The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. at a critical turning point in time wrote “Letter from a Birmingham Jail.” The
American civil rights movement was facing a serious challenge. King and other civil rights leaders were arrested and
incarcerated for being agitators of disorder. Eight liberal Alabama ministers, open to bringing about racial justice, had
written “An Appeal for Law and Order and Common Sense.” King’s strategy for bringing about change was untimely
and impatient. King’s letter was his response. If the civil rights movement was going to win broad support King would
need to address their criticism. “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” was his response. It became King’s Manifesto. The
letter “soon became the most widely-read, widely-reprinted and oft quoted document of the civil rights movement.”
King’s message was clear and forthright. The letter legitimized the civil rights movement. The time for action was
now. King wrote, “For years now I have heard the word ‘wait!’…This ‘wait’ has almost always meant ‘never.’” Patience
cannot endure forever. King’s manifesto, his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” proclaimed that this was the “precious
time,” the decisive hour. The civil rights movement could no longer wait. King’s letter is as important today as it was
back in 1963.
Find three (3) quotes/passages from King’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail and discuss their
meaning. List adjectives that describe the character of a leader like King.
SCOTUS COMPARISON
“Lake Nixon Club is an amusement place owned by respondent and his wife, located 12 miles from
Little Rock, Ark. It has recreation facilities, including swimming, boating, and dancing, and a snack
bar serving four food items, at least three of which contain ingredients coming from outside the
State. The Club leases 15 paddle boats on a royalty basis from an Oklahoma company (from
which it purchased one boat) and operates a juke box which, along with records it plays, is
manufactured outside Arkansas. The Club is advertised in a monthly magazine distributed at Little
Rock hotels, motels, and restaurants, in a monthly newspaper published at a nearby Air Force
base, and over two area radio stations. Approximately 100,000 whites patronize the establishment
each season and are routinely furnished "membership" cards in the "club," on payment of a 25-
cent fee. [African-Americans] are denied admission.
Mr. Justice Brennan delivered the opinion of the Court:
Petitioners, [African-American] residents of Little Rock, Arkansas, brought this class action in the
District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas to enjoin respondent from denying them
admission to a recreational facility called Lake Nixon Club, owned and operated by respondent,
Euell Paul, and his wife. The complaint alleged that Lake Nixon Club was a ‘public
accommodation’ subject to the provisions of Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and that
respondent violated the Act in refusing petitioners admission solely on racial grounds. After trial,
the District Court, although finding that respondent had refused petitioners admission solely
because they were [African-Americans], dismissed the complaint on the ground that Lake Nixon
Club was not within any of the categories of ‘public accommodations’ covered by the 1964 Act.
The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit affirmed, one judge dissenting. We granted certiorari.
We reverse.”
Source: Daniel v. Paul, 395 U.S. 298 (1969) JUSTIA
Based on the information above, respond to the following questions.
A. Identify a common constitutional principle used to make a ruling in both U.S. v. Lopez
(1995) and Daniel v. Paul (1969).
B. Based on the constitutional principle identified in part A, explain why the facts of U.S. v.
Lopez (1995) led to a different holding than the holding in Daniel v. Paul (1969).
C. Describe an action that the people of Arkansas could take to respond to the Daniel v. Paul
decision if it disagreed with the decision.