IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 14–1550
Filed February 5, 2016
Amended May 4, 2016
ROBERT ALLEN BARKER,
Appellant,
vs.
DONALD H. CAPOTOSTO and THOMAS M. MAGEE,
Appellees.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Palo Alto County, Duane E.
Hoffmeyer, Judge.
The plaintiff in a legal malpractice action against his former
criminal defense attorneys appeals a district court ruling granting
summary judgment to the defendants on the ground the plaintiff could
not establish he was actually innocent of a crime. REVERSED AND
REMANDED.
Ashleigh E. O’Connell Hackel (until withdrawal) and J. Campbell
Helton of Whitfield & Eddy, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant.
Alexander E. Wonio and David L. Brown of Hansen, McClintock &
Riley, Des Moines, for appellee Thomas M. Magee.
Donald H. Capotosto, West Bend, pro se.
2
MANSFIELD, Justice.
This case asks us to determine whether a criminal defendant who
sues his or her attorney for legal malpractice must prove actual
innocence as a precondition to recovery. In Trobaugh v. Sondag, 668
N.W.2d 577, 583 n.4 (Iowa 2003), we reserved judgment on this
question.
In the present case, the plaintiff faults his former criminal defense
attorneys for allowing him to plead guilty to a specific crime that lacked a
factual basis. He sued the attorneys for malpractice, but the district
court granted them summary judgment because the plaintiff could not
show he was actually innocent of any offense that formed the basis for
the underlying criminal case.
On our review, we decline to adopt proof of actual innocence as a
separate prerequisite to recovery for legal malpractice against criminal
defense attorneys. Instead, we believe judges and juries should take
innocence or guilt into account in determining whether the traditional
elements of a legal malpractice claim have been established. We
therefore reverse and remand for further proceedings.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
In 2006, Robert Barker placed crudely worded graffiti on the wall
of a public restroom in a park in Emmetsburg inviting young males
interested in oral sex to contact a certain email address. In response to
public complaints about the graffiti, law enforcement began an
investigation. An agent of the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation
posed as a fifteen-year-old male named “Jayson” and established online
contact with Barker using the email address.
Eventually, Barker made plans to meet “Jayson” for a sex act.
When Barker appeared at the arranged location, he was arrested. The
3
State charged Barker with attempted enticement of a minor, an
aggravated misdemeanor, and lascivious acts with a child, a class “D”
felony. See Iowa Code § 710.10(3) (2005); id. § 709.8(3). Later, the court
granted the State’s request to amend the second count to solicitation of a
minor to commit a sex act, a purported class “D” felony. See id.
§ 702.17; id. § 705.1; id. § 709.4(2)(c)(4).
1
On October 3, Barker entered into a written plea agreement.
Under the plea agreement, Barker was to plead guilty to the amended
charge of solicitation of a minor. The first count—attempted
enticement—would be dismissed and the State would recommend a
suspended sentence and probation with the condition that Barker
complete sex-offender treatment through a residential treatment facility
(RTF) in Sioux City.
During this stage of the proceedings, Barker was represented by
Thomas Magee, whom Barker consulted concerning his decision to plead
guilty. Thereafter, Magee closed his law office and the court allowed him
to withdraw from further representation. The district court subsequently
appointed Donald Capotosto to represent Barker.
On December 11, Barker’s plea and sentencing hearing took place
in the Palo Alto County District Court. The terms of the plea agreement
were put on the record. Barker gave the following statement regarding
the offense:
1
The amended count sought to charge an inchoate crime (Iowa has no general
attempt statute) by combining Iowa Code section 705.1’s general prohibition on
soliciting other persons to commit crimes with section 709.4(2)(c)(4)’s prohibition on
performing a sex act with a person who is fourteen or fifteen years of age when the
person committing the act is four or more years older. The problem with this effort, as
became apparent years later, is that Barker wasn’t soliciting someone else to commit
the crime of sexual abuse; he was attempting to commit that crime himself.
4
On August 16th I was in communication on line with
what I presumed to be a 15-year-old male. That 15-year-old
male had contacted me the day before after, ostensibly after
coming across an e-mail address that I had written in a
restroom . . . . The conversation was such that we came to
an understanding that we would meet and possibly sexual
activity could happen. That was the nature of the
conversation. Obviously it was not a minor. It was a sting
operation, and I was arrested.
The district court sentenced Barker to five-years imprisonment,
suspended the sentence, and placed Barker on probation for the
duration of his sentence. Additionally, in Clay County, Barker had pled
guilty to second-degree theft, a class “D” felony, see Iowa Code
§ 714.2(2), with the understanding that the sentence on that charge
would run concurrently with the sentence on the solicitation of a minor
charge.
Barker’s sentencing order for the solicitation offense prohibited
him from engaging in unsupervised contact with minors and provided
that all internet access, including chat room use, needed to be
preapproved by his probation officer. The order permitted Barker to
complete outpatient sex-offender treatment through Catholic Charities
instead of mandating commitment to the RTF but required him to seek
an evaluation from Catholic Charities within sixty days. The order
further provided that Barker had to register as a sex offender.
On December 29, 2006, the State filed an application for probation
revocation based on Barker’s use of a public library computer. Barker
was arrested and jailed. However, on January 23, 2007, the district
court denied the application and ordered Barker released, reasoning that
there was no specific prohibition on his use of a computer, so long as it
did not involve use of the internet or chat rooms.
On February 5, 2007, Barker received a five-year suspended
sentence on the Clay County theft charge, to run concurrently with his
5
sentence for solicitation of a minor. Barker was placed on probation for
that charge as well.
On occasions in April, May, July, and September, Barker was
noncompliant with the treatment services at Catholic Charities. He was
discharged from that program. After a home visit revealed that Barker
was engaged in internet use and had images of young males on his
computer, his computer was seized and in December the district court
ordered Barker into the RTF once space became available.
In March 2008, Barker was admitted to the RTF. Barker lost
several jobs during this time period because of unauthorized internet
use, including the access of pornography. On July 31, Barker was
unsuccessfully terminated from the RTF, and the State filed another
application for revocation of his probation. Barker was jailed again at
this time.
On October 30, the district court revoked Barker’s probation on
the solicitation of a minor charge and sentenced him to imprisonment for
a term not to exceed five years with credit for time served. Barker was
transferred to the Mount Pleasant Correctional Facility.
On November 14, 2008, a probation revocation proceeding was
commenced in Clay County on Barker’s theft conviction. This proceeding
was dismissed on March 2, 2009, due to the fact that Barker was already
in prison based on the conviction for solicitation of a minor.
On October 1, Barker filed an application for postconviction relief
from his conviction for solicitation of a minor. His application alleged
that his prior counsel had committed ineffective assistance of counsel
because there was no factual basis for his guilty plea to solicitation of a
minor to engage in a sex act. In a written ruling, the district court
granted the application on February 28, 2011. The court reasoned that
6
to commit the offense, Barker had to have solicited someone else to
commit an actual crime, and he had not done so. The court explained,
“If such [sex] act occurred, the adult would be committing the crime and
the child would be a victim. Thus, the adult cannot be considered to
have asked the fourteen or fifteen year old to commit a felony crime.”
The court then concluded,
By advising and permitting Barker to plead guilty to a crime
for which he could not give a factual basis, defendant’s
counsel failed to perform an essential duty and the prejudice
to defendant was inherent in the conviction entered upon his
defective plea.
The court vacated Barker’s conviction and sentence.
Barker never appealed or sought postconviction relief from his
second-degree theft conviction in Clay County. Also, Barker does not
dispute that his conduct in Palo Alto County amounted to attempted
enticement of a child in violation of Iowa Code section 710.10(3), the first
count charged in the original trial information.
On March 1, 2013, Barker filed a petition alleging that Magee and
Capotosto committed legal malpractice by advising him to plead guilty to
an offense for which there was no factual basis. Thereafter, Capotosto
filed a motion for summary judgment, which Magee joined. They argued
Barker could not establish that he was factually innocent in the
underlying criminal case. They urged that the Iowa courts should
require a plaintiff to prove actual innocence in order to maintain a suit
for legal malpractice occurring in the course of criminal representation.
They also argued that, as a matter of law, their alleged malpractice did
not cause Barker’s damages.
The district court granted the motion on the first ground, stating,
[T]he Court finds actual innocence must be established in a
criminal malpractice action. Additionally, the Court finds
7
actual innocence requires innocence of all transactionally
related offenses. Plaintiff does not dispute that he attempted
to entice a person whom he believed to be under the age of
16 with the intent to commit an illegal act. Plaintiff admits
that what he did do was engage in a telephone conversation
with a person he believed to be fifteen years old for the
purpose of arranging a meeting leading to a sexual
encounter and that this meets the definition of attempted
enticement of a minor for an illegal act, an aggravated
misdemeanor, under Iowa Code Section 710.10(3) (2005),
which was charged in the under[ly]ing criminal case
FECR04088. Plaintiff is unable to establish actual
innocence of all transactionally related offenses. Therefore,
the Court finds summary judgment in favor of Defendants is
appropriate.
Barker appealed, and we retained the appeal.
II. Standard of Review.
We review grants of summary judgment for correction of errors at
law. Vossoughi v. Polaschek, 859 N.W.2d 643, 649 (Iowa 2015).
“Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Amish Connection, Inc. v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 861 N.W.2d
230, 235 (Iowa 2015). We view the facts in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party. Veatch v. City of Waverly, 858 N.W.2d 1, 6 (Iowa
2015).
III. Analysis.
A party seeking to establish a prima facie claim of legal malpractice
must show the following: (1) a duty arising from the established existence
of an attorney–client relationship; (2) the attorney breached that duty;
(3) the attorney’s breach was the proximate cause of injury to the client;
and (4) the client suffered actual damage, injury, or loss. Ruden v. Jenk,
543 N.W.2d 605, 610 (Iowa 1996). Additionally, we have held that a
criminal defendant must “achieve relief from a conviction before
8
advancing a legal malpractice action against his former attorney.”
Trobaugh, 668 N.W.2d at 583.
In Trobaugh, we noted that some courts had also required proof of
actual innocence before allowing recovery but declined to reach the
issue. Id. at n.4. We explained,
Both the procedural posture of this appeal and the absence
of arguments by the parties on the issue lead us to avoid the
question of what role, if any, the plaintiff’s guilt or innocence
plays in advancing a claim for legal malpractice.
Id.
Barker’s case squarely presents the issue reserved in Trobaugh—
whether proof of actual innocence is required in a “criminal malpractice”
suit.
2
We are not the first court to confront this question. Other
jurisdictions have addressed whether to require actual innocence in a
criminal malpractice action. We consider three of the approaches taken
elsewhere and their supporting reasoning.
Of those jurisdictions to have considered the issue, a majority have
adopted an “actual innocence” requirement. See Wiley v. County of San
Diego, 966 P.2d 983, 985, 991 (Cal. 1998) (holding that actual innocence
is a required element of a plaintiff’s cause of action in a criminal
malpractice action); Schreiber v. Rowe, 814 So. 2d 396, 399 (Fla. 2002)
(per curiam) (same); Glenn v. Aiken, 569 N.E.2d 783, 786 (Mass. 1991)
(same); Rodriguez v. Nielsen, 609 N.W.2d 368, 374 (Neb. 2000) (same);
Morgano v. Smith, 879 P.2d 735, 738 (Nev. 1994) (holding that “in order
to prevail at trial, the [criminal malpractice] plaintiff must prove actual
2
The term “criminal malpractice” has been used to describe a legal malpractice
action brought by a former criminal defendant against his or her former criminal
defense attorney. See, e.g., Otto M. Kaus & Ronald E. Mallen, The Misguiding Hand of
Counsel—Reflections on “Criminal Malpractice,” 21 U.C.L.A. L. Rev. 1191, 1191 n.2
(1974) (defining the phrase).
9
innocence of the underlying charge”); Mahoney v. Shaheen, Cappiello,
Stein & Gordon, P.A., 727 A.2d 996, 998–99 (N.H. 1999) (holding that
only clients able to prove actual innocence can challenge decisions made
by defense counsel through malpractice actions); Carmel v. Lunney, 511
N.E.2d 1126, 1128 (N.Y. 1987) (holding that a criminal malpractice
plaintiff “must allege . . . innocence or a colorable claim of innocence” to
state a cause of action); Bailey v. Tucker, 621 A.2d 108, 113 (Pa. 1993)
(“[D]efendant must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he
did not commit any unlawful acts with which he was charged as well as
any lesser offenses included therein [to maintain criminal malpractice
suit].”); Ang v. Martin, 114 P.3d 637, 642 (Wash. 2005) (requiring
criminal malpractice plaintiffs to prove actual innocence by a
preponderance of the evidence to state a cause of action); Humphries v.
Detch, 712 S.E.2d 795, 801 (W. Va. 2011) (same); see also Lamb v.
Manweiler, 923 P.2d 976, 979 (Idaho 1996) (noting that plaintiff did not
dispute that in a criminal malpractice action the plaintiff “must establish
the additional element of actual innocence of the underlying criminal
charges”); Adkins v. Dixon, 482 S.E.2d 797, 802 (Va. 1997) (holding that
actual guilt is a material consideration on issue of proximate cause).
3
The Ang case from Washington exemplifies the reasoning of those
courts that have adopted an actual innocence requirement. The Angs, a
married couple who owned a medical examination company, became the
target of a social security fraud investigation. Ang, 114 P.3d at 639.
3
Some courts have conflated the granting of postconviction relief with innocence.
See, e.g., Peeler v. Hughes & Luce, 909 S.W.2d 494, 497–98 (Tex. 1995). In doing so,
they have not distinguished between what the Washington Supreme Court termed legal
innocence—a grant of postconviction relief—and actual innocence, a matter of factual
proof. See Ang, 114 P.3d at 642. Because Barker has already received postconviction
relief, and the original charges have not been pursued, only his actual, as opposed to
legal, innocence is at issue here.
10
They were eventually indicted on eighteen criminal counts, including
bank and tax fraud. Id. Their counsel attempted to negotiate a plea
bargain, but the Angs rejected the proposed agreement. Id. The case
went to trial, but just before the close of the prosecution’s case, the Angs’
attorneys recommended they accept a plea—one the Angs considered less
attractive than previous offers. Id. The Angs agreed to plead guilty to
two counts but allegedly only after Dr. Ang was told that his wife might
be sexually assaulted in prison. Id.
Upon retaining new counsel, the Angs successfully moved to
withdraw their pleas. Id. The case went to trial again, and the Angs were
acquitted of all eighteen counts. Id. The Angs then filed a legal
malpractice action against their original attorneys. Id. The jury in the
malpractice action was instructed that the Angs had to prove they were
innocent of the underlying criminal charges by a preponderance of the
evidence. Id. The Angs lost their malpractice case and assigned error to
the instruction on appeal. Id. at 641.
The Washington Supreme Court upheld the instruction, deciding
that actual innocence—as well as relief from the underlying criminal
charges—was a necessary component of a plaintiff’s suit for criminal
malpractice. Id. at 643. The court noted the Angs may have been legally
innocent, as evidenced by the successful withdrawal of their guilty pleas
and their subsequent acquittal of all charges, but that did not
necessarily mean they were actually innocent of the criminal conduct
they had been accused of in the prior proceedings. Id. at 641. In the
court’s view, actual innocence was “essential” to proving causation, both
proximate and but-for causation. Id. at 642. Additionally, the court
found that requiring criminal malpractice plaintiffs to prove their actual
innocence
11
will prohibit criminals from benefiting from their own bad
acts, maintain respect for our criminal justice systems
procedural protections, remove the harmful chilling effect on
the defense bar, prevent suits from criminals who may be
guilty, [but] could have gotten a better deal, and prevent a
flood of nuisance litigation.
Id. (quoting Falkner v. Foshaug, 29 P.3d 771, 776 (Wash Ct. App. 2001)
(footnote omitted)).
As Ang illustrates, courts adopting the actual innocence element in
criminal malpractice actions have been motivated by public policy
concerns. Principal among these concerns is that “it would violate public
policy to allow a person to profit from participating in an illegal act.”
Humphries, 712 S.E.2d at 800; see Wiley, 966 P.2d at 983 (“[P]ermitting
a convicted criminal to pursue a legal malpractice claim without
requiring proof of innocence would allow the criminal to profit by his own
fraud, or to take advantage of his own wrong, or to found [a] claim upon
his iniquity, or to acquire property by his own crime.” (quoting Peeler v.
Hughes & Luce, 909 S.W.2d 494, 497 (Tex. 1995))).
Another rationale is that actual innocence prevents the former
criminal defendant from shifting the responsibility for his or her
conviction. Wiley, 966 P.2d at 986. If a plaintiff committed the crimes
he or she was accused of, then he or she “alone should bear full
responsibility for the consequences of [his or her] acts, including
imprisonment. Any subsequent negligent conduct by a plaintiff’s
attorney is superseded by the greater culpability of the plaintiff’s criminal
conduct.” Id. (quoting Shaw v. State, 861 P.2d 566, 572 (Alaska 1993)).
Also, courts have found that constitutional protections, such as
postconviction relief for ineffectiveness of counsel, provide a sufficient
remedy for guilty defendants. Id. at 988–89; see Bailey, 621 A.2d at 113
(“If a person is convicted of a crime because of the inadequacy of
12
counsel’s representation, justice is satisfied by the grant of a new trial
. . . . [but] if an innocent person is wrongfully convicted due to the
attorney’s dereliction, justice requires that he be compensated for the
wrong which has occurred.”). Moreover, courts have noted a substantial
interest in preserving the availability of representation to criminal
defendants. Mahoney, 727 A.2d at 999. Criminal defense counsel is
often working for reduced fees or has been appointed at public expense,
and “[t]he public has a strong interest in encouraging the representation
of criminal defendants, particularly those who are ruled to be indigent.”
Schreiber, 814 So. 2d at 399 (quoting Glenn, 569 N.E.2d at 788). In
declining to require criminal malpractice plaintiffs to prove actual
innocence, courts might be “[s]etting the standard at a lower level [which]
may well dampen counsels’ willingness to enter the criminal defense
arena.” Mahoney, 727 A.2d at 1000. And further, the differing burdens
of proof in criminal and malpractice actions could create confusion for
the jury. Wiley, 966 P.2d at 990.
Additionally, these courts commonly focus on the causation
element of a malpractice case in their reasoning. Many of them have
asserted in some form that the plaintiff’s criminal behavior—rather than
the attorney’s conduct—led to the plaintiff’s predicament. See, e.g.,
Rodriguez, 609 N.W.2d at 374 (“We believe that it is the illegal conduct of
a convicted criminal who files a malpractice claim, rather than any
subsequent negligence of counsel, that is the cause in fact of any injuries
flowing from the conviction.”). Judge Posner perhaps best voiced this
consideration in Levine v. Kling, a case in which the United States Court
of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit determined that Illinois law required a
criminal malpractice plaintiff to establish innocence, either by
13
postconviction relief or other means. See 123 F.3d 580, 582 (7th Cir.
1997).
On [the plaintiff’s] view there would be cases in which a
defendant guilty in fact of the crime with which he had been
charged, and duly convicted and imprisoned (perhaps after a
retrial in which he was represented by competent counsel),
would nevertheless obtain substantial damages to
compensate him for the loss of his liberty during the period
of his rightful imprisonment.
Not only would this be a paradoxical result,
depreciating and in some cases wholly offsetting the
plaintiff’s criminal punishment, but it would be contrary to
fundamental principles of both tort and criminal law. Tort
law provides damages only for harms to the plaintiff’s legally
protected interests, Restatement (Second) of Torts, § 1
comment d, § 7(1) (1965), and the liberty of a guilty criminal
is not one of them. The guilty criminal may be able to obtain
an acquittal if he is skillfully represented, but he has no
right to that result . . . and the law provides no relief if the
“right” is denied him.
Id.
Alaska has adopted a somewhat different approach. Instead of
requiring the former criminal defendant to establish actual innocence,
this approach allows the criminal defense attorney to raise actual guilt as
an affirmative defense to the malpractice suit. See Shaw, 861 P.2d at
572. The attorney must prove her or his former client’s guilt by a
preponderance of the evidence, but in doing so, the attorney is not
limited to the evidence admissible on the criminal charge. Id. at 573. In
placing this burden on the defendant, the Alaska Supreme Court noted
the plaintiff still must obtain postconviction relief before bringing the
malpractice claim. Id. at 572. The court also cited the similarity
between an actual guilt defense and other affirmative defenses in tort
such as comparative negligence and assumption of the risk. Id. at 572
n.9.
14
As a third alternative, some courts have rejected an actual
innocence requirement entirely. See Godby v. Whitehead, 837 N.E.2d
146, 151 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (reiterating the court’s point from a prior
case that “a criminal defendant does not have to prove his innocence
before he files a legal malpractice claim”); Mashaney v. Bd. of Indigents’
Def. Servs., 355 P.3d 667, 687 (Kan. 2015) (rejecting the actual
innocence rule in a jurisdiction that requires postconviction relief prior to
filing a criminal malpractice suit); see also Mylar v. Wilkinson, 435 So. 2d
1237, 1239 (Ala. 1983), modified in part on other grounds by Morrison v.
Franklin, 655 So. 2d 964, 966 (Ala. 1995) (noting that “the validity of [the
defendant’s] claim for relief in his criminal prosecution is not necessarily
conclusive on his claim for civil damages”); Rantz v. Kaufman, 109 P.3d
132, 136 (Colo. 2005) (refusing to adopt the “exoneration rule,” which
would require criminal malpractice plaintiffs to obtain postconviction
relief prior to filing suit); Jepson v. Stubbs, 555 S.W.2d 307, 313 (Mo.
1977) (concluding that the setting aside of a judgment of conviction is
not a condition to maintaining a suit for malpractice arising from
criminal representation); Krahn v. Kinney, 538 N.E.2d 1058, 1061 (Ohio
1989) (holding that the elements of proof for legal malpractice remain the
same whether the action arises from civil or criminal representation).
The Kansas Supreme Court recently considered, and declined to
adopt, an actual innocence requirement. See Mashaney, 355 P.3d at
687. The case involved an individual charged with one count of
aggravated criminal sodomy and one count of aggravated indecent
liberties with a child. Id. at 670. After the first trial ended in a mistrial,
the individual was convicted in a second jury trial and sentenced to 442
months in prison. Id. at 670–71. Years later, Mashaney successfully
moved to vacate or set aside his sentence, and his case was set for a new
15
trial. Id. at 671. At that point, the defendant agreed to enter an Alford
plea to two counts of attempted aggravated battery and one count of
aggravated endangerment of a child in return for the State dropping the
original charges. Id. The court sentenced Mashaney to seventy-two
months in prison, and he was released for time served. Id.
Mashaney subsequently filed a malpractice suit against his former
trial counsel, his former appellate counsel, and the state board of
indigent defense services. Id. He sought damages for the nearly eight
years he spent in prison. Id. The court dismissed Mashaney’s claim
against the state board and granted judgment on the pleadings to the
attorneys. Id. On appeal, the Kansas Court of Appeals held that a
plaintiff as a threshold matter must prove actual innocence to pursue a
criminal malpractice action. Id. at 672.
The Kansas Supreme Court reversed. Id. at 687. First, the court
disagreed with the broad notion that public policy supports the actual
innocence rule. See id. at 678. It indicated that the justifications for the
rule were too simplistic and “no match for the complexities of a case
such as this.” Id. at 678, 687. Next, the court stated that requiring
actual innocence produced inequitable results in that former defendants
who received “lengthy prison sentences as a direct result of their lawyers’
negligence will be deprived of any tort remedy for that malpractice and
some lawyers representing criminal defendants will escape liability when
their civil counterparts would not.” Id. at 679, 687. The court added
that actual innocence was based on a flawed conception of causation in
tort law because if counsel “fails to demonstrate the State’s inability to
prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt when a competent lawyer could
have and would have done so, the client has been legally injured by being
convicted and imprisoned,” regardless of innocence. Id. at 684, 687.
16
Moreover, the court found the notion that actual innocence furthers the
availability of criminal defense representation supported by judicial
speculation rather than empirical evidence. Id. at 685, 687.
Lastly, the Kansas Supreme Court noted that in a prior decision, it
had adopted the “exoneration rule,” under which the criminal
malpractice plaintiff had to obtain relief from her or his conviction before
bringing any claim. Id. at 673–74 (discussing Canaan v. Bartee, 72 P.3d
911 (Kan. 2003)). It indicated that this requirement effectively precluded
the bringing of frivolous malpractice claims by criminal defendants. Id.
at 685.
This recent Kansas decision mirrors the recommendation of the
Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers. Regarding actions for
malpractice by a criminal defendant, the Restatement concludes that “it
is not necessary to prove that the convicted defendant was in fact
innocent,” although it notes that “most jurisdictions addressing the issue
have stricter rules.” Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers
§ 53 cmt. d, at 392 (Am. Law Inst. 2000) [hereinafter Restatement]. The
Restatement adds,
As required by most jurisdictions addressing the issue, a
convicted defendant seeking damages for malpractice
causing a conviction must have had that conviction set aside
when process for that relief on the grounds asserted in the
malpractice action is available.
Id. Thus, this aspect of the Restatement is consistent with our holding in
Trobaugh. See 668 N.W.2d at 583.
We often look to the Restatements for guidance. See Rohlin Constr.
Co. v. City of Hinton, 476 N.W.2d 78, 80 (Iowa 1991) (“We often turn to
Restatements of the Law . . . .”). We have previously relied on the
Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers when defining the scope of
17
the duty of care attorneys owe their clients. See Sabin v. Ackerman, 846
N.W.2d 835, 842 (Iowa 2014).
We find the approach taken by the Restatement and like-minded
jurisdictions to be persuasive. The prerequisite that the malpractice
plaintiff obtain judicial relief from her or his conviction, which the
Restatement endorses and which we adopted in Trobaugh after
“considering all of the issues presented and the wealth of commentary on
this issue,” serves as an important screen against unwarranted claims
and “preserves key principles of judicial economy and comity.” 668
N.W.2d at 583. But we do not think an additional actual innocence
screen is appropriate. Such a prerequisite goes beyond respecting the
criminal process—i.e., “judicial economy and comity”—and interposes an
additional barrier to recovery that other malpractice plaintiffs do not
have to overcome.
Furthermore, a criminal defendant already “must prove both that
the lawyer failed to act properly and that, but for that failure, the result
would have been different.” Restatement § 53 cmt. d, at 392; see also
Vossoughi, 859 N.W.2d at 649 (noting that to establish a prima facie
claim of legal malpractice, the plaintiff must produce evidence showing
the attorney’s breach of duty caused actual injury). Often, the innocence
or guilt of the client will enter into the causation inquiry that is part of
the plaintiff’s prima facie case. See Mashaney, 355 P.3d at 688 (Stegall,
J., concurring). For example, if Barker’s counsel had refused to let him
plead guilty to the nonexistent crime of soliciting a minor to commit a sex
act, would the State have pursued the original charges, assuming it
could have done so? What would have been the outcome of those
charges? Would Barker have been incarcerated anyway? A criminal
defendant who was factually guilty of the crime for which he or she was
18
convicted—or at least guilty of a related crime or a crime with which he
or she was originally charged—will likely confront significant causation
issues in his legal malpractice action. We see no reason why such issues
cannot be resolved, as they generally are in malpractice actions, by the
fact finder.
Thus, we think the causation determination will frequently take
into account the guilt or innocence of the client. And ultimately, we are
not persuaded by the remaining public policy concerns other than
causation. For example, while the notion that an individual should not
“profit from participating in an illegal act” is a good general principle,
Humphries, 712 S.E.2d at 800, it is too general to describe how our legal
system actually operates. We do not bar criminal defendants who are
guilty of their crimes from recovering overpayments from their criminal
defense counsel, suing for clearly illegal searches, or suing the medical
staff in the prison for medical malpractice. By analogy, a criminal
defendant who is convicted of a crime due to legal malpractice, and gets
that conviction set aside, should not be categorically barred from suing
his or her former attorney just because the defendant may have been
guilty of some lesser charge that would have resulted in a lower
sentence.
Likewise, our legal malpractice precedents have not adopted the
principle that “subsequent negligent conduct” by the attorney can be
compared to the “culpability” of the client that required him to need legal
services in the first place. See Wiley, 966 P.2d at 986; cf. Restatement
(Third) § 54 cmt. d, at 404 (discussing the scope of comparative
negligence in the context of legal malpractice and noting that “clients are
entitled to rely on their lawyers to act with competence, diligence,
honesty, and loyalty”).
19
Additionally, while we wholeheartedly agree that “[t]he public has a
strong interest in encouraging the representation of criminal defendants,
particularly those who are ruled to be indigent,” Glenn, 569 N.E.2d at
788, it also has an interest in encouraging competent representation.
Attorneys who serve indigent persons in other contexts, such as legal aid
attorneys, are not exempt from potential malpractice claims.
Finally, we are not persuaded that an actual innocence
requirement is needed to prevent a proliferation of nuisance suits. A
criminal malpractice plaintiff still must obtain relief from the conviction.
See Trobaugh, 668 N.W.2d at 583; see also Wiley, 966 P.2d at 994 (Mosk,
J., dissenting) (asserting that the postconviction relief requirement “will
screen out frivolous malpractice claims” obviating the need for an actual
innocence requirement). And unless the plaintiff’s claim is based on
standards of care and professionalism understood and expected by
laypersons, the plaintiff will have to retain an expert to go forward. See
Wilson v. Vanden Berg, 687 N.W.2d 575, 583 (Iowa 2004). Furthermore,
attorneys will still be able to avail themselves of traditional malpractice
defenses. See Cort Thomas, Note, Criminal Malpractice: Avoiding the
Chutes and Using the Ladders, 37 Am. J. Crim. L. 331, 342 (2010)
(outlining available defenses for defendant attorneys in criminal
malpractice actions).
Barker’s former attorneys emphasize that persons suing the State
under chapter 663A for wrongful imprisonment are required to prove
actual innocence. See Iowa Code § 663A.1(2) (requiring proof of actual
innocence by clear and convincing evidence); State v. DeSimone, 839
N.W.2d 660, 665 (Iowa 2013); State v. McCoy, 742 N.W.2d 593, 599 (Iowa
2007). However, the two types of actions serve different purposes. The
wrongful-imprisonment statute is a limited exception to sovereign
20
immunity intended to provide some compensation regardless of fault to
“innocent persons who have been wrongfully convicted and imprisoned.”
McCoy, 742 N.W.2d at 596. A legal malpractice claim is designed to
compensate the client for her or his attorney’s breach of duty. See
Sladek v. K Mart Corp., 493 N.W.2d 838, 840 (Iowa 1992) (“The goal in
legal malpractice is to put clients in the position they would have
occupied had the attorney not been negligent.”).
To the extent statutes are relevant, we believe Iowa Code section
815.10(6) has more bearing on the present case than chapter 663A.
Section 815.10(6), which governs appointed counsel, provides,
An attorney appointed under this section is not liable to a
person represented by the attorney for damages as a result
of a conviction in a criminal case unless the court
determines in a postconviction proceeding or on direct
appeal that the person’s conviction resulted from ineffective
assistance of counsel, and the ineffective assistance of
counsel is the proximate cause of the damage.
Thus, the legislature has established immunity for appointed
counsel unless a postconviction court determines that the client’s
“conviction resulted from ineffective assistance of counsel.” This is
similar to the “relief from a conviction” prerequisite that we recognized
under the common law in Trobaugh. See 668 N.W.2d at 583. Section
815.10(6) does not contain an actual innocence requirement, though. In
short, Barker’s former attorneys ask us to impose an actual innocence
requirement as a matter of common law that the legislature has declined
to provide for appointed counsel as a matter of statutory law.
Hence, for the reasons stated, we conclude that a client’s showing
of actual innocence is not a prerequisite to bringing a legal malpractice
claim against a former criminal defense attorney.
21
IV. Conclusion.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the summary judgment of
the district court and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
4
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
All justices concur except Zager and Waterman, JJ., who dissent.
4
Capotosto and Magee’s summary judgment motion argued as an alternative
ground that Barker could not establish causation as a matter of law. The district court
did not reach this issue, granting summary judgment only on the basis of Barker’s
inability to establish his actual innocence. On appeal, Magee argues this alternative
ground only briefly, and Capotosto does not argue it at all. In light of the fact that the
district court did not reach this issue, we believe it would be prudent for us not to reach
it as well. We leave it open for the parties to brief and for the district court to consider
on remand.
22
#14–1550, Barker v. Capotosto
ZAGER, Justice (dissenting).
I respectfully dissent. For the reasons stated below, I would affirm
the summary judgment ruling of the district court and join the majority
of states in adopting the “actual innocence” requirement for a criminal
defendant to pursue a criminal malpractice claim.
The majority has done a thorough analysis of the dozen or more
jurisdictions that have considered and adopted the actual innocence
requirement in criminal malpractice claims. See Wiley v. County of San
Diego, 966 P.2d 983, 991 (Cal. 1998); Schreiber v. Rowe, 814 So. 2d 396,
399–400 (Fla. 2002) (per curiam); Glenn v. Aiken, 569 N.E.2d 783, 787–
88 (Mass. 1991); Rodriguez v. Nielsen, 609 N.W.2d 368, 374–75 (Neb.
2000); Morgano v. Smith, 879 P.2d 735, 738 (Nev. 1994); Mahoney v.
Shaheen, Cappiello, Stein & Gordon, P.A., 727 A.2d 996, 999–1000 (N.H.
1999); Carmel v. Lunney, 511 N.E.2d 1126, 1128 (N.Y. 1987); Ang v.
Martin, 114 P.3d 637, 642 (Wash. 2005); Humphries v. Detch, 712 S.E.2d
795, 801 (W. Va. 2011). The majority also did a thorough analysis of
alternative approaches to the actual innocence requirement in other
jurisdictions, so I will not repeat them here. While the majority does not
find the justifications utilized by the above jurisdictions persuasive,
whether based on policy considerations or not, I do find them persuasive.
We only need to look at the facts of this case to demonstrate that a clear,
common sense approach requiring a prerequisite of actual innocence is
the appropriate approach.
Barker was initially charged with several offenses, including
attempted enticement of a minor, an aggravated misdemeanor. Through
plea negotiations, the court granted the State’s request to amend the trial
information to an offense that was later determined to not be a
23
recognizable crime. Barker pleaded guilty to the crime and was
sentenced to prison in December 2006. The prison sentence was
suspended. After less than two years of unsuccessful supervised
probation, Barker’s probation was revoked on October 30, 2008. Barker
filed an application for postconviction relief on October 1, 2009, for the
first time raising an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim because there
was no factual basis for his guilty plea to solicitation of a minor to engage
in a sex act. In a written ruling, the district court granted the
application on February 28, 2011, properly ruling that counsel had been
ineffective for allowing Barker to plead guilty to a crime that did not
exist. The court vacated the conviction and sentence.
It is at this point that the actual innocence requirement may have
its greatest impact on our analysis. Postconviction relief returns the case
to the district court for further proceedings. Once there, it is left to the
unbridled discretion of the county attorney whether to pursue the
original charges, or any charges. In this case, the county attorney
apparently made the determination not to continue with the prosecution
of Barker. There are a multitude of reasons why a county attorney may
choose not to further prosecute a defendant. It is not up to us to second
guess those reasons. However, Barker does not dispute that his conduct
was the crime of attempted enticement of a child in violation of Iowa
Code section 710.10(3), an aggravated misdemeanor, the first count
charged in the original trial information. See Iowa Code § 710.10(3)
(2005). Clearly under the actual innocence requirement employed by the
majority of jurisdictions, a plea to the charge would eliminate any cause
of action for criminal malpractice, as I think it properly should. In my
opinion, an admission by the malpractice claimant of actual guilt to a
crime should also eliminate any claim for criminal malpractice. Whether
24
there is a conviction for a criminal offense or an acknowledgement of
guilt by the defendant, this is a logical basis to preclude a claim for
criminal malpractice.
This brings us to an analysis of the concept of exoneration. The
majority cites with approval the recent Kansas Supreme Court case of
Mashaney v. Board of Indigents’ Defense Services, 355 P.3d 667 (Kan.
2015). In that case, the court noted that in a prior decision it had
adopted the “exoneration rule” under which the defendant had to obtain
relief from his or her conviction before bringing a criminal malpractice
claim. Id. at 673–74 (discussing Canaan v. Bartee, 72 P.3d 911 (Kan.
2003)). As noted by the majority, the Kansas approach mirrors that
taken by the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers. Compare id. at
681–87, with Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 53, at
389 (Am. Law Inst. 2000). With regard to criminal malpractice claims,
the Restatement concludes that “it is not necessary to prove that the
convicted defendant was in fact innocent,” though it notes that “most
jurisdictions addressing the issue have stricter rules.” Restatement § 53
cmt. d, at 392. The Restatement adds, “As required by most
jurisdictions addressing the issue, a convicted defendant seeking
damages for malpractice causing a conviction must have had that
conviction set aside when process for that relief on the grounds asserted
in the malpractice action is available.” Id. As noted by the majority, this
is the approach taken by the Iowa legislature with respect to court-
appointed counsel. See Iowa Code § 815.10(6). However, there are two
problems with reliance on this Code section. First, we need to have an
approach which addresses all criminal malpractice claims, not just those
against court-appointed counsel. Second, even the statute itself requires
that the “ineffective assistance of counsel is the proximate cause of the
25
damage.” Id. (emphasis added). The issue of proximate cause will be
discussed later in this dissent. While I acknowledge that we often look to
the Restatement for guidance, we should only rely on the Restatement to
the extent we are persuaded that it is correct. I do not find the approach
taken by the Restatement and like-minded jurisdictions to be persuasive.
The Kansas court believed that this exoneration requirement
effectively precluded the bringing of frivolous malpractice claims by
criminal defendants. Mashaney, 355 P.3d at 685. Similarly, the
majority concludes that the exoneration rule serves as an important
screen against unwarranted claims and “preserves key principles of
judicial economy and comity.” Trobaugh v. Sondag, 668 N.W.2d 577, 583
(Iowa 2003). While I agree it is an important screen, I do not think it
goes far enough. The purpose of postconviction relief is not to determine
whether a convicted defendant is actually innocent, but rather whether
that person is not legally guilty. Postconviction relief exists to provide
relief for defendants, irrespective of their actual innocence. That is to
say, I agree that postconviction relief is a necessary, but not sufficient,
prerequisite for raising a criminal malpractice claim. As will be
discussed, actual innocence is necessary to establish an unbroken
causal nexus between the criminal defense counsel’s alleged malpractice
and the harm suffered.
In advocating for the adoption of the actual innocence requirement,
a causation analysis needs to be part of the review of any potential
criminal malpractice action. However, this analysis and screening is
more appropriately conducted prior to trial, either through a motion to
dismiss the claim or through a motion for summary judgment as was
attempted here. The majority properly sets forth what a party must show
to establish a prima facie claim of legal malpractice. The third element is
26
that the attorney’s breach was the proximate cause of injury to the client.
Ruden v. Jenk, 543 N.W.2d 605, 610 (Iowa 1996). As noted by the
Washington Supreme Court:
The fourth element, proximate causation, includes “[c]ause
in fact and legal causation.” Cause in fact, or “but for”
causation refers to “the physical connection between an act
and an injury.” In a legal malpractice trial, the “trier of fact
will be asked to decide what a reasonable jury or fact finder
[in the underlying trial or ‘trial within a trial’] would have
done but for the attorney’s negligence.” Legal causation,
however, presents a question of law: “It involves a
determination of whether liability should attach as a matter
of law given the existence of cause in fact.” To determine
whether the cause in fact of a plaintiff’s harm should also be
deemed the legal cause of that harm, a court may consider,
among other things, the public policy implications of holding
the defendant liable.
Ang, 114 P.3d at 640 (quoting Hartley v. State, 698 P.2d 77, 82–83
(Wash. 1985); Daugert v. Pappas, 704 P.2d 600, 603 (Wash. 1985)
(emphasis added)).
I agree with the position articulated by the Washington Supreme
Court that the need to establish actual innocence, not simply legal
innocence, is essential to proving proximate causation—both cause in
fact and legal causation. Id. In Ang, the plaintiffs claimed that legal
causation or innocence was established by a not guilty verdict in a
criminal prosecution. Id. at 641. In our case, according to the majority,
legal causation is established by the finding of ineffective assistance of
counsel in a postconviction action. I do not believe that legal causation
can be established under either circumstance absent actual innocence.
Since I believe that legal causation is a matter of law that can be
determined by the district court, and that this can only be established by
actual innocence, the district court was correct in granting summary
judgment to the defendants.
27
The Washington Supreme Court also included within its proximate
cause analysis a consideration of public policy in support of requiring
actual innocence:
Unless criminal malpractice plaintiffs can prove by a
preponderance of the evidence their actual innocence of the
charges, their own bad acts, not the alleged negligence of
defense counsel, should be regarded as the cause in fact of
their harm. Likewise, if criminal malpractice plaintiffs
cannot prove their actual innocence under the civil standard,
they will be unable to establish, in light of significant public
policy considerations, that the alleged negligence of their
defense counsel was the legal cause of their harm.
Summarizing the policy concerns, the Falkner court
observed that, “[r]equiring a defendant to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that he is innocent of the
charges against him will prohibit criminals from benefitting
from their own bad acts, maintain respect for our criminal
justice system[’]s procedural protections, remove the harmful
chilling effect on the defense bar, prevent suits from
criminals who may be guilty, [but] could have gotten a better
deal, and prevent a flood of nuisance litigation.”
Id. at 642 (quoting Falkner v. Foshaug, 29 P.3d 771, 776 (Wash. Ct. App.
2001) (footnote omitted)). These are all sound policy reasons which
support adopting an actual innocence requirement.
On a final note, the majority gives inadequate weight to the
significant policy reasons for requiring proof of actual innocence as an
additional prerequisite for a prima facie criminal malpractice case. See
Cort Thomas, Note, Criminal Malpractice: Avoiding the Chutes and Using
the Ladders, 37 Am. J. Crim. L. 331, 345–46 (2010) [hereinafter Thomas]
(outlining the various public policy reasons that courts have found
persuasive when adopting an actual innocence requirement). New York
has adopted the actual innocence requirement in criminal malpractice
cases where a defendant is seeking pecuniary damages. See Dombrowski
v. Bulson, 971 N.E.2d 338, 340–41 (N.Y. 2012); Carmel, 511 N.E.2d at
1128. In a more specific case, when New York’s highest court was faced
28
with a criminal malpractice case where the defendant was also seeking
nonpecuniary damages, the court recognized that expanding criminal
malpractice liability would restrict access to justice, stating that:
Allowing this type of recovery would have, at best, negative
and, at worst, devastating consequences for the criminal
justice system. Most significantly, such a ruling could have
a chilling effect on the willingness of the already strapped
defense bar to represent indigent accused. Further, it would
put attorneys in the position of having an incentive not to
participate in post-conviction efforts to overturn wrongful
convictions.
Dombrowski, 971 N.E.2d at 340–41. The same rationale extends to the
situation before us, because the approach adopted by the majority places
an unnecessary burden on the defense bar. I also note that, in this case,
the majority has not applied any limiting language that would restrict
criminal malpractice liability to only pecuniary damages.
The need to attract competent criminal defense attorneys is great.
“The public has a strong interest in encouraging the representation of
criminal defendants, particularly those who are ruled to be indigent.”
Glenn, 569 N.E.2d at 788. Establishing an actual innocence requirement
“helps to encourage that kind of legal representation by reducing the risk
that malpractice claims will be asserted and, if asserted, will be
successful.” Id. This is particularly true today, when more than eighty
percent of all criminal defendants in this country are represented by
court-appointed counsel, under the burden of increasing caseloads and
shrinking budgets. Peter A. Joy, Ensuring the Ethical Representation of
Clients in the Face of Excessive Caseloads, 75 Mo. L. Rev. 771, 774
(2010). While certainly not an excuse, I believe any attorney with a
substantial criminal defense practice will be subject to a significant
increase in vexatious litigation with its corresponding expense, absent
29
some logical gate-keeping function—which the actual innocence
requirement provides.
This can be easily accomplished and is not a drastic change in our
tort law. It simply requires that a plaintiff plead actual innocence as a
prerequisite to the commencement of a criminal malpractice action. The
true victims of criminal malpractice, who may be entitled to relief, will
become obvious. It makes no sense to simply allow all exonerated
defendants, for whatever reason, to be entitled to file a criminal
malpractice action, perform discovery, proceed to trial, and then expect
the jury to decide whether the acts of the attorney were the proximate
cause of damage to the defendant. This is an unnecessary expense to all
parties concerned and a waste of judicial resources. See Thomas, 37
Am. J. Crim. L. at 346 (noting that one pervasive public policy concern is
flooding courts with unnecessary cases). The clear and rational solution
is to adopt an actual innocence requirement, as a majority of
jurisdictions have done. Then, the courts can evaluate the pleadings,
review the factual basis of the claim, allow claims with merit to proceed,
and dispose of meritless claims. This is what our court system is
designed to do and is fair and reasonable to all parties involved.
For the above reasons, I believe a reasonable threshold showing of
actual innocence should be a prerequisite to bringing a criminal
malpractice claim, as adopted by the majority of jurisdictions. Plaintiffs
would then be allowed to utilize our traditional tort rules in the
processing of their claims. Since the plaintiff in this action could not
meet this reasonable threshold of actual innocence, I would affirm the
summary judgment entered by the district court.
Waterman, J., joins this dissent.
