute, rule, etc., use “in part,” e.g.,

ORS 305.440 provides, in part, “If no appeal is taken to the Supreme

Court,thedecisionof the court shall constituteanaldetermination of the

matter.”

2. Block Omission

 Useveasteriskstoindicateomissionofablockoftextsuchasparagraphs

or sections, but not to indicate an omission of additional material after an ending

paragraph, e.g.,

OAR 635-005-0180 provides, in part:

“It is unlawful for commercial purposes to take, land, or

possess sea urchins:

“* * * * *

 “(3)Withoutrstobtainingapermit***.”

NOTE: If the original has additional text, it is not necessary to add three asterisks

following the period.

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STYLE GUIDE

In General

This section addresses issues of word treatment, grammar, punctuation, and usage

that arise frequently in opinion drafting. It is not exhaustive. Grammar and usage are

not exact sciences; there are many questions of style about which reasonable minds can

dier.Topromoteconsistency,however,thecourtsgenerallyfollowtheconventions

outlined below.

OtherResources

The courts use the following reference works (which also have updated editions)

to resolve style issues not addressed in the Oregon Appellate Courts Style Manual

(Updated 2023).

• Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary (unabridged ed 2002).

For questions regarding spelling, word usage, or proper hyphenation when

dividing words, the appellate courts adopted Webster’s, in 1993, as the

ocialdictionary.

• The Chicago Manual of Style (14th ed 1993).

This reference work addresses many grammatical standards and

punctuation issues not covered here.

• Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern American Usage (1998).

This work explains many principles of grammar and punctuation. It is also

a very helpful guide to word usage.

• Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage (2d ed 1995).

This is a helpful guide to modern legal usage. It also addresses many

general questions of grammar and punctuation.

• William A. Sabin, The Gregg Reference Manual (9th ed 1999).

Readily available desktop reference book.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 67 Go to INDEX

I. Spelling, Font, and Treatment of Words

A. UseofItalicsandRomanTypeface

1. Foreign Words

Some foreign words and phrases commonly used in legal writing are not

italicized, e.g.,

ad hoc etc. pro tempore

ad hominem habeas corpus quid pro quo

ad valorem mandamus remittitur

de facto per curiam subpoena

en banc pro rata vice versa

Other less common foreign words and phrases that are italicized include the

following. When using such words in the body of an opinion, use the periods and

diacritical marks as set out below.

a priori i.e. quantum meruit

ab initio id. quantum valebant

ad litem in camera quo warranto

amicus curiae / amici curiae in limine res ipsa loquitur

arguendo in re res judicata

certiorari in toto respondeat superior

contra inter alia scienter

coram nobis ipse dixit sic

de novo ipso facto sine qua non

dictum non sequitur stare decisis

dubitante nunc pro tunc sua sponte

duces tecum per se sub silentio

e.g. post hoc ultra vires

et al. prima facie vice

et seq. pro hac vice vis-à-vis

ex parte pro se viz.

ex post facto, but qua voir dire

Ex Post Facto Clause

2. Signals

Introductory signals such as cf., accord, see, e.g., compare / with, and see

generally are italicized. “See” is not italicized when it functions as a verb and not

as a signal, e.g.,

For discussion on the merits, see Smith, 300 Or App at 150.

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3. Case Names and Other Authorities

Case names are italicized, as are the titles of books and other authorities.

Please refer to the Citation Section for examples.

When a case or other authority takes a possessive ending, the apostrophe

and “s” are not italicized:

Miranda’s holding has been called into question.

B. UseofUppercaseandLowercase

1. Use Uppercase for the Following:

a. Proper Names

b. CompleteOcialTitlesofaPublicOcialorEntity

(but not Abbreviated Titles), e.g.,

Uppercase: NotUppercase:(exceptions noted)

Alaska Supreme Court the court

Appellate Commissioner the commissioner

Assistant Attorney General John Jones assistant attorney general

Attorney General the Attorney General (exception)

Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision the board

City of Eugene the city

ClackamasCountyDistrictAttorney’sOce thedistrictattorney’soce

Criminal Law Revision Commission the commission

Department of Revenue the department

DeputySheriStanley    thedeputy

Director of the Department of Consumer

and Business Services the director

Governor the Governor (exception)

House of Representatives the House (exception)

Judge Atwater the judge

Multnomah County Circuit Court the court, or the circuit court

OcerKrupke     theocer

Oregon Court of Appeals / Court of Appeals the court

Oregon Legislative Assembly /

1997 Legislative Assembly the legislature

Oregon State Bar the Bar (exception)

Oregon Supreme Court / Supreme Court the court

Magistrate Jones the magistrate

PortlandPoliceOcer    theocer

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Secretary of State the secretary

Representative Smith the representative

Salem-Keizer School District the district

Senate the Senate (exception)

Senator Jones the senator

State of Oregon the state

Oregon Tax Court / Tax Court the court

United States Court of Appeals for the

Ninth Circuit Ninth Circuit (exception)

United States Supreme Court the Court (exception)

Washington County Jail the jail

Workers’ Compensation Board the board

NOTE: In state jurisdictions having more than one appellate court at the same

level, do not use uppercase for any shortened version of the name of that court.

For example, the full form “California Court of Appeal, First Appellate District”

uses uppercase, but the shortened form “court of appeal” does not. (There is no “s”

after “appeal” for the California courts of appeal.) Similarly, “New York Supreme

Court, Appellate Division, Third Department” uses uppercase, but the shortened

form “supreme court” does not. (In New York, the Court of Appeals is the highest

court, while the appellate divisions of the supreme court are the intermediate

appellate courts.) However, it is permissible to use uppercase for shortened names

of federal appellate courts, e.g., the Ninth Circuit.

c. Months and Days of the Week (usually written in month-day-year

sequence), e.g.,

HeledthemotiononMonday,January23,1993.

The action occurred in November 2013.

Defendant appeals from the January 16, 1994, order.

d. Full Title of a Constitution, Constitutional Amendment, or Clause of

a Constitution, e.g.,

Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution (but “state constitution”)

Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution

(but “federal constitution”)

Contract Clause

dormant Commerce Clause

Due Process Clause

Ex Post Facto Clause

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Proportionality Clause

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In the phrase “Oregon and United States constitutions,” do not

uppercase “constitutions,” because the full title of neither document is

being used. Note that either of the following formulations is preferred:

“state and federal constitutions” or “the Oregon Constitution and the United

States Constitution.”

e. “En Banc” and “Per Curiam” on Title Pages

NOTE: When used within the text on an opinion, those terms do not

start with uppercase letters, e.g., “The Court of Appeals, sitting en banc,

reversed.”

f. “Intoxilyzer” or “Breathalyzer”

(Those are proper names for particular breath testing equipment.)

“Ziploc” or “Taser” (trademarked names)

(but zippered bag or stun gun)

g. “Class” or “Count”

(When referring to misdemeanor or felony charges), e.g.,

Class A felony

Count 1 of the indictment

Counts 1 and 2

h. “Schedule”

(When referring to drugs), e.g.,

Schedule I drug

i. “Act” or “Code”

(WhenreferringtothefulltitleofspecicActsorCodes),e.g.,

TheOregonCondominiumActspecicallyliststhoseconditions.The

act does not set out the condition on which appellant relies.

The Bankruptcy Code provides for that situation. The code further

provides a remedy in the event of a violation.

j. ParticularSectionsoftheOregonRevisedStatutesIdentied

Collectively, e.g.,

Civil Code Oregon Public Records Law

Criminal Code Unlawful Trade Practices Act

Oregon Evidence Code Workers’ Compensation Law

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k. Social Security

SSA

Social Security number

Her income consisted of Social Security and wages from part-time

employment.

2. Do Not Use Uppercase for the Following:

a. Generic Terms, e.g.,

“federal” or “state,”

as in

the state

state constitution

federal constitution

statute of frauds

statute of limitations

BUT do use uppercase when part of a full proper name, e.g.,

Federal Land Bank

State of Oregon

b. The Words “chapter” or “section”

(Whenreferringtoaspecicchapterorsectionwithinasentence), e.g.,

ORS chapter 10; Article I, section 9.

But

Chapter 7 (when referring to the Bankruptcy Code)

c. The Terms “x-ray,” “horizontal gaze nystagmus,” “administrative

lawjudge,”and“drivingundertheinuence”

A horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test

The doctor ordered x-rays of the claimant’s lower back.

The administrative law judge (ALJ)

Hewasconvictedofdrivingundertheinuence(DUII).

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d. The Seasons or Centuries

It is now okay to wear white in the fall after Labor Day!

In the eighteenth century, women could wear white only as a petticoat.

She was convicted of wearing a red petticoat in the fall of 1858. (or,

fall 1858)

e. The Words “website” or “internet”

C. NumbersandDates

In General

Numbers one through nine are spelled out when used in text, except when listing a

series of like objects, e.g.,

Judgesfromvestatescametotheconference:5fromWashington,2fromCalifornia,

10 from Oregon, 6 from Idaho, and 1 from Alaska.

All numbers after nine are expressed as numerals, except when they begin a

sentence, e.g.,

Thirty-four judges attended the conference.

Defendant raises 10 assignments of error.

 Verylargenumbersareexpressedinguresfollowedbymillion,billion,etc.,e.g.,

5 million people; 2 billion particles; $10 million

All ordinal numbers (i.e., numbers that measure position) are spelled out when

used in narrative, e.g.,

Plainti’stwelfthassignmentoferrorisnotwelltaken.

IchasedmycatJethroothesofafortheonehundredthtime.

This is the court’s seventy-third oral argument day this year.

NOTE: (1) Ordinal numbers consisting of more than one word are hyphenated if the

corresponding cardinal number is hyphenated, e.g., “seven hundred and twelfth” is not

hyphenated, because “seven hundred and twelve” is not hyphenated, but “eighty-second”

is hyphenated, because “eighty-two” is hyphenated. (2) Ordinal numbers are expressed

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numerically to identify reports and courts in citations, e.g., Boston v. Cream Pie, 283 F2d

1 (9th Cir 1999).

1. Fractions, Decimals, and Ratios

Fractions appearing in nonquoted text either alone or with numbers

less than 10 are spelled out; fractions appearing with numbers 10 or higher are

expressed as numerals, e.g.,

Four and one-half years old

23 1/4

One third

When fractions are expressed as numerals, insert a space between the whole

number and the fraction. Do NOT use a hyphen. (“10 2/3,” not “10-2/3.”)

Use numerals when using a decimal point, e.g.,

.08 percent blood alcohol content

Use numerals when denoting ratios, e.g.,

4:1 or ratio of 4 to 1 (as they are easier to read inside text)

However, spell out numbers when denoting measurement, e.g.,

Thesubjectwasvefeeteightinchestall.

2. Percentages

Spell out the word “percent” when used in text. Use the percent sign (%) in

tables, e.g.,

Fifteen percent of the people in 1993 voted against the ballot measure.

In 1995, 15 percent of the people voted against the ballot measure.

Year Percent

1991 10%

1992 20%

1993 15%

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3. Time

Include minutes and a.m. or p.m., e.g.,

Oral arguments begin at 8:00 a.m. (not “8 a.m.”)

We will break for lunch at 12:15 p.m.

The defendant was last seen at 8:00 p.m. (not 8 o’clock in the evening)

4. Dates

 Three-partdatesaresetowithacommabetweenthedayandtheyearand,

generally, a comma after the year, e.g.,

Defendant appeals from the January 16, 1994, order.

Whenindicatinganinclusiveperiodoftime,omitthecommaaftertherst

year, e.g.,

Defendant was on probation from June 14, 1980 to July 30, 1982.

When referring to a date by month and day, do not use endings with the

day, e.g.,

the September 19 hearing (not September 19th)

When indicating time by month and year only, there is no comma before or

after the year, unless the sentence structure requires a comma after the year, e.g.,

Three lawyers attended the April 1990 deposition.

The trial, which was scheduled for June 1990, was postponed several times.

When indicating a period of several years, use “to” or “through,” not a

hyphen, e.g.,

Judge Caspar was on the bench from 1900 to 1921.

EXCEPTION: Hyphens are used for tax years. Do not repeat the “19” for

inclusive years, e.g., tax years 1995-97, but tax year 1999-2000. For years ending

in double “00” repeat the entire sequence, e.g., 2000-2001.

An indication of a decade does not take an apostrophe, e.g.,

1980s

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Indications of time, as shown here, take an apostrophe, e.g.,

24 months’ incarceration (or 24 months of incarceration)

six weeks’ time (or six weeks of time)

5. Money

When referring to dollars, use the dollar sign; do not spell out “dollars,”

e.g.,

$5 million; $2 billion

Use $25.00 if there are other mixed dollar and cents amounts referred to,

otherwise use $25 if standing alone, e.g.,

Plaintisought$10,000.00inattorneyfeesand$875.45incosts.

The court entered judgment in the amount of $10,000.

Use a comma in numbers larger than three digits, e.g.,

$1,500

D. Acronyms/Initialisms

Acronyms are composed of the initial letters or parts of a compound term. An

acronym is usually read or spoken as a single word, rather than letter by letter, e.g., AIDS.

Initialisms are abbreviations pronounced letter by letter, e.g., ORCP, LCDC, DWS, HGN,

JNOV, etc. Periods are usually omitted to improve readability. In either event, all but the

mostcommonacronyms/initialismsarespelledoutuponrstusage,followedbythe

acronym / initialism enclosed in parentheses, e.g.,

MountainViewHospitalDistrict(MVHD)ledamotionforsummaryjudgment.

The article that precedes an acronym or initialism depends on how the abbreviation

reads: If it is pronounced beginning with a vowel sound, then use “an.” If it is pronounced

beginning with a consonant sound, then use “a.”

an LCDC order

an ORAP provision

an ORCP ruling

a LUBA opinion

aUmatillaCountysheri

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Generally, add an “s” when forming a plural of something singular, e.g., SSNs,

UFOs, MDs, CCRs, and add an apostrophe to show possession, e.g., LUBA’s analysis or

PERS’s liabilities.

E. TitlesandOces

Chief Justice Balmer

chief justice of the Supreme Court

Your Honor

The Honorable Thomas A. Balmer

Queen Mary

the queen

Dr.Smith(becomesSmithafterrstreference)

F. Abbreviations

Academic Degrees

Ph.D. (“Ph.D.” is preferred over “PhD” with no periods.)

Corpus Juris Secundum

Corpus Juris Secundum (an encyclopedia of United States law at the federal

and state levels) is abbreviated as CJS without periods.

Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict

When abbreviating, use “JNOV” instead of “j.n.o.v.”

Months of the Year (no periods, when appearing in citations):

January – Jan July – July

February – Feb August – Aug

March – Mar September – Sept

April – Apr October – Oct

May – May November – Nov

June – June December – Dec

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II.Punctuation

A. Apostrophes

If a singular word ends in “s,” then add “ 's ” to show possession, e.g.,

George Harris’s house

witness’s testimony

Clauss’s land

PERS’s liabilities

or if a name ends in “z,” or “ x,” e.g.,

Sanchez’s argument

Rex’s children

Exception:Singular entity names that end in “s” take only an apostrophe, e.g.,

Boy Scouts’ answer

General Motors’ complaint

Form the possessive of most plural words by adding only an apostrophe:

the Joneses’ driveway

the boys’ gym

Plural words that do not end in “s” take “ 's ” to form the possessive:

children’s toys

women’s tournament

If there are two (or more) possessors, proper punctuation depends on meaning. If

the possession is separate, each possessor takes an apostrophe. If the possession is joint,

only the last possessor takes an apostrophe, e.g.,

mother’s and father’s children (if referring to each parent’s children with another partner)

mother and father’s children (if they have children together)

mother’s and father’s arguments (if they are separate arguments)

mother and father’s arguments (if their arguments are joint)

Use an apostrophe with the following indications of time, e.g.,

36 months’ incarceration

two weeks’ time

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Do not use an apostrophe with these particular word phrases, e.g.,

Attorney fees

IRAs

When a name of a case or other italicized authority takes a possessive ending, the

“ 's ” is not italicized:

Miranda’s holding has been called into question.

NOTE:Sometimestheuseof“'s”canbeawkwardandmakefordicultreading.

In those situations, use “of” instead. E.g., for “Church at 295 S. 18th St.’s analysis,”

consider using “the analysis of Church at 295 S. 18th St.”; for “ORS 123.456(1)(a)’s

wording,” consider using “the wording of ORS 123.456.”

B. Colons

1. Colons may be used to separate a grammatically complete sentence from,

for example, another grammatically complete sentence or a list:

The court announced a general rule: Attorney fees may not be awarded in the

absence of an authorizing statute or contract provision.

Theocerfoundseveralitemsindefendant’sapartment:ascale,veplastic

bags containing white powder, and $751 in small bills.

Colons may not be used after a grammatically incomplete thought:

Incorrect: The panel consisted of: Judge Yunker, Judge Bauman, and

Judge Keenan.

Correct: The panel consisted of three judges: Judge Yunker, Judge

Bauman, and Judge Keenan.

Incorrect: Defendant argues: (1) the trial court erred in admitting evi-

dence, (2) the error was not harmless, and (3) alternatively,

the trial court erred in denying his motion for directed verdict.

Correct: Defendant makes three arguments: (1) the trial court erred

in admitting evidence, (2) the error was not harmless, and

(3) alternatively, the trial court erred in denying his motion for

directed verdict.

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EXCEPTION: Colons may be used after verbs to introduce block

quotations only, e.g.,

ORS 123.456 provides:

“Now is the time for all good citizens to come to the aid of their

country.”

As part of that analysis, Justice Brennan observed:

“Under Article III of the Constitution, this Court may only adjudi-

cate actual, ongoing controversies.”

If the quotation is not blocked, then use a comma.

ORS 123.456 provides, “Now is the time for all good citizens to come to the

aid of their country.”

2. Use of Uppercase After Colons

If the material following a colon is not a complete sentence, then it does not

begin with an uppercase letter.

The court excluded three items: a gun, a ukelele, and a garden hose.

If the material following the colon is a complete sentence, then it does

begin with an uppercase letter.

The rain in Spain does not fall mainly on the plain: It mainly falls in the north-

ern mountains.

The court did not deny defendant’s motion outright: It deferred its ruling until

theevidencewasoeredattrial.

C. Commas

Remember the basic comma rule: Use a comma only when you know why you are

using one.

The following guidelines do not set out all the situations in which commas are

correctly used. They may be useful, however, in resolving some of the most frequent

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questions about when to use, and when not to use, commas. For more guidance, see The

Chicago Manual of Style; Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern American Usage;

and William A. Sabin, The Gregg Reference Manual.

1. Items in a Series

A series of more than two items should be separated by commas. The

courts’ convention is to use the serial comma (i.e., a comma before the conjunction

in a series of more than two items), because it eliminates the possibility of

misreading:

Sheila invited Ben’s parents, friends, and coworkers.

I agree that defendant’s brief is well written, his analysis is cogent, and his

arguments are persuasive.

A series of only two items should not be separated by a comma, regardless

of the length of the items.

Plainticontendsthatthetrialcourterredwhenitgranteddefendants’motion

forsummaryjudgmentonherclaimforintentionalinictionofemotionaldis-

tress and when it denied her motion to exclude witnesses and reporters.

NOTE: It may be more clear to separate two items in a series with a comma when

the items themselves contain multiple elements, e.g.,

In support of his motion, defendant cited Oregon and Washington cases, and

state and federal regulations.

2. Compound Predicates

A predicate is a part of a sentence that contains a verb, but not a subject.

Compound predicates are simply predicates that contain a series of verbs. They

should be treated like any other series: if there are three or more verbs, use

commas; if there are only two, do not.

The defendant objected to the introduction of Yost’s testimony, asked the court

tocallarecess,andrequestedpermissiontoleamemoranduminsupportof

her objection.

Thecourtdeniedplainti’smotionforajudgmentnotwithstandingtheverdict

and granted his motion for a new trial.

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3. Compound Sentences

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined

by a coordinating conjunction. A clause consists of a subject and a predicate. The

most common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, and nor.

Independent Clause: I will go to Elaine’s New Year’s Eve party.

[Coord. Conj.] Indep. Clause: [and] I will bring a bottle of champagne.

[Coord. Conj.] Indep. Clause: [or] I will stay home.

Not a Clause: and dance on the table. [This is a second

predicate; see “compound predicates” above.]

The coordinating conjunctions in compound sentences should be preceded

by a comma.

Paul organized the outing, and everyone had a good time.

Defendant’sbriefpresentedadicultargument,butGinaunderstooditbetter

after she attended oral argument.

In the narrow factual context of this case, neither the attachment of the trans-

mitter to the truck nor the subsequent monitoring of that transmitter’s location

invaded a privacy interest of defendant, and, it follows, no search implicating

Article I, section 9, occurred.

Exception: When the clauses are short and there is no danger of misreading, the

comma may be omitted.

AnnasangandBeccaplayedtheute.

4. Complex Sentences

A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or

more dependent clauses. A clause is dependent when it is introduced with a

subordinating conjunction (e.g., because, although, if, after, before, until, since, so

that, unless, while, when, where, even though) or relative pronoun (who, whom,

whose, whoever, whomever, that, which).

Whether to use a comma between an independent clause and a dependent

clause depends upon the meaning of and relationship between the clauses. When

the dependent clause is restrictive–or necessary to the meaning of the sentence–

do not use a comma. When the dependent clause is nonrestrictive–or not necessary

to the meaning of the sentence–use a comma. (Those rules also explain when to

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use “that” and when to use “which.” See page 99. “That” is restrictive and is used

without a comma; “which” is nonrestrictive and is used with a comma.)

Those rules often lead to confusion, because the same sentence can be

punctuated more than one way and still be correct, depending on its meaning.

Restrictive: John and Mary did not marry because they wanted money.

(Meaning: they married for some other reason.)

Nonrestrictive:

John and Mary did not marry, because they wanted money.

(Meaning: they did not marry, and the reason was that they

wanted money.)

Restrictive: I am not taking that course of action because I distrust Harry’s

motives. (Meaning: the reason I am not taking that action is

not distrust of Harry’s motives.)

Nonrestrictive:

I am not taking that course of action, because I distrust Harry’s

motives. (Meaning: I am not taking that course of action, and

the reason is distrust of Harry’s motives.)

(No Comma): Werstaddressdefendant’sargumentthattheevidenceshould

have been suppressed because it derived from an unlawful

police-citizen encounter. (Here, the “because clause” explains

why the evidence should have been suppressed, not why it is

addressedrst.)

(Comma): We rst address defendant’s argument that the evidence

should have been suppressed, because it is dispositive. (Here,

the “because clause” explains why the argument is addressed

rst,notwhyitshouldhavebeensuppressed.)

In some situations, use or omission of a comma can cue the reader about the

relationship between two clauses and accordingly prevent misreading. Compare

the following two examples:

Defendant argues that the trial court erred because he presented adequate

exculpatory evidence.

Defendant now argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to con-

trovert, because he failed to preserve any challenge to the suppression ruling.

 Intherstexample,the“becauseclause”explainsthe“thatclause”element

of the main clause (i.e., why the trial court arguably erred). By contrast, in the

second example, the “because clause” explains the main subject and verb of the

main clause (i.e., why defendant is making the argument).

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 83 Go to INDEX

5. Parenthetical Elements

a. Interrupting Parenthetical Elements

 Eitherusetwocommasornocommastosetoparenthetical

elements that interrupt a clause or phrase. (Parenthetical elements include

nonrestrictive appositives and nonrestrictive clauses.) Generally, longer

parentheticalelementsshouldbesetobycommas,whileshorter

parenthetical elements may go without any.

Correct: The state argues, as an alternative basis for its second

assignment of error, that the trial court should not have

suppressed the computer disk because it was in plain view

whentheocerssearcheddefendant’sapartment.

Correct: The state argues alternatively that Article I, section 9,

does not require suppression in these circumstances.

Incorrect: The state cites as an alternative ground justifying suppres-

sion, Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution.

Correct: The state cites, as an alternative ground justifying sup-

pression, Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution.

b. Introductory Parenthetical Elements

The longer the introductory parenthetical element, the more

helpfulitistosetitowithacomma.Ifomittingacommacouldleadto

misreading, include it.

YesterdayInishedcleaningoutmydesk.

First, defendant objects to the denial of his motion to strike.

ORS 123.456(7) sets out, in part, the following:

Whenthiscasewasbeforethetrialcourtforthersttime,defendant

was sentenced to death.

c. Setting Out “Inc.” Before Parentheticals

Usually “Inc.” is set out with two commas, e.g.,

Time, Inc., is the parent company.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 84 Go to INDEX

But when “Inc.” is followed by a parenthetical element, omit the

second comma, e.g.,

Defendants Borg-Warner Automotive, Inc. (Borg-Warner) and

Tenneco

Automotive Operating Company, Inc. (Tenneco) allegedly

manufactured * * *.

6. Appositives

Anappositivepointsoutthesamepersonorthingbyadierentname.

Whether to use commas with an appositive depends on whether it is restrictive or

nonrestrictive, which is a question of meaning. Compare the following examples:

MysisterJillconductedreghterqualicationtestslastweekend.

My mother, Doris, stands on her head every day.

Intherstexample,theabsenceofcommasindicatesthat“Jill”is

restrictive (or necessary), because the author has more than one sister and so

“Jill”identieswhichofthesistersisbeingreferredto.Inthesecondexample,

the author has only one mother, so the commas indicate that “Doris” adds only

additional, parenthetical information.

D. Dashes

Dashes are most commonly used to amplify and explain ideas, digress from the

main idea, or create an abrupt break or sudden change in a sentence:

He spent several hours explaining his case–a case that he knew could not be won.

The attorney–who had been waiting three hours for a ruling on the motion–entered the

courtroom in an angry mood.

A space can be added before and after a dash when used as punctuation in the text

of a slip opinion; however, when published in the Advance Sheets, those spaces will be

removed. In slip opinions, use two hyphens “--” not the typographical “–” dash.

See also Punctuating Parenthetical Elements, page 88.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 85 Go to INDEX

E. Hyphens

1. Do Not Hyphenate

a. WordsThatBeginWiththeFollowingPrexes:

anti, bi, bio, co, counter, extra, infra, inter, intra, macro, micro, mid,

mini, multi, non, over, pre, pro, pseudo, re, semi, sub, super, trans, ultra, un,

and under, e.g.,

antitrust,nonprot,coworker,subconstitutional,pretrial

BUT

mid-nineteenth century.

b. Factnder

Thefactndertooknoteofthewitness’sdemeanor.

c. Patdown

The assailant put his hands over his head during the patdown.

When used as a verb, it should be shown as two words:

Theocerpatdownthesuspect.

d. Adjective Forms of Compounds in Which the First Word Is an

Adverb Ending in “ly,” e.g.,

her eagerly awaited homecoming

his totally incompetent performance

e. CompoundModiersThatAppearAfteraVerb,e.g.,

Defendant’s examination was court ordered.

BUT

The court-ordered examination was inconclusive.

f. Percentages When Used as Adjectives, e.g.,

10 percent increase, two percent annual pay raise

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 86 Go to INDEX

g. The Word “email”

h. TheWords“welltaken”UnlessUsedasaCompoundModier

2. A Hyphen Is Used

a. ToJoinaPrextoaWordBeginningWithaLetterinUppercaseora

Number, e.g.,

un-American, Anti-Federalist, pre-1998

b. ToJoinaPrextoaMainWordWhentheSecondElementConsists

of Two or More Words, e.g.,

pre-latency-period therapy, non-work-related activities

c. WhentheLastLetterofthePrex(UsuallyaVowel)IstheSame

as the First Letter of the Following Word and the Result Improves

Readability, e.g.,

infra-area, non-neutral

BUT

preexisting

d. To Avoid Confusion and Misreading, e.g.,

re-cover (to cover again), not recover (to get back or regain)

re-cite (to cite again), not recite (to read or declaim)

co-conspirator (not coconspirator); co-counsel (not cocounsel)

e. WiththePrexes“Cross”and“Post”(inconformancewiththe

Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure), e.g.,

cross-assign, cross-appellant, cross-appeals

post-conviction,post-trial,post-certication

f. When Using:

9-1-1 I-5

case-in-chief policy-making

decision-maker second-guess

ex-husband self-defense

ex-wife

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 87 Go to INDEX

g. With Adjective Phrases Containing Numerals or With Compound

ModiersThatAppearBeforetheWordModiedtoPrevent

Misreading, e.g.,

three-year-old victim, ve-foot-tall tree, 18-year marriage, 25-year

minimumterm,third-partybeneciary,case-by-casebasis, full-time

work (but he worked full time), common-law wife, court-appointed

attorney, rst-degree murder, death-penalty case, penalty-phase

proceeding; two- and three-year-old children, self-defense, right-of-

way, time-barred (but the claim is time barred)

NOTE:Formoreinformationoncompoundmodiersandhyphenation,see

Garner, A Dictionary of Modern American Usage (on “phrasal adjectives”).

Theideabehindhyphenatingcompoundmodiersistopromotereadability

and avoid misreading.

h. WhenAddingPrexestoAcronyms,e.g.,

pre-ORCP

NOTE: For more examples, see Word Pairs, page 90; and Word Functions, page 101.

F. PunctuatingLists

Lists may be set out in several ways. Remember that lists that consist of items

that are themselves sentences can always be written as separate sentences. Otherwise, the

following guidelines may be helpful:

• If a list is introduced by a complete grammatical thought, use a colon at the

end of the introductory sentence. If the list is not introduced by a complete

grammatical thought, then a colon may NOT be used.

Correct: Defendant assigns error to three rulings: (1) the denial of his

motion to disqualify Dr. Demento as an expert; (2) the denial

of his motion to suppress chemical evidence; and (3) the

grantingofplainti’smotionforanewtrial.

Correct: Defendant assigns as error (1) the denial of his motion to dis-

qualify Dr. Demento as an expert; (2) the denial of his motion

to suppress chemical evidence; and (3) the granting of plain-

ti’smotionforanewtrial.

Incorrect: Defendant assigns error to: (1) the denial of his motion to dis-

qualify Dr. Demento as an expert; (2) the denial of his motion

to suppress chemical evidence; and (3) the granting of plain-

ti’smotionforanewtrial.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 88 Go to INDEX

• Items in a list may be, but are not required to be, numbered.

• Generally, items in a list, whether numbered or not and whether introduced

by a colon or not, may be separated by either semicolons or commas. If

the items are long or contain internal punctuation, it may be clearer to use

semicolons.

• Therstiteminalistshouldnotbeginwithanuppercaseletter,unlessthe

items are full sentences. See also page 59.

The trial court announced three ground rules: Witnesses were to be excluded

from the courtroom; only three members of the press were to be allowed in the

courtroom at any time; and lions would be admitted only if accompanied by

tigers and bears.

See also pages 78 through 84 for discussion of the proper use of colons and

commas.

G. PunctuatingParentheticalElements

Nonrestrictive parenthetical elements (that is, parenthetical elements that give

additionalinformationbutarenotnecessarytoidentifytheantecedent)canbeseto

by commas, dashes, or parentheses. If a parenthetical element has a close logical and

syntactic relation to the rest of the sentence, then use commas. Dashes indicate a more

remote relation, and parentheses still more remote.

See also pages 83 to 84 for discussion of parenthetical elements.

H. Semicolons

1. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses not joined by a

conjunction, e.g.,

Thedefendantrefusedtotestify;helaterwasconvictedofmurderintherst

degree.

2. If the elements in a series are long and complex or contain internal

punctuation, then they are separated by semicolons, rather than by commas,

e.g.,

Defendant was charged with three counts of rape in the rst degree, ORS

163.375;two counts ofsexual abuse inthe rst degree,ORS 163.427; two

counts of rape in the third degree, ORS 163.355; and one count of sexual abuse

in the third degree, ORS 163.355.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 89 Go to INDEX

3. A semicolon precedes the words however, therefore, hence, thus,

accordingly, and besides, when used to introduce a clause. A comma

follows, e.g.,

The Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case; therefore, the Court of

Appeals had to decide the case for a second time.

The trial judge refused to suppress the evidence; thus, defendant was con-

victed on all counts.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 90 Go to INDEX

III. Word Usage and Conventions

A. Word Pairs

A / An

 Theindenitearticle“a”isusedbeforewordsthatbeginwithaconsonant,

words with a pronounced h and a long u sound (eu) or with words such as “one.”

a historical; a habitual; a union; a Eucharist; a one-time deal

“An” is used before words beginning with a vowel or an unsounded “h.”

an eagle; an appellate judgment; an hour; an heir; an honor

The article that precedes an acronym or initialism depends on how the

abbreviation reads: If it is pronounced beginning with a vowel sound, then use

“an.” If it is pronounced beginning with a consonant sound, then use “a.” For

examples, see page 75.

A / From a

“Defendant appeals a judgment * * *.”

“Defendant appeals from a judgment * * *.”

Either is correct. If the authoring judge has a preference, then use the

construction that the judge prefers.

Absent/Without

“Without” or “in the absence of” is preferred.

Without any arguments against doing so, the trial court dismissed the jury.

In the absence of any arguments against doing so, the trial court dismissed the

jury.

NOT

Absent any arguments against doing so, the trial court dismissed the jury.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 91 Go to INDEX

AdministrativeLawJudge/HearingOcer

In Oregon since 2003, the title “administrative law judge” is now used.

Aect/Eect

 “Aect”isaverbthatmeanstohaveaninuenceon,tobringabouta

change in, or to touch or move the emotions of.

Thetrialwasaectedbytheconstantmediaattention.

 “Eect”ismostcommonlyusedasanoun,butitcanalsobeusedasaverb.

As a noun it means something that is brought about by a cause or agent; a result or

outcome. As a verb it means to achieve a result, to execute, or to cause to occur.

Noun: Herclosingargumenthadnoeectonthejury’snaldecision.

Verb: Theattorneywasunabletoeectanychangeinthesystem.

Allow / Grant

Typically, allow is used to refer to a ruling on a petition.

Grant is used to refer to a ruling on a motion.

Alternate / Alternative

“Alternate” means every other or substitute, while “alternative” means

providing a choice.

She takes early lunch during alternate weeks.

An alternative approach is to take no lunch at all.

Although / While

“Although” more properly introduces an aside; “while” is more properly

used only in a temporal sense.

Althoughmanypeopledisagree,Ianthinksthatcoeeisgoodforyou.

While I was in Paris, I decided to become a can can dancer.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 92 Go to INDEX

Amicus Curiae / Amici Curiae (Friend/s of the Court)

1. Amicus curiaecanbeusedintwodierentways,eitherasanadjective

describing the brief, or as a noun designating the party or person

immediately following, e.g.,

J.MarcusCool,ofCool,HandandLuke,Portland,ledanamicus curiae brief

on behalf of American Theatre Institute.

ShermanPotter,ofPotter&Daughter,P.C.,Portland,ledabriefonbehalfof

amicus curiae Oregon Tempest in a Teapot Association.

2. Amici curiae is the plural form used in the same way.

J. Marcus Cool, of Cool, Hand and Luke, Portland, led an amici curiae

brief on behalf of American Theatre Institute, Americans for Good Theatre

Association, and Oregon Actors Association.

ShermanPotter,ofPotter&Daughter,P.C.,Portland,ledabriefonbehalfof

amici curiae Oregon Tempest in a Teapot Association, Oregonians-R-Us, Inc.,

and We are the World Foundation.

NOTE: The number of parties, not the number of briefs, dictates the use of

singular or plural. It is acceptable to use amicus curiae or amici curiaefortherst

reference and amicus or amici thereafter.

Appeal / Review

A party “appeals” from a lower court as of right, but a party “seeks review”

in court of the action of an administrative agency or when the higher court has

discretion whether to take the case. The related documents are called “notice

of appeal” and “petition for judicial review” (in the case of an administrative

proceeding) or “petition for review” (in the case of a petition to the Oregon

Supreme Court).

Within an administrative system, the correct term is “appeal.” For example, a

party may “appeal” to the Workers’ Compensation Board from the order of an ALJ.

Appeals / Appeals from

Defendant appeals a judgment of conviction.

Defendant appeals from a judgment.

Either one is acceptable.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 93 Go to INDEX

Because/Since

“Because” explains why; “since” expresses time.

Because he attended seven basketball games, David had a busy weekend.

Sincemovingtoawindowoce,Johnhasbeenmuchmoreproductive.

Between / Among

As a general rule, “between” is used when the sentence involves two things

or when expressing a close relationship of any number of individual things.

The jury had to decide between the death penalty and life in prison.

His time was divided between school, sports, and work.

“Among” is used when the sentence involves more than two things.

His present conviction was just one among many.

Her estate was divided among all her relatives.

The above rule expresses the distinction between “between” and “among”

inasimplisticmanner.Hereareacoupleofspecicrules:“Between”isusedto

express one-to-one relations of many things, e.g., a treaty between four powers.

“Among”isusedtoexpresscollectiveandundenedrelations,e.g., She was the

best among all the attorneys.

CircuitCourt/TrialCourt

When referring to the lower court in a particular case, use “trial court.” Use

“circuit court” when referring to circuit courts generally (“The legislature created

jurisdiction in the circuit court.”) or to general propositions about particular

courts(“Post-certicationchallengestotheconstitutionalityofinitiativemeasures

generallymustbeledinMarionCountyCircuitCourt.”).Also,use“circuit

court,” not “trial court,” in tag lines. See also Post-Conviction Cases, page 104.

Cite / Cite to

“Cite to” is redundant; “cite” is preferred.

In Smith, the court cited ORAP 5.45.

NOT

In Smith, the court cited to ORAP 5.45.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 94 Go to INDEX

Compose / Comprise

The parts compose the whole; the whole comprises the parts.

The whole is composed of the parts; the parts comprise the whole.

The most common error is using “comprise” when “compose” is correct:

Incorrect: Judge Haselton, Judge Armstrong, and Judge Duncan

comprise Department One.

Correct: Judge Haselton, Judge Armstrong, and Judge Duncan compose

Department One.

Incorrect: Department One is comprised of Judge Haselton, Judge

Armstrong, and Judge Duncan.

Correct: Department One is composed of Judge Haselton, Judge

Armstrong, and Judge Duncan.

Correct: Department One comprises Judge Haselton, Judge Armstrong,

and Judge Duncan.

Consecutivelyto/Concurrentlywith

A consecutive sentence is served “consecutively to” another sentence:

The trial court ordered that defendant’s 12-month sentence under the sentenc-

ing guidelines for theft be served consecutively to his Measure 11 sentences.

A concurrent sentence is served “concurrently with” another sentence:

The trial court imposed aggregated sentences totaling 36 months, all of which

were to be served concurrently with the burglary sentences.

Consistent With / Consistently With

For adverbial uses, “consistently with” (that is, “in a manner consistent

with”) is correct.

The court decided the case consistently with its precedent. (in a manner con-

sistent with its precedent)

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 95 Go to INDEX

Criterion / Criteria

“Criteria” is plural; accordingly, it may not be used when discussing only

one factor.

Thecourtprimarilyreliedontherstcriterion.

Datum / Data

“Data” is plural and takes a plural verb.

Thedatasupportplainti’stheory.

Decree/Judgment

Historically, equitable proceedings resulted in “decrees,” while legal

proceedings resulted in “judgments.” The distinction between law and equity

was abolished in Oregon in 1980. SeeORCP2.Thenaldeterminationinall

civil actions is now titled a “judgment.” Some statutes still use the term “decree,”

and occasionally so do trial courts. The appellate courts, however, will substitute

the word “judgment.” E.g., Webber v. Olsen, 330 Or 189, 192 n 1, 998 P2d 666

(2000); State ex rel Olson v. Renda, 171 Or App 713, 715 n 3, 17 P3d 514 (2000).

Disinterested / Uninterested

“Disinterested” means lacking a stake in an outcome. “Uninterested” means

bored.

The judge appointed a disinterested arbitrator.

Driver’sLicense/DrivingPrivileges

 Dierentstatutesusedierentterms;theyarenotinterchangeable.For

example, when a person fails or refuses a breath test, the Oregon Department of

Transportation suspends the person’s “driving privileges,” not his or her “license.”

Check the statute at issue for the correct term.

Employe / Employee

In older statutes and opinions, the spelling of certain words (e.g.,

employee / employe, subpoena / subpena) was changed to enable faster data entry.

After the advent of word processing, those types of words were restored to their

original spelling. It is correct, however, to use those shortened spellings when

directly quoting those sources or to bracket in the missing letters.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 96 Go to INDEX

Expedient / Expeditious

“Expedient” means that a particular course of action is a practical solution

to a problem; it also has overtones of side-stepping tough choices. “Expeditious”

means speedy.

The lawyers decided that it would be expedient to waive oral argument.

The court must decide all cases in an expeditious manner.

Fewer / Less Than

“Fewer” denotes countable things; “less” denotes things that can’t easily be

counted. However, it is customary to use “less” for time, money, and distance.

If you have 10 items or fewer, then you can go to the express lane.

I have less money than you.

Finding / Holding

 A“nding”isafactualdetermination;a“holding”isanapplicationoflaw

to particular facts.

Thetrialcourtfoundthattheocerlackedsubjectiveprobablecause.

The Court of Appeals held (not found) that the search was invalid because the

ocerlackedsubjectiveprobablecause.

General statements of law unconnected to particular facts are not holdings.

The Supreme Court stated (not held) that probable cause has both an objective

and a subjective component.

“Determination” can refer to either.

Forgo / Forego

“Forgo” means to do without.

I would rather eat late, than to forgo lunch altogether.

“Forego” means to go before.

Based on the crowds lining the streets to catch a glimpse of Justin Bieber

entering the courthouse, it is obvious that his reputation foregoes him.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 97 Go to INDEX

If . . . Was / Were

See Subjunctive Mood, page106.

Implicitly/Impliedly

“Implicitly” is preferred.

Thecourt’srulingimplicitlyindicatedseveralfactualndings.

In Light of / In the Light of

“In light of” is preferred.

Loath / Loathe

“Loath” means unwilling or reluctant:

I am loath to go to the meeting today.

“Loathe” means to strongly dislike or hate something:

I loathe the thought of eating tofu.

May / Might

“May” expresses authority.

The Secretary of State may certify a ballot measure.

“Might” expresses possibility.

The Secretary of State might resign tomorrow.

Of / For

Most authorities consider the following to be more correct:

Defendant was convicted of three counts of assault.

Defendant appeals a judgment of conviction for assault.

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Over / Under–More Than / Less Than

Generally, “over” and “under” are used in spatial relationships; they do not

take the place of “more than” or “less than.”

The train traveled rapidly over miles of desert terrain.

The battleship drifted under the bridge.

The attorney has more than (not over) $5,000 in outstanding legal fees.

He had less than (not under) $20 in his pocket.

Pleaded / Pled

Pleaded is the preferred form.

Portion / Part

A “portion” is a piece of a whole that can be divided into shares, as an

estate or a pie. A “part” is a more general term that connotes something less than

the whole.

Jenny argued that she had been deprived of her rightful portion of the estate.

Scott contended that he owned the part of the property beyond the fence.

Jim challenged the part of the judgment that prohibited wearing bow ties.

That part of the statute supports defendant’s argument.

Proved / Proven

“Proven” is an adjective, while “proved” remains the accepted past

participle of prove.

Her attorney is a proven winner.

The prosecuting attorney has proved his case.

Right / Authority

Generally, individuals have “rights” (e.g., the right against self-

incrimination, the right to bear arms); however a governmental body or

representative needs “authority” to act (e.g., a question of whether a city had

authority to take property by eminent domain).

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Since/Because

“Because” explains why; “since” expresses time.

Because he attended seven basketball games, David had a busy weekend.

Sincemovingtoawindowoce,Johnhasbeenmuchmoreproductive.

That / This; Those / These

“That” is used as a demonstrative pronoun to refer to thought expressed

earlier:

The letter was unopened; that in itself casts doubt on the inspector’s theory.

“This” is used when the referent is yet to be mentioned:

This is what bothers me: We have no time to consider late applications.

“Those” and “these” are similarly distinguishable.

Defendant relied on three statutes in his motion. The trial court relied on those

statutes, as well as two others.

Thesearetheproblemswithplainti’sarguments:Theargumentswerenotraised

to the trial court, they are unsupported by legal authority, and they are wrong.

That/Which

“That” introduces a restrictive clause (a clause that is necessary in context to

the meaning of the sentence). Commas are not used with a restrictive “that clause.”

The decision that the judge made regarding suppression of evidence was con-

trary to the legal standard.

“Which” introduces a nonrestrictive clause (a clause that can be omitted

without changing the meaning of the sentence). Commas are required with a

nonrestrictive “which clause.”

The decision, which caught the legal community by surprise, was contrary to

the legal standard.

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Themeaningtobeconveyed,notgrammaticaldierences,dictatewhentouse

“that” and “which.” Sometimes the same sentence can correctly use either,

depending on meaning.

The lawnmower that I borrowed is in the garage. (Correct if there are many

lawnmowers under discussion and it is necessary for clarity to identify the one

borrowed.)

The lawnmower, which I borrowed, is in the garage. (Correct if there is only

one lawnmower under discussion and adjectival clause serves only to give

extra information.)

See also discussion of commas on page 79.

Who / Whom

“Who” is used as a subject. “Whom” is used as an object of a verb or

preposition. When in doubt about which to use, try rethinking the sentence using

“he” or “him.”

Who is listening?

(Is he listening?)

Defendant, who was not present in the courtroom, was found guilty.

(Defendant–he was not present in the courtroom–was found guilty.)

A woman who I think is a genius wrote this sentence.

(A woman–I think she is a genius–wrote this sentence.)

He asked whom he should speak to.

(He should speak to him.)

Use “that,” not “who” or “whom,” when the antecedent is not a person.

The bank that Kym uses gives away free blenders with new checking accounts.

Christy sued the company that made the defective golf clubs.

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B. WordFunctions

1. One Word or Two Words

“Case Law” and “Grid Block” are always two words (unless being quoted).

“Cannot”

Cannot is used as one word, except when using a “not only” construction:

We cannot reach unpreserved error.

She can not only pitch, but she can catch, too.

Other words are usually spelled as one word, such as:

caseworker, factnder, forestlands, handwritten, insofar, landowner, lien-

holder, online, overarching, passersby, pickup, policyholder, statewide, time-

frame, timeline, timesheet, voicemail, and website

Some words, however, are either one word or two, depending on how they

function within the sentence: e.g., clean up, set over, set back, day care, pat down:

The cleanup crew arrived early to start the clean up.

The trial was set over until tomorrow. The defendant requested a setover.

The setback requirement provides for a six foot easement. The house was set

backfromthepropertylinebyvefeet.

Her mother provides day care both privately and at a local daycare center.

Thesubjectwaspatdownbytheocer.Theocerwhoperformedthepat-

downtestiedthathefoundaknife.

2. Contractions

Appellate opinions are formal documents and, accordingly, do not use

contractions. When quoting, however, if the original uses contractions, use those

contractions in the quotation.

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C. Word Usage

Language

“Language” technically refers to English, French, Spanish, etc. Although

frequently used in constructions such as “the language of ORS 809.222,” it is more

correct to use “the wording of ORS 809.222” or “the text of the statute.”

Letter Opinion

“Letter opinion” is preferred to “opinion letter.”

Only

 Theplacementof“only”canchangethemeaningofasentence.Itmodies

the word or phrase that comes immediately after it, so it should be placed

accordingly to avoid ambiguity.

The jurisdiction of the court is constrained only by statute.

(That means that the only thing limiting the court’s jurisdiction is statute.)

The jurisdiction of the court is only constrained by statute.

(Thatmeansthatthereareothereectsonthecourt’sjurisdiction,buttheone

waythatstatutesaectjurisdictionisbyconstrainingit.)

The statute only pertains to state actors.

(That is unlikely to express what the author means. It communicates that the

statuteonlypertains,butdoesnothavesomeothereect.)

The statute pertains to only state actors.

(That is more likely to express the author’s meaning. It communicates that the

only actors to whom the statute pertains are “state” actors.)

The statute pertains only to state actors.

(That is an alternative author’s meaning. It communicates that the only cate-

gory of people to whom the statute pertains is “state actors.”)

Parameter(s)

This word will almost never be correct in legal writing; it is a technical

scienticandmathematicalterm.Whentemptedtouseit,try“limits,”

“boundaries,” or “borders.”

The principles of justiciability and preservation keep judicial analysis within

relativelyconnedboundaries(notparameters).

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Parties,Victims,Children,andLawEnforcement

Generally, refer to parties to a case using their position in the lower

tribunal(plainti,defendant,claimant,etc.).Exceptionsincludethefollowing:

(1) domestic relations cases, in which the parties are referred to as “husband”

and “wife”; (2) civil commitment proceedings, in which the person for whom

commitment is sought is referred to by his or her position on appeal (appellant,

respondent); (3) termination of parental rights proceedings, in which the parents

are referred to as “mother” and “father” and the children are referred to as

“child”or“children”orsometimesbytheirrstinitials;(4)juveniledelinquency

proceedings, in which a person alleged to be within juvenile court jurisdiction is

referred to as “youth”; (5) juvenile dependency proceedings, in which a minor is

referred to as “child”; and (6) adoption cases, in which “child” is used.

Additionally, when a word indicating a party’s role in the lower proceeding

oronappealorreviewisusedasasubstitutefortheparty’sname,thedenite

article “the” is not used (e.g.,plainti,petitioner,etc.).Whenusinganabbreviated

name (not party designation), use “the” as in, “the state,” “the superintendent.”

Do not use the full names of victims. The following references are

acceptable:

the victim

therstor last name, but not both

an initial (the initial may, but need not, be related to the victim’s name)

In dependency and termination cases, and criminal cases involving a

child victim or witness, do not use the names of children. Instead, use an initial.

For readability, it is preferred to use a single initial, which may, but need not, be

related to the victim’s name. If an author would like to use two initials (e.g., to

dierentiateamongsiblingswhoserstnamesbeginwiththesameletter),thendo

not use periods (AG, AM, etc.).

In the following types of cases, do not use the name of a person who is

protected by a court order (or similar); instead, use a role-based description, such

as “petitioner,” or an initial: Family Abuse Prevention Act (FAPA) (including

violation of restraining order), stalking (including violation of a stalking order),

Elder Persons and Persons with Disabilities Abuse Prevention Act (EPPDAPA),

registration of a foreign restraining order, and Sexual Abuse Protection Order

(SAPO).

 Whenreferringtospeciclawenforcementpersonnel,usethecorrecttitle,

e.g.,ocer,deputy,trooper,detective,etc.

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Post-ConvictionCases

When referring to the circuit court in a post-conviction proceeding, “post-

conviction

court” is preferred to “post-conviction trial court.” The petitioner in a

post-conviction case is referred to as “petitioner” and the defendant is referred to

as “the superintendent,” or “the state.”

Previous / Prior

“Previous” and “prior” as adjectives are equally acceptable.

Father’s parental rights had been terminated in a prior (or previous) proceeding.

Prior to / Before

“Prior to” is disfavored; “before” is preferred.

Wifewithdrewjointfundsfromacheckingaccountbefore(notpriorto)ling

for dissolution.

That

“That” as a relative pronoun or relative adverb is sometimes suppressed in

informal writing; the preferred practice in opinions is to include it.

The court held that the evidence had been wrongly admitted.

Defendant admitted at oral argument that that proposition was subject to

debate.

D. Variant Spellings

Use kidnapping, not kidnaping.

Use marshalling, not marshaling.

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IV.CommonGrammaticalandStyleProblems

A. CollectiveNouns

Collective nouns require singular verbs when the group is functioning as a unit.

When individual members of the group are acting independently, a plural verb is used.

If a sentence seems awkward, then insert the words “members of” before the collective

noun and use the plural verb. Some common examples of collective nouns are:

court The court is not in session today.

The members of the court are in conference.

majority The majority states that the assignment of error was not preserved for

review.

The author of the majority is mistaken on that issue.

jury The jury has adjourned for the day.

The members of the jury have adjourned for the day.

council The Council on Court Procedures has adopted new rules.

The members of the council have adopted new rules.

B. ParallelConstruction

Sentence parts must match if a sentence is to make logical sense. Therefore, parts

of a sentence that are parallel in meaning are parallel in structure.

Incorrect: The court held that the taxpayer was guilty of failing to report income,

claiming fraudulent deductions, and in the treatment of ordinary

income as capital gain.

Correct: The court held that the taxpayer was guilty of failing to report income,

claiming fraudulent deductions, and treating ordinary income as capi-

tal gain.

C. PassiveVoice

Avoid using the passive voice whenever possible. The passive voice can create

ambiguity about who is doing the acting in a sentence. See State ex rel Click v. Brownhill,

331 Or 500, 509, 15 P3d 990 (2000) (Durham, J., concurring) (ambiguity in statute arose

because of the use of the phrase “shall not be used”; through use of passive voice, legislature

failed to identify who “shall not use”). See also discussion of Active Voice, page 107.

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D. Verbs

1. Was/Were Agreement:

Ringo Starr argued the cause for the appellant. With him on the brief was The

Beatles LLP.

Mick Jagger argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were Keith

Richards and the Rolling Stones, PC.

2. Past Perfect Tense

When referring to an action completed before another past time, the past

perfect tense is used.

Incorrect: Petitionertestiedatthepost-convictionhearingthatheasked

his trial lawyer to investigate his alibi defense.

Correct: Petitionertestiedatthepost-convictionhearingthathehad

asked his trial lawyer to investigate his alibi defense.

NOTE: Depending on context, past-perfect tense might not be necessary. For

example, if describing testimony, the point is to describe an event that happened

in the past, not that the event happened in the past relative to some other time. For

example,“Johntestiedthatthelightwasgreen.

3. Subjunctive Mood

For a much more complete explanation of the proper use of the subjunctive,

see Garner, A Dictionary of Modern American Usage. One situation in which the

subjunctive is generally correct is to express a condition that is contrary to fact or

hypothetical:

If Mary were queen of the world, then everyone would want to obey her.

If the court were to take notice of defendant’s arguments, then it would ignore

long-standing principles of preservation.

Not every “if” clause takes the subjunctive, however:

If defendant was a resident of Oregon in 1999, then he must pay taxes for that

year.

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E. ActiveVoice

In the active voice, the subject of a sentence or clause performs the action of the

verb. In the passive voice, the subject of a sentence or clause is not the actor. Generally,

the passive voice is wordier and may be vague. The active voice is clearer and stronger

and tells who did what to whom. See also page 105.

Active: I missed the deadline.

Passive: The deadline was missed.

F. Gender-Neutral Wording

Gender-neutral terms are preferred, and gender-based pronouns are avoided except

whenreferringtoaspecicperson.Use“heorshe”onlywhenallotherconstructions

fail.

For example, use

letter carrier, not mailman worker, not workman

ightattendant,notstewardess  salesclerk,notsalesman

G. InformalorTechnicalTerminology

 Anappellateopinionisaformaldocument.Itscontentreectsthatformality.

For example, instead of using the word “said” or “says,” use the word “states” or “stated”

(or any of the words listed below depending on the context of the sentence):

adds emphasizes observes

argues establishes opines

compares explains points out

concludes  nds   posits

continues insists proposes

declares maintains suggests

disagrees notes thinks

When using technical terms or terms of art, explain those terms.

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GLOSSARY

(These terms are used internally in appellate opinion drafting, Judicial

Assistant and Law Clerk materials, on the website, etc., but may or may

not be referred to elsewhere in this manual.)

AdvanceNotice–A one-day advance notice of Oregon Appellate Court cases scheduled

to be released that is posted on the OJD Publications website–usually Tuesday of each

week for Court of Appeals cases and Wednesday of each week for Supreme Court cases.

AdvanceSheets–Opinions of cases issued weekly by the Oregon Appellate Courts,

including, as issued, both the Regular and Magistrate Divisions of the Oregon Tax

Court, and compiled together into a softbound book that is published bimonthly by the

Publications Program. Advance Sheets are available by subscription or by issue.

ArmedbyanEquallyDividedCourt–When an even number of justices or judges

meet to decide a case, a situation can arise where the court is evenly split regarding its

disposition.Inthatevent,thecasewillbeconsideredarmed,andnomajoritywritten

opinion will be issued.

AWOP–TermofartusedintheCourtofAppealstorefertocasesthatarearmed

without opinion. No precedential value is accorded those decisions, which are published

by case caption and number only.

Bluebook–Shorthand reference to the citation manual, The Bluebook, A Uniform System

of Citation, which is published and distributed by the Harvard Law Review Association.

Citation–Formbywhichauthoritativesourcesareidentiedforeasyreference.Forthe

most part, Oregon Appellate Courts do not use periods in citations.

A stringcitation is a proscribed order listing more than one authority to support a legal

position (usually set out starting with strength of authority, jurisdiction, rank of court, and

date) and often introduced with a signal.

A parallelcitationisanadditionalreferencetothesamecasepublishedbyadierentsource.

A fullcitationsetsouttheocialsourcefollowedbyaparallelsource.

A shortformcitation is a subsequent reference to a case already set out in full and is a less

completecitationbutwhichstillclearlyidentiesthereferencedmaterial.

A jumporpinpointcitationreferstothespecicpageonwhichalegalauthorityiscited.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 109 Go to INDEX

Common Law–Law created by judicial opinions, not statutes. Hyphenate when using

this term as an adjective before a noun.

Cost Box–Printed on title page of slip opinion and used to designate expense costs (not

attorney fees) that are allowed by the court. This information is not published in the

Advance Sheets or the Oregon Reports.

Court of Appeals–In Oregon, an intermediate appellate court that has jurisdiction to hear

most civil and criminal appeals from circuit court (exceptions include death-penalty cases

and Tax Court appeals) and review most state administrative agency actions. Its primary

function is the correction of error by the application of principles of law; formulation of

law is a secondary function performed as required for deciding cases.

Department–A department is a group of three judges in the Court of Appeals, designated

by the Chief Judge, that generally hears and decides cases together. If a member of a

department must be recused or is unavailable for any reason, the Chief Judge will assign

another judge to sit on a particular case. Accordingly, the “panel” of judges that hears and

decides a case may or may not correspond to the make-up of the “department” to which

the case is assigned. One judge in each department is the “presiding judge.” The presiding

judge presides at oral argument, makes written case assignments, and administers the

department. Each department has a number, which appears, among other places, on the

court’s oral argument calendar, and a color, which corresponds to the color of the cover

sheet on its draft opinions. Department 1 is pink; Department 2 is blue, Department 3 is

green, and Department 4 is purple. Each department generally meets twice a month to

discuss draft opinions circulated since the last department meeting. When all three judges

on the panel agree that an opinion is ready, it is “approved to go down.”

Dictum–Statements in an opinion that are not necessary to the disposition of the case.

DispositionbyOrder–A court may choose to dispose of a matter by issuing an

orderinsteadofanopinion.AcceptanceofCertiedQuestionsorAppeals,issuance

of Alternative Writs of Mandamus, amendments of typographical errors, and the

certicationofballottitlesareexamplesofsuchorders.

DiscretionaryReview–Indicates that a court chooses whether or not to review a case.

EnBanc–Cases in which all available judges participate in the consideration and vote on

the outcome.

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Footnotes–Notes at the bottom of a page citing or commenting on the part of the text to

which they are referenced. Generally a footnote contains information of lesser importance

to the larger body of work.

Full Court–In the Court of Appeals, any judge may refer to the full court an opinion

approved to go down by a panel. The full court meets once a month to discuss cases

referred to it. Reasons for referral include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) the

opinion would overrule a prior case; (2) the same or similar issue is before several

departments of the court; (3) a judge not on the panel disagrees with the result or

reasoning. Not all cases referred to full court are taken en banc; a vote of the majority of

the judges available to participate is required.

Magistrate Division–The Magistrate Division tries or mediates all tax appeals, unless

the Tax Court judge assigns the case to the Regular Division. A party may appeal from

amagistrate’snaldecisiontothejudgeoftheTaxCourt.HearingsintheMagistrate

Division are often informal proceedings. Hearings may be by telephone or in person and

may be held around the state. A taxpayer may choose to represent himself or herself or

to be represented by a lawyer, public accountant, real estate broker, appraiser, or other

individual.

Media Releases–Media releases are issued weekly and contain summaries of cases

issued or otherwise decided by the Oregon appellate courts. Court of Appeals cases

thathavebeenArmedWithoutOpinionarelistedbynameandcountyoforiginonly.

Supreme Court petitions for review allowed and denied are listed by case name and

number. Other miscellaneous Supreme Court matters, such as public meetings, are

included on the media releases.

Miranda–Refers to the United States Supreme Court decision Miranda v. Arizona, 384

US 436, 86 S Ct 1602, 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966), from which the rules regarding the right to

remain silent and the right to an attorney are taken.

On Appeal / Review–A party “appeals” from a lower court as of right, but a party “seeks

review” in court of the action of an administrative agency or when the higher court has

discretion whether to take the case. The related documents are called “notice of appeal”

and “petition for judicial review” (in the case of an administrative proceeding) or

“petition for review” (in the case of a petition to the Oregon Supreme Court). Within an

administrative system, the correct term is “appeal.” For example, a party may “appeal” to

the Workers’ Compensation Board from the order of an administrative law judge.

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ORAP–Acronym for Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure. Those rules are applicable

to proceedings in the Oregon Supreme Court and Court of Appeals and supplement the

statutory requirements. The most recent version can be accessed on the Oregon Judicial

Department’s website, on the Rules page.

Oregon Reports–Hardbound volumes of the opinions issued by the Oregon Appellate

Courts,publishedseparatelybyindividualcourt.TheOregonReportsistheocial

reporterforOregoncaselaw,andpublishedanddistributedbytheOceoftheState

Court Administrator, Publications Program.

ParentheticalInformation–When used in relation to citation, text within parentheses

that usually indicates alterations to text or provides explanatory statements.

Per Curiam–By the court.

Precedent–Except as provided in ORAP 10.30, all written Oregon appellate court

opinions have the same precedential weight, whether signed or issued per curiam.

Publications–The program of the State of Oregon Law Library that is responsible

forpublishingtheocialversionoftheOregonAppellateCourtsopinions(and

miscellaneousotherocialmaterials)inhardboundvolumesastheOregonReports,in

softbound biweekly Advance Sheets, and online.

PublicationsWebsite–The Publications website, managed by the Publications Program,

includes links to Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and Tax Court opinions since 1998,

currently in publication format (not slip opinion format). The page numbers in opinions

on the Publications website can slightly vary from the page numbers ultimately used in

the Oregon Reports, due to minor edits that might be made after an opinion is issued.

The Publications website also includes links to all media releases issued by the appellate

courts, and printable and online versions of this Style Manual.

Release Date–Date that opinions are released to the public via the Appellate Courts

Records Section. Currently the Court of Appeals releases opinions to the public on

Wednesdays, and the Supreme Court releases opinions to the public on Thursdays or

other days as necessary.

Running Head–Termofartusedwhenreferringtotheocialcasenameusedfor

citation purposes that is printed as part of the header information when a case gets

publishedintheocialreports.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 112 Go to INDEX

Signals–Introductory words indicating support, comparison, or contradiction of a stated

proposition. Those words are italicized, and generally are followed by a parenthetical

statement explaining the relevance of the citation.

Slip Opinion–Appellatecourtdecisionsinan8½″x11″formatusingthecourt’sinitial

pagination,andledintheelectroniccaseleasadocumentimagelinkedtothecase

viewedelectronicallybythepublicintheRecordsOcepublicviewingstation,unless

thecaseiscondential.Papercopiesofslipopinionsalsoaremailedtotheparties.

Summary Disposition–A summary disposition is a disposition of an appeal, a judicial

review,orotherproceedingpendinginanappellatecourtwithoutfullbriengand

submission to the courts on the merits of the case. Summary dispositions include

dismissals,summaryarmances,andsummaryreversals.Byvariousstatutesgoverning

particularkindsofcases,theCourtofAppealshasauthoritytosummarilyarmtrial

court decisions in particular cases if the court determines that the appeal does not present

a substantial question of law.

Supreme Court–ThehighestcourtinOregonandthenalarbiterofOregonlaw.Its

primary function is as law-announcing forum. The Supreme Court has discretionary

review, e.g., cases on review from the Court of Appeals; direct review, e.g., death-penalty

cases, tax cases, and disciplinary matters; and original discretionary jurisdiction, e.g.,

mandamus, quo warranto,habeascorpus,andcertiedquestions.

Tag Line–The court’s formal disposition of a case. The tag line is listed both on the title

page and as the last line of an opinion.

Tax Court–The Tax Court is a special court that has exclusive, statewide jurisdiction to

hear only cases that involve Oregon’s tax laws, including income taxes, corporate excise

taxes, property taxes, timber taxes, cigarette taxes, local budget laws, and property tax

limitations. There are no jury trials, and appeals go directly to the Supreme Court. The

Oregon Tax Court has two divisions–the Regular Division and the Magistrate Division.

TCR / TCR-MD–Acronyms for the Tax Court rules and Tax Court Rules-Magistrate

Division. Those rules are applicable to proceedings in the Oregon Tax Court and

supplement statutory requirements. To the degree the wording of a Tax Court Rule

mirrors that of an Oregon Rule of Civil Procedure, case interpretations of the Oregon

Rules of Civil Procedure are authoritative for applying the Tax Court Rules. For

circumstances not addressed by the Tax Court Rules-Magistrate Division, proceedings in

the Magistrate Division defer to the guidance of the Tax Court Rules.

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 113 Go to INDEX

Opinion Overview I

Petition filed

Petition assigned to chambers

Law clerk reads petition,

summarizes issue/argument,

and writes memo

recommending whether to

allow, deny, or hold

Justice reads clerk's memo and

makes own recommendation

Petition and clerk memo with

Justice recommendation are

circulated to full court and

placed on conference agenda

At conference, justices vote to

allow, deny, or hold

("Discuss" agenda items are

discussed individually)

Deny

Allow

Hold

If denied, an order denying

review issues nine days

after conference; petition

may petition for

reconsideration.

Dismissed as

improvidently allowed

At post-argument conference,

justices discuss decision; if

issue was different than

originally thought or if

preservation impediment is

clear, case may be dismissed

Oral argument

If petition is allowed, an

"allow" order issues,

scheduling the case for

argument. Occasionally, a

staff person first prepares an

allow memo to confirm that

the case has no jurisdictional

or preservation problems.

Petition may be held for

other case with a similar

issue that is currently

being considered by the

Case assigned to chambers

Justice drafts opinion and

circulates to full court

Draft opinion is discussed at

conference and may be voted

down or sent back for

rewrites/edits

Draft rewritten/edited and

recirculated

Court denies petition as

improvidently allowed

Problems

Down

(Occasionally, if the court is in

agreement on the result but

several suggestions are to be

incorporated, a "final" draft

goes back to conference for

final court review before the

court votes the opinion "down")

Opinion is down-

drafted; summary and

media release are

drafted.

Final opinion sent to

Records; final opinion

and summary sent to

Publications

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS:

A STEP-BY-STEP OVERVIEW

Opinion posted to

the case register

and online at 8:00

a.m. (usually on

Thursday)

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 114 Go to INDEX

Opinion Overview II

POST-ARGUMENT

CONFERENCE

• Straw vote

• Some cases may be AWOPed

at this time

• PJ assigns each case not

AWOPed to a judge

Judge edits / rewrites draft

opinion

New majority or dissent /

concurrence drafted and

distributed; original opinion may

be revised

Circulation to all

judges – Referral

deadline is 4pm

the Tuesday after

circulation date

Case taken

"en banc"

• Straw vote

• Assignment of

judge to write new

majority or dissent

/concurrence

COURT OF APPEALS OPINIONS: A STEP-BY-STEP OVERVIEW

Cases assigned to departments

Judges read briefs

Pre-argument panel meeting

ORAL ARGUMENT

Research and writing o

draft opinion or AWOP

memo

Opinion goes "into

department”

DEPARTMENT

CONFERENCE

Approval to

“go down”

Approval to

“go down”

FULL COURT CONFERENCE

Opinion

“pulled

back” to

dept.

Pass

Reassignment to

another judge

Circulation to all

staff attorneys –

SA conference

Monday after

circulation date

Opinion prepared for

publication

– Must be

“on the cart” by

Friday after

referral

Opinion released to the public – Wednesday at 8am

Publication in Advance Sheets

Proofreading of Advance Sheets

Publication in hard bound volume of Or App

Referral to

full court;

referral

memo

written and

distributed

Referral to

full court

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 115 Go to INDEX

Opinion Overview III

Case Management Conference

Case Filed

REGULAR DIVISION

Publish in Advance Sheets

Approve Final Draft

Research and Write Draft

Opinion

Trial or Oral

Argument

Prepare Opinion for

Publication

Edit/rewrite draft opinion

Prepare title page

Edit/rewrite draft

opinion, summaries

Write case and index

summary

Release

opinion to

public

Set briefing schedule

and oral argument

Set trial

Read Briefs/Memoranda

TAX COURT - REGULAR DIVISION OPINIONS:

A STEP-BY-STEP OVERVIEW

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 116 Go to INDEX

Opinion Overview IV

Case Management Conference

Case Filed

MAGISTRATE DIVISION

Publish in Advance Sheets

Approve Final Draft

Research and Write Draft

Decision

Trial or Oral

Argument

Prepare Decision for

Publication

Edit/rewrite draft

decision

Prepare title page

Edit/rewrite summaries

Write case and index

summary

Release

decision to

public

Submit for

publication

Council

approval

Finalize

Set briefing schedule

and oral argument

Set trial

Read Briefs/Memoranda

TAX COURT - MAGISTRATE DIVISION OPINIONS:

A STEP-BY-STEP OVERVIEW

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 117 Go to INDEX

APPENDIX

(StandardProofreader’sMarks)

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 118 Go to INDEX

INDEX

A / an, word pairs ............................................................................................................. 90

A / from a, word pairs ...................................................................................................... 90

Abbreviations ...................... 16, 17, 30, 31, 33, 35, 38, 39, 41, 49, 68-69, 75, 76, 90, 103

Absent / without, word pairs ............................................................................................ 90

Academic degrees ........................................................................................................... 76

Acronyms ............................................................................................ 75, 87, 90, 111, 112

Active voice .................................................................................................................. 107

Administrative Law Judge ...................................................................................... 71, 110

AdministrativeLawJudge/HearingOcer,wordpairs ................................................ 91

Administrative Rules, Oregon ........................................................................................ 39

Aect/eect,wordpairs ................................................................................................. 91

Armedbyanequallydividedcourt,generally .......................................................... 108

Agency Decisions, citation to ......................................................................................... 40

Allow / grant, word pairs ................................................................................................. 91

Alternate / alternative, word pairs .................................................................................... 91

Although / while, word pairs ........................................................................................... 91

Amended

Oregon Constitution ............................................................................................. 33

Statutes ........................................................................................................... 37-38

American Bar Association Standards, citation to ..................................................... 43-44

American Jurisprudence .................................................................................................. 51

American Law Reports ................................................................................................... 51

Amicus curiae .............................................................................................................. 7, 67

Amicus curiae / amici curiae, word pairs ........................................................................ 92

Among / between, word pairs .......................................................................................... 93

Apostrophes ........................................................................................................ 68, 74, 77

Appeal / review, on .......................................................................................... 10, 103, 110

Appeal / review, word pairs ............................................................................................. 92

Appeals / appeals from, word pairs .................................................................................. 92

Appellate Procedure, Oregon Rules of ................................................................... 39, 111

Appendices, generally ..................................................................................................... 13

Appositives ............................................................................................................... 83, 84

Attorney General Opinions, citation to ........................................................................... 41

Authority, on Summary Disposition ............................................................................. 112

Authority / right, word pairs ............................................................................................ 98

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 119 Go to INDEX

Ballot measures, citation to ............................................................................................. 43

Bar Rules of Procedure, citation to ........................................................................... 43-44

Because / since, word pairs ........................................................................................ 93, 99

Before / prior to, word usage ......................................................................................... 104

Between / among, word pairs ........................................................................................... 93

Block quotations ......................................................................... 13, 52, 53, 54, 62-64, 79

Bluebook, The ................................................................................. 16, 18, 30, 31, 49, 108

Body of opinion, generally ........................................................................................... 5, 9

Boldface .................................................................................................................... 12, 14

Books .................................................................................................................. 48, 50, 68

Brackets, use of ......................................................................................................... 59-62

To correct spelling ................................................................................................ 62

With periods ......................................................................................................... 63

Briefs, citation to ....................................................................................................... 44-45

Cannot, word functions ................................................................................................. 101

Case law

Case names ............................................................................ 14, 16-17, 28, 29, 68

Cases not yet appearing in publication ................................................................ 32

Federal case law ................................................................................................... 29

Oregon case law, citation of generally ........................................................... 20-29

Certiorari denied by United States Supreme Court ..................... 21-22, 24

  CourtofAppealsdecisionarmed/reversedbySupremeCourt ............ 23

Court of Appeals decision remanded by Supreme Court .......................... 23

Court of Appeals decision vacated by unpublished order ......................... 24

On reconsideration .............................................................................. 21, 24

On rehearing ....................................................................................... 20-21

Oregon review denied and US Supreme Court certiorari denied ............ 24

Oregon Supreme Court opinion reversed by United States Supreme

Court ..................................................................................................... 22

Oregon Supreme Court review allowed .................................................... 23

Oregon Supreme Court review allowed, then dismissed .......................... 23

Oregon Supreme Court review denied ...................................................... 23

Oregon Tax Court case citations ......................................................... 24-25

Short form, Oregon ............................................................................. 25-29

United States Supreme Court appeal dismissed ....................................... 24

United States Supreme Court certiorari denied by opinion ..................... 24

Other state case law ....................................................................................... 31-32

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 120 Go to INDEX

Certiorari .................................................................................................................. 16, 67

Certiorari denied by United States Supreme Court ....................................... 21-22, 23-24

Children, using names of, word usage .......................................................................... 103

Circuit court / trial court, word pairs ............................................................................... 93

Citations

Agency decisions ........................................................................................... 40-41

Attorney General Opinions .................................................................................. 41

Ballot measures .................................................................................................... 43

Case law

Federal case law .................................................................................. 29-31

Oregon Court of Appeals .................................................................... 22-24

Oregon Supreme Court ....................................................................... 20-22

Oregon Tax Court ............................................................................... 24-25

Other state or court citation ................................................................ 31-32

Case names ...................................................................... 14, 16-17, 22, 28, 29, 68

Concurrence or dissent ............................................................................. 10, 20, 29

Consistency of ................................................................................................ 16, 17

Constitution, citation to

Oregon ................................................................................................ 33, 69

United States ....................................................................................... 45, 69

Dictionaries .................................................................................................... 49-51

Federal citations

Internal Revenue Code .............................................................................. 46

Legislative history .................................................................................... 46

Public Laws and United States Code ........................................................ 46

Rules of Evidence and Procedure ............................................................. 45

Tax materials ....................................................................................... 46-47

Uniform Laws ........................................................................................... 47

United States Constitution .................................................................. 45, 69

Footnotes .............................................................................................................. 28

Citation within a footnote ......................................................................... 13

Form of .......................................................................................................... 16-19

Harvard Bluebook, cross references to ................................................................ 16

Id., use of ........................................................................................... 28, 33, 35, 67

Internet, citation to ................................................................................... 15, 17, 50

Legislative history .................................................................................... 41-43, 46

Municipal Codes .................................................................................................. 41

Oregon Administrative Rules ......................................................................... 39-40

Oregon Evidence Code ........................................................................................ 38

Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure ................................................................. 39

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 121 Go to INDEX

Citations (continued)

Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure ................................................................... 38-39

Periodical articles, books, treatises, restatements, etc. .................................. 48-51

Rules of Professional Conduct ....................................................................... 43-44

Short form

Books, articles, periodicals ....................................................................... 51

Oregon Court of Appeals and Supreme Court cases ................................. 25

Oregon Tax Court cases ............................................................................ 29

Signals .................................................................................................... 18, 67, 112

Statutory citation

General Laws of Oregon ........................................................................... 34

Oregon Compiled Laws Annotated .......................................................... 35

Oregon Laws ....................................................................................... 33-34

Oregon Revised Statutes ..................................................................... 35-38

Repealed or renumbered / use of former ................................. 36-37, 40, 44

String citations ............................................................................................. 18, 108

Supra, use of ............................................................................................ 27, 29, 61

Uniform Jury Instructions .................................................................................... 40

Uniform Trial Court Rules / Supplementary Local Rules ................................... 40

Cite / cite to, word pairs ................................................................................................... 93

Collective nouns, grammar ........................................................................................... 105

Colons, in general ......................................................................................... 13, 52, 78-79

Using uppercase following colons ....................................................................... 79

Commas ........................................................................................... 13, 79-84, 88, 99-100

Comments ................................................................................... 33, 38, 42, 43, 47, 48, 51

Complex sentences .................................................................................................... 81-82

Compose / comprise, word pairs ...................................................................................... 94

Compound

Predicates ............................................................................................................. 80

Sentences ............................................................................................................. 81

Comprise / compose, word pairs ...................................................................................... 94

Concurrence, citation to ...................................................................................... 10, 20, 29

Concurrently with / consecutively to, word pairs ............................................................ 94

Concurring Opinion, in general .................................................................................... 5, 8

Consecutively to / concurrently with, word pairs ............................................................ 94

Consistent with / consistently with, word pairs ............................................................... 94

Constitutional citations

Oregon Constitution ....................................................................................... 33, 69

United States Constitution ............................................................................. 45, 69

Consolidated cases ............................................................................................................ 6

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 122 Go to INDEX

Contractions, word functions .................................................................................... 9, 101

Corpus Juris Secundum (CJS), abbreviations ................................................................. 76

Criterion / criteria, word pairs .......................................................................................... 95

Dashes ....................................................................................................................... 84, 88

Data / datum, word pairs .................................................................................................. 95

Dates ................................................................................................................... 12, 72, 74

Decimals ......................................................................................................................... 73

Decree / judgment, word pairs ......................................................................................... 95

Disciplinary cases, lawyer ...................................................................................... 27, 112

Dictionary, citation to ................................................................................................ 49-51

Disinterested / uninterested, word pairs ........................................................................... 95

Dissent, citation to .............................................................................................. 10, 20, 29

Dissenting opinion, in general ...................................................................................... 5, 8

Driver’s license / driving privileges, word pairs .............................................................. 95

Editor ......................................................................................................................... 48, 49

Eect/aect,wordpairs ................................................................................................. 91

Electronic (Online) sources ........................................................................... 15, 17, 32, 50

Ellipsis, use of ............................................................................................... 18, 61, 62-65

Employe / employee, word pairs ..................................................................................... 95

Evidence Code (Rules of Evidence)

Federal .................................................................................................................. 45

Oregon ............................................................................................................ 38, 70

Expedient / expeditious, word pairs ................................................................................. 96

Factnder

Without hyphen .................................................................................................... 85

Word functions ................................................................................................... 101

Federal citations, in general ......................................................... 17, 29-31, 45-47, 69, 71

Case law ............................................................................................................... 29

Federal Rules

Of civil procedure ..................................................................................... 45

Of criminal procedure ............................................................................... 45

Of evidence ............................................................................................... 45

Federal tax materials

Regulations and Determinations ......................................................... 46-47

Internal Revenue Code (IRC) .............................................................................. 46

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 123 Go to INDEX

Fewer / less than, word pairs ............................................................................................ 96

Finding / holding, word pairs ..................................................................................... 96, 97

Fonts .......................................................................................................................... 14, 67

Footnotes

Citation in ................................................................................................ 13, 20, 25

Citation to ............................................................................................................ 28

Generally .......................................................................................................... 5, 13

Omitted ................................................................................................................ 65

On title page ....................................................................................................... 7-8

Placement in block quotations ....................................................................... 53-54

For / of, word pairs ........................................................................................................... 97

Foreign words and phrases, italics .................................................................................. 67

Forgo / forego, word pairs ............................................................................................... 96

Formatting

Body of opinion, generally .............................................................................. 9-14

Generally ................................................................................................................ 5

Quotations ............................................................................................................ 52

Title page ........................................................................................................... 6-8

Former ................................................................................................................ 36-37, 44

Fractions .......................................................................................................................... 73

Gender-neutral wording ................................................................................................ 107

Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 108

Grammar, references ....................................................................................................... 66

Grant / allow, word pairs .................................................................................................. 91

Headings, use of ........................................................................................................ 11-12

HearingOcer/AdministrativeLawJudge,wordpairs ................................................ 91

Holding/nding,wordpairs ........................................................................................... 96

Hyphens / hyphenation ............................................................... 40, 66, 72, 73, 74, 85-87

Id., use of ....................................................................................................... 28, 33, 35, 67

If . . . was / were, word pairs ............................................................................................ 97

Implicitly / impliedly, word pairs ..................................................................................... 97

Improvidently allowed .............................................................................................. 16, 23

In light of / in the light of, word pairs .............................................................................. 97

Informal terminology .................................................................................................... 107

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 124 Go to INDEX

Infra, use of ..................................................................................................................... 29

Initialisms .................................................................................................................. 75-76

Initiative Petitions ........................................................................................................... 43

Internal Revenue Code .................................................................................................... 46

Internet (Online) sources

Citation ..................................................................................................... 15, 17, 50

In general ............................................................................................................. 32

Italics

Book, article, or treatise names ................................................................ 48-51, 68

Case names .............................................................................................. 29, 68, 78

Foreign words and phrases .................................................................................. 67

Generally .................................................................................................. 12, 14, 62

In citations ...................................................................................................... 36, 58

Signals .......................................................................................................... 18, 112

Judgment / decree, word pairs ......................................................................................... 95

Judgment notwithstanding the verdict

Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 76

Initialisms ............................................................................................................. 75

Jump citations (see pinpoint citations) .................................................. 30, 31, 32, 45, 108

Jury Instructions, Uniform, citation to ............................................................................ 40

Land Use Board of Appeals, citation to .......................................................................... 40

Language, word usage .................................................................................................. 102

Law Enforcement, names for, word usage .................................................................... 103

Latin words, italics .......................................................................................................... 67

Legislative history

Federal, citation to ............................................................................................... 46

Oregon, citation to ......................................................................................... 41-43

Less than / fewer, word pairs ........................................................................................... 96

Less than / more than, word pairs .................................................................................... 98

Letter opinion, word usage ........................................................................................... 102

License, driver’s / driving privileges, word pairs ............................................................ 95

Lists, bulleted or numbered ....................................................................................... 12-13

Punctuating .................................................................................................... 87-88

Loath / loathe, word pairs ................................................................................................ 97

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 125 Go to INDEX

May / might, word pairs ................................................................................................... 97

Minutes, citation to ......................................................................................................... 42

Money ............................................................................................................................. 75

Months, abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 76

More than / less than, word pairs ..................................................................................... 98

Municipal codes, citation to ............................................................................................ 41

Narrative citation form

Initiative Petitions, Ballot Measures, and Voters’ Pamphlets .............................. 43

Legislative History ............................................................................................... 41

Oregon Administrative Rules ......................................................................... 39-40

Oregon Constitution ............................................................................................. 33

Oregon Evidence Code ........................................................................................ 38

Oregon Laws .................................................................................................. 33-34

Oregon Revised Statutes ................................................................................ 35-38

Oregon Rules Civil Procedure ....................................................................... 38-39

Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC) ........................................................... 43-44

Uniform Jury Instructions .................................................................................... 40

United States Code ............................................................................................... 46

United States Constitution ................................................................................... 45

United States Rules of Evidence and Procedure .................................................. 45

Nonprecedential memorandum opinions ..................................................................... 6, 22

Nouns, collective, grammar .......................................................................................... 105

Numbers, in general .................................................................................................. 72-75

Case ........................................................................................................................ 6

Citation page .................................................................................................. 28, 34

Footnote ............................................................................................................... 13

Slip opinion line ..................................................................................................... 5

Subsubparagraph .................................................................................................. 11

Volume and issue ................................................................................................. 49

Of / for, word pairs ........................................................................................................... 97

Oces ............................................................................................................................. 76

Online sources ................................................................................................................. 32

Only, word usage .......................................................................................................... 102

Opinion

Body of, in general ................................................................................................. 9

Overviews .................................................................................................. 113-116

Slip opinions .................................................................................................. 5, 112

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 126 Go to INDEX

Oregon Administrative Rules .......................................................................................... 39

Oregon Compiled Laws Annotated ................................................................................. 35

Oregon Constitution ........................................................................................................ 33

Oregon Court of Appeals

 Dened ............................................................................................................... 109

Oregon Evidence Code ................................................................................................... 38

Oregon Laws ............................................................................................................. 33-34

Oregon Revised Statutes ........................................................................................... 35-38

Oregon Rules of Appellate Procedure ..................................................................... 39, 111

Oregon Rules Civil Procedure .................................................................................. 38-39

Oregon Supreme Court

 Dened ............................................................................................................... 112

Outlining ......................................................................................................................... 11

Sample illustration ............................................................................................... 12

Over / under–more than / less than, word pairs ................................................................ 98

Overruled case law .................................................................................................... 21, 22

Parallel citation ......................................................................... 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 31, 108

Parallel construction, grammar ..................................................................................... 105

Parameter, word usage .................................................................................................. 102

Parenthetical elements .............................................................................................. 83-84

Punctuating .......................................................................................................... 88

Parenthetical information ............................................. 18-19, 20, 32, 37, 42, 65, 111, 112

With block quotations .............................................................................. 53, 55-58

Part / portion, word pairs ................................................................................................. 98

Parties to cases

Generally ........................................................................................ 6, 10, 22, 27, 92

Word usage ......................................................................................................... 103

Passive voice ......................................................................................................... 105, 107

Past perfect tense ........................................................................................................... 106

Patdown

Without hyphen .................................................................................................... 85

Word functions ................................................................................................... 101

Pending cases .................................................................................................................. 23

Per curiam ........................................................................................... 5, 8, 10, 67, 70, 111

Percentages ............................................................................................................... 73, 85

Periodical articles ...................................................................................................... 48-49

Ph.D., abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 76

Pleaded / pled, word pairs ................................................................................................ 98

Pinpoint citations .................................................................................. 30, 31, 32, 45, 108

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 127 Go to INDEX

Portion / part, word pairs ................................................................................................. 98

Possessives, generally ............................................................................................... 77-78

Possessive endings on case names ................................................................. 29, 68

Post-conviction cases, word usage ................................................................................ 104

Previous / prior, word usage ........................................................................................... 104

Prior / previous, word usage .......................................................................................... 104

Prior to / before, word usage .......................................................................................... 104

Proofreader’s Marks ...................................................................................................... 117

Proved / proven, word pairs ............................................................................................. 98

Punctuation ............................................................................................. 52, 60, 63, 77-89

Of elements .................................................................................................... 83, 88

Of lists ............................................................................................................ 87-88

Resources ............................................................................................................. 66

Quotations

Block quotations ................................................................................ 52, 62-65, 79

Of footnotes .............................................................................................. 13

Footnotes within ....................................................................................... 54

Generally ........................................................................................................ 13, 52

Order of citations and parenthetical phrases with block quotes .......................... 53

Parenthetical phrases within text ......................................................................... 55

Placement of citation ..................................................................................... 53-54

Use of brackets ............................................................................................... 59-62

Use of ellipses ................................................................................................ 62-65

Use of uppercase .................................................................................................. 59

Ratios .............................................................................................................................. 73

Reconsideration ......................................................................................................... 21, 24

Reference guides ....................................................................................................... 50, 66

Rehearing, Oregon cases ..................................................................................... 16, 20-21

Repealed or renumbered statutes .................................................................. 36-37, 40, 44

Restatements ............................................................................................................. 48, 51

Review / appeal, on .................................................................................. 10, 103, 110, 112

Review / appeal, word pairs ............................................................................................. 92

Right / authority, word pairs ............................................................................................ 98

Rules of Appellate Procedure, Oregon, citation to ......................................................... 39

Rules of Civil Procedure, citation to

Federal ................................................................................................................. 45

Oregon ........................................................................................................... 38-39

Rules of Professional Conduct, citation to ................................................................ 43-44

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 128 Go to INDEX

Seasons ............................................................................................................................ 72

Semicolons ........................................................................................ 13, 17, 18, 52, 63, 88

Sentencing Guidelines, citation to .................................................................................. 43

Series, items in a series ............................................................... 27, 28, 39, 40, 72, 80, 88

Short citation form, generally ................................................................................... 10, 13

Books and Treatises ............................................................................................. 51

Federal Jurisdictions ...................................................................................... 29-31

Oregon Court of Appeals and Supreme Court cases ............................................ 25

Oregon Tax Court ................................................................................................ 29

Periodical Articles ................................................................................................ 49

States Other Than Oregon .............................................................................. 31-32

Sic .............................................................................................................................. 61-62

Signals, generally .................................................................................................... 18, 112

Italics .............................................................................................................. 14, 67

Since / because, word pairs ........................................................................................ 93, 99

Spacing

Around dashes ...................................................................................................... 84

With abbreviations ............................................................................................... 17

With asterisks (ellipsis) ........................................................................................ 62

Spelling, variant ............................................................................................................ 104

Statement of facts, generally ........................................................................................... 10

Statutes, Oregon, citation to ................................................................................ 35-38, 70

String citations ........................................................................................................ 18, 108

Sub nom ........................................................................................................................... 22

Subjunctive mood ......................................................................................................... 106

Subsequent history ................................................................ 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 37-38, 57

Supplementary Local Rules, citation to .......................................................................... 40

Supra, use of ....................................................................................................... 27, 29, 61

Tag lines ................................................................................................ 8, 11, 93, 100, 112

TaxCourt,Oregon,dened ........................................................................................... 112

Case citation ................................................................................................... 24-25

Short form ................................................................................................. 29

 MagistrateDivision,dened .............................................................................. 110

Miscellaneous tax materials ........................................................................... 46-47

Tax Court, United States

Case citation ......................................................................................................... 31

Federal tax cases .................................................................................................. 31

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 129 Go to INDEX

Technical terminology .................................................................................................. 107

Tenses, verb, grammar .................................................................................................. 106

That, word usage ........................................................................................................... 104

That / this; those / these, word pairs ................................................................................. 99

That / which, word pairs .................................................................................................. 99

Time ................................................................................................................................ 74

Title page, formatting .................................................................................................... 6-8

Titles .................................................................................................................... 68-69, 76

Transitions, between discussions .................................................................................... 14

Treatises .................................................................................................................... 48-51

Trial court / circuit court, word pairs ............................................................................... 93

Trial Court Rules, Uniform, citation to ........................................................................... 40

Typeface .................................................................................................................... 14, 67

Foreign words ................................................................................................ 14, 67

Italic ..................................................................................................................... 14

Of case names ................................................................................................ 14, 68

Roman ............................................................................................................ 17, 67

Signals .................................................................................................................. 67

To show emphasis ................................................................................................ 14

Under / over, word pairs .................................................................................................. 98

Underscoring, use of ....................................................................................................... 14

Uniform Jury Instructions, citation to ............................................................................. 40

Uniform Laws, citation to ............................................................................................... 47

Uniform Trial Court Rules, citation to ............................................................................ 40

Uninterested / disinterested, word pairs ........................................................................... 95

United States Code, citation to ........................................................................................ 46

Unpublished decisions, citation to ............................................................................ 25, 30

Orders, citation to ................................................................................................ 24

Uppercase, use of .................................... 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 33, 59, 68-72, 88

After colons .......................................................................................................... 79

With brackets ....................................................................................................... 59

 Withprexes ........................................................................................................ 86

VAWA (Violence Against Women Act) ............................................................17, 20, 25, 61

Verbs

Active voice ....................................................................................................... 107

Before colons ....................................................................................................... 79

In complex sentences ........................................................................................... 82

Go to TABLE OF CONTENTS 130 Go to INDEX

Verbs (continued)

“See” .................................................................................................................... 67

Tenses, grammar ................................................................................................ 106

Was / were, agreement ........................................................................................ 106

 Withaect/eect ................................................................................................. 91

With collective nouns ................................................................................... 95, 105

 Withcompoundmodiers .................................................................................... 85

With compound predicates ................................................................................... 80

With “whom” ..................................................................................................... 100

Victims, names of, word usage ............................................................................... 10, 103

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) ...........................................................17, 20, 25, 61

Voters’ Pamphlets ............................................................................................................ 43

Which / that, word pairs ................................................................................................... 99

While / although, word pairs ............................................................................................ 91

Who / whom, word pairs ................................................................................................ 100

Without / absent, word pairs ............................................................................................ 90

Word pairs ....................................................................................................................... 90

Other resources .................................................................................................... 66

Workers’ Compensation Board ......................................................................... 69, 92, 110

Citation to ............................................................................................................ 40