NRT Quick Reference Guide: Tabun (GA) QRGs are intended for Federal OSC/RPMs
[July 2022 Update (nrt.org): replaced previous version dated January 2015] Page 1 of 10
NRT Quick Reference Guide: Tabun (GA)
GHS: Acute Toxicity, Category 1
H310 – Fatal in contact with skin
H330 – Fatal if inhaled
1. Agent Characteristics
Agent Characteristics
Agent Classification: Schedule 1 Chemical Warfare Nerve Agent; Tabun (GA); CAS: 77-81-6
Description: Tabun (ethyl dimethylamidocyanophosphate) is a colorless to brown liquid; generally odorless, though
possibly fruity or almond-like. Tabun is a lethal cholinesterase inhibitor with a mechanism of toxicity similar to
organophosphate insecticides, though it is much more toxic. Environmental breakdown products of Tabun, including
cyanide compounds, can be toxic. Other breakdown products include dimethylaminocyanophosphoric acid, and cyanide
ions, which may convert to hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN) depending on the pH (see Hydrogen Cyanide (AC) QRG and
Cyanide Salts QRG). Tabun can react violently with strong oxidizers and may decompose when in contact with metals,
producing highly flammable hydrogen gas. Tabun is combustible but not easily ignited; when heated, Tabun vapors can
form explosive mixtures with air.
Persistence: Tabun is considered a “moderately low persistent” chemical warfare agent. Vapor: minutes to hours; liquid:
hours to days. Persistence will depend upon the amount and purity of the agent, method of release, environmental
conditions, and the types of surfaces and materials impacted. Porous, permeable, organic, or polymeric materials such as
carpets and vinyl tiles can accumulate Tabun vapors and liquids, acting as “sinks,” thereby prolonging persistence.
2. Physical Properties
Physical Properties
Molecular Weight: 162.13 g/mol
Formula: C
5
H
11
N
2
O
2
P
Vapor Density: 5.6 (air = 1)
Flash Point: 172.4°F/78°C
Vapor Pressure: 0.057–0.07 mm Hg (77°F/25°C)
Liquid Density: 1.077 g/mL (77°F/25°C)
Volatility: 490–610 mg/m
3
(77°F/25°C)
Aqueous Solubility: 72 g/L (68°F/20°C); 98 g/L (77°F/25°C)
Boiling Point: 464–478°F/240–248°C
Non-aqueous Solubility: Common organic solvents, alcohols,
gasoline, oils, fats
Melting/Freezing Point: -58°F/-50°C
Hydrolysis (t
1/2
): 8.5 hours (pH 7) (68°F/20°C)
Note: physical properties are listed at/near STP unless otherwise indicated
Conversion Factors: ppm = mg/m
3
x 0.1508; mg/m
3
= ppm x 6.631
3. Release Scenarios
Release Scenarios
AIR RELEASE SCENARIOS ARE ASSUMED MOST PROBABLE; HOWEVER, OTHER RELEASE
SCENARIOS AND EXPOSURE ROUTES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED.
Open Areas: Tabun has low volatility but may still be present as a liquid or aerosol, and the primary release/attack
scenario is an airborne release. Tabun is expected to degrade in the environment fairly rapidly; however, liquid Tabun on
surfaces generally persists for hours to days. Environmental conditions will affect the degradation and evaporation rates
of Tabun with cooler conditions enhancing persistence. Tabun vapors are heavier than air, so vapors can accumulate in
lower terrains. Tabun vapors can form explosive mixtures with air.
Water/Water Systems: If released into natural waters or water systems, Tabun will likely hydrolyze with a half-life of
about 8.5 hours at pH 7, with persistence depending on released amount and environmental conditions. Hydrolysis
byproducts can be toxic and include dimethylaminocyanophosphoric acid and cyanide ions, which may convert to HCN
depending on the pH (see Hydrogen Cyanide (AC) QRG and Cyanide Salts QRG). Certain water system components
may act as sinks for Tabun, prolonging its persistence long past the initial release. Vapor hazards may be associated with
Tabun-contaminated waters due to volatilization of Tabun and/or its toxic hydrolysis byproducts from the water body
into the air above.
Indoor Facility: Tabun could potentially be dispersed as a vapor or an aerosol inside a building or facility; HVAC
systems could be impacted. Tabun vapors are heavier than air so vapors can accumulate in lower levels, basements, floor
drains, or utility corridors inside the buildings.
Other: Tabun will decompose when heated or when combusted in a fire to form HCN, cyanide ions, and toxic gases,
including phosphorous oxides. If Tabun is released into the air as a liquid spray (aerosol), it has the potential to
contaminate agricultural products. If Tabun is released as a vapor, it is unlikely to contaminate agricultural products.
NRT Quick Reference Guide: Tabun (GA) QRGs are intended for Federal OSC/RPMs
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4. Health Effects
Health Effects
4.1. Onset: Onset of symptoms is dose and route dependent. After exposure, symptoms may occur within seconds if
Tabun is present in vapor form or within minutes to hours if in liquid form. Even a relatively low dose exposure to Tabun
can be fatal and immediate administration of an antidote is critical (see First Aid below).
4.2. Signs/Symptoms: Initial symptoms will vary depending on dose and exposure route. The following is a general list of
possible symptoms. The severity of effects depends upon the dosage. Initial effects from a sublethal amount of Tabun by
vapor exposure are different from initial effects from a similar amount of liquid Tabun on skin.
Mild/Moderate:
• Vapor, small dose: Reduction in pupil size (miosis), dimness of vision, runny nose (rhinorrhea), tightness of chest
(dyspnea), difficulty in breathing, headache, and salivation. Time of onset: seconds to minutes after exposure.
• Liquid on skin, small to moderate dose: Sweating or muscle twitching at site of exposure, nausea, vomiting, feeling
of weakness. Time of onset: 10 minutes to 18 hours after exposure.
Moderate/Severe:
• Vapor, large dose: All of the above, plus sudden loss of consciousness, convulsions, temporary cessation of breathing
(apnea), paralysis from reduced muscle tone (flaccid paralysis), copious nasal secretions, increased miosis (to level of
pinpointing of pupils).
• Liquid on skin, large dose: All of the above, plus sudden loss of consciousness, convulsions, temporary cessation of
breathing (apnea), paralysis from reduced muscle tone (flaccid paralysis), copious nasal secretions, diarrhea.
Severe: All of the above, plus severe breathing difficulty or cessation of breathing; generalized muscular twitching,
weakness, or paralysis; convulsions; loss of consciousness, involuntary defecation and urination, coma, death. Vapor, time
of onset: seconds to minutes after exposure; Skin, time of onset: minutes to an hour after exposure.
4.3. Exposure Routes:
Inhalation: A primary exposure route; inhalation of very small concentrations can produce health effects.
Skin: Direct contact with liquid agent is especially toxic. Moderate to severe signs/symptoms occur at, but are not limited
to, the site of contact. Exposure can also result from dermal absorption of vapors.
Eyes: Eyes are the most sensitive target organs of nerve agent exposure. Miosis (reduction in pupil size) will typically be
the first sign of exposure.
Ingestion: Contaminated drinking water and foods are the most likely route for ingestion of Tabun. Target organ from
ingestion is the gastrointestinal tract.
5. Effect Levels
Effect Levels
5.1. Air (inhalation vapor hazard): Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for general population one-time
exposure emergency scenarios for Tabun (complete definitions are available at: https://www.epa.gov/aegl).
AEGL Level in mg/m
3
, at various exposure durations
10
min.
1 hr.
4 hr.
AEGL 1: Threshold mild effects
0.0069
0.0028
0.0014
AEGL 2: Potentially irreversible effects or impaired ability to escape
0.087
0.035
0.017
AEGL 3: Threshold for severe effects/medical needs/increasing
potential for lethality
0.76
0.26
0.14
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG
TM
) are not
established/determined for Tabun.
5.2. Dermal (liquid hazard): Effects are likely to appear within minutes to hours of dermal exposure, with variation in
latency and severity of reported health effects depending on dose, duration, and anatomical area of contact, as well as
temperature of surrounding area. Clinical manifestations range from sweating, muscle twitching, and gastrointestinal
distress following limited exposure (one small drop on skin) to convulsions, paralysis, loss of consciousness, and death.
6. Exposure Guidelines
Exposure Guidelines
6.1. Airborne Exposure Limits (AELs): CDC has issued recommendations for protecting human health from potential
adverse effects of exposure to this agent.
(refer to: NIOSH ERSH-DB, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750004.html)
[original source: CDC, National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Final Recommendations for Protecting Human
Health from Potential Adverse Effects of Exposure to Agents GA (Tabun), GB (Sarin), and VX; 68 FR 58348-58351
(October 9, 2003). Cited in USAPHC AR 40-5e, PHN No. 0711-02, July 2011]
CDC/NCEH IDLH = 0.1 mg/m
3
; workers should remove themselves immediately from exposure if the concentration
is reached at any point in time
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CDC/NCEH STEL = 0.0001 mg/m
3
(1 × 10
-4
); exposure at the STEL should not exceed 15 minutes or occur more
than 4 times per day, and 60 minutes should pass between successive exposures at this concentration
CDC/NCEH Worker Population Limit (WPL) = 0.00003 mg/m
3
(3 × 10
-5
)
CDC/NCEH General Population Limit (GPL) = 0.000001 mg/m
3
(1 × 10
-6
)
6.2. Occupational: (NA = not available)
NIOSH IDLH = NA
OSHA PEL = NA
NIOSH REL-TWA = NA
ACGIH TLV-TWA = NA
NIOSH REL-STEL = NA
ACGIH TLV-STEL = NA
6.3. Population:
Soil: USAPHC Health Based Environmental Screening Levels (HBESL) = 68 mg/kg over work life for Industrial Soil;
2.8 mg/kg over lifetime for Residential Soil.
Drinking Water: EPA Provisional Advisory Levels (PALs): see below for more information.
EPA Provisional Advisory Level (PAL): PALs represent chemical concentrations in air or water above which varying
health effects (PAL1, PAL2, PAL3) are expected – they are developed for 24-hour, 30-day, and 90-day exposure
durations. In the event of a nationally significant or large-scale chemical release, EPA can provide PALs to appropriate
end-users and stakeholders as needed (PALs are not currently available to the public) to evaluate the severity of the
situation, identify potential human health outcomes, and determine the most appropriate course of action; contact:
[email protected], for information on and access to the PALs. (Note: PALs are not intended to define cleanup levels.)
7. Personnel Safety
Personnel Safety
Note: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) selection (levels A-D), medical surveillance requirements, First Aid options,
and personnel decontamination may vary depending upon the amount and purity of agent, site conditions, and the release
scenario. Additional information on personnel safety and PPE selection criteria can be found at:
www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb. We also recommend that responders check their own internal procedures (i.e., SOPs), if
applicable.
7.1. Medical:
Pre-incident: A baseline cholinesterase activity determination and an annual physical and respiratory function exam.
During Incident: Conduct periodic on-site medical monitoring, observe for any signs and symptoms as per HEALTH
EFFECTS section above and treat accordingly as per First Aid section below.
Post-incident: Post-incident medical surveillance is required.
7.2. First Aid: Immediately remove person from affected area and remove contaminated clothing and articles. Wash bare
skin immediately with water, or warm, soapy water if available, at normal household pressures (~50-60 psi) for three
minutes, ensure thorough soaking. Rinse eyes exposed to liquid agent with potable water for 15 minutes.
ANTIDOTE: Atropine, 2-PAM Chloride injections (Duo Dote/Mark II kits)/ATNAA-Antidote Treatment Nerve
Agent Autoinjector. Antidote kit should only be administered as per pre-incident training. Recommended dosages of
atropine and 2-PAM Chloride injections will vary depending on patient age and physical findings (mild/moderate or
severe). Follow manufacturer’s directions and adhere to all SOPs or recommendations developed by individual
responder’s agency.
Other: RSDL (Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion), an FDA-cleared kit with a sponge impregnated with a lotion to
remove or neutralize chemical warfare agents from contaminated skin. Apply RSDL immediately to area of skin with
suspected exposure to a chemical warfare agent (do not wait for symptoms) and wipe affected area using a scrubbing
action, rinse with water when time permits.
After administering first aid, send person for follow-up medical attention and evaluation. If cleared to resume work,
continue to monitor for signs/symptoms and treat accordingly.
7.3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
GENERAL INFORMATION: NIOSH-certified Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) Self Contained
Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), NIOSH-approved Air Purifying Respirators (APR) or Powered Air Purifying Respirators
(PAPR), full-face masks, and protective clothing should be used. Level A protection should be used until monitoring
results confirm identity and concentration of contaminant. Pre-incident training and exercises on the proper use of PPE are
recommended.
Per NIOSH guidance –
LEVEL A: Recommended for the initial response to a Tabun incident. NIOSH-certified CBRN full-face-piece SCBA
operated in pressure-demand mode with Level A suit that provides protection against CBRN agents. Level A provides
the greatest level of skin (totally-encapsulating chemical protective suit and chemical-resistant inner and outer gloves,
along with chemical-resistant boots with steel toe and shank), respiratory (SCBA), and eye protection when the
contaminant identity or concentration is unknown. Select Level A when the Tabun concentration is unknown or above
the IDLH or AEGL-2, and when there is a potential of ocular or dermal exposure.
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LEVEL B: Pressure-demand SCBA (NIOSH-certified CBRN full-face-piece SCBA) with Level B protective suit that
provides protection against CBRN agents. Level B provides the highest level of respiratory protection (SCBA) when a
lesser level of skin protection is required. Select Level B when the Tabun concentration is unknown or above the IDLH
or AEGL-2, and when dermal exposure is less of a risk. Level B differs from Level A in that it typically incorporates a
non-encapsulating, splash-protective, chemical-resistant outer suit that provides protection against most liquids but is not
vapor tight (hooded chemical-resistant outer suit and chemical-resistant inner and outer gloves, along with chemical-
resistant boots with steel toe and shank).
LEVEL C: May be selected when the contaminant identity and concentration are known and the respiratory protection
criteria factors for the use of APR or PAPR (i.e., < IDLH, warning properties) are met. Level C may be appropriate
when decontaminating personnel or equipment. Level C still incorporates hooded chemical-resistant outer suit that
provides protection against CBRN agents, chemical-resistant inner and outer gloves, and chemical-resistant boots with
steel toe and shank.
• For air levels greater than AEGL-2: NIOSH-certified CBRN tight-fitting PAPR with a filter or a combination organic
vapor, acid gas, and particulate cartridge/filter combination or a continuous flow respirator.
• For air levels greater than AEGL-1: NIOSH-certified CBRN tight-fitting APR with a canister-type gas mask or CBRN
PAPR.
LEVEL D: Select Level D when the contaminant is known and the concentration is below the appropriate occupational
exposure limits or less than AEGL-1 for the stated duration times. PPE includes coveralls or other work clothes, boots,
and gloves.
Downgrading PPE levels can be considered only when the identity and concentration of the contaminant and the
risks of dermal exposure are known, and must be accompanied by on-site monitoring.
8. Personnel Decontamination
Personnel Decontamination
8.1. Personnel Decontamination Procedure:
Tents, berms, and collection vessels should be able to maintain copious amounts of wastewater in a contained and safe
manner. Procedures should be in place to treat and replace contaminated materials used during the decontamination
process as well as replace necessary chemicals and decontamination solutions.
Prior to entering the hot zone, all personnel are required to familiarize themselves with the site-specific personnel
decontamination procedures.
Personnel decontamination should take place in a decontamination area comprised of two decontamination corridors (one
for entering and one for exiting). Position corridors upwind and uphill of release area; exit should be upwind and uphill of
entrance. Detergent and water solution (pH>8, but <10.5), soft brushes, and durable 6-mil polyethylene bags should be
provided.
Personnel decontamination area workers need to wear appropriate PPE as indicated below. Be aware that absorbed agent
can be released from clothing and skin as a gas.
Conduct personnel decontamination per NIOSH ERSH-DB:
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750004.html
• Emergency Responders: Use soft brush to wash PPE with soap and detergent solution in a downward motion, getting
into all folds. Repeat washing and rinsing until thoroughly clean. Remove PPE by rolling downward from head; avoid
pulling PPE over the head. Remove SCBA last, and place all PPE in polyethylene bags.
• Patient/victim: Remove all clothing down to at least undergarments, and place in polyethylene bags. Thoroughly wash
and rinse skin with soap and water solution, taking care not to break the skin and covering all open wounds. Cover
patient/victim (e.g., blanket, towels, Tyvek) and move to treatment area. If available in decontamination kit, apply
RSDL immediately to area of skin with suspected exposure to a chemical warfare agent (do not wait for symptoms)
and wipe affected area using a scrubbing action, rinse with water when time permits.
8.2. Personnel Decontamination Procedures by Zone/Step: (attendants will verbally direct personnel through each step)
Conducted in Hot Zone (exclusion zone)
1
Equipment
Drop
Place equipment taken into the Hot Zone on a plastic covered table or container provided prior to entering
the contamination reduction corridor. Equipment will either be reused if more than one entry is planned or
will be decontaminated later.
Conducted in Warm Zone (contamination reduction zone)
2
Sample
Drop
Place samples in a container provided for sample decontamination. Care needs to be taken to ensure that
workers maintain chain-of-custody of samples. It is recommended that samples are decontaminated in a
separate decontamination line.
3
Outer Boot
and Glove
Wash
The purpose of this step is to enable physical removal of gross contamination if contamination is visible. If
gross contamination is not visible, this step may be skipped. Wash outer boots and then outer gloves using
designated decontaminating agents as specified in HASP (e.g., soap and water, trisodium phosphate
substitute, or diluted bleach).
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4
Glove, Boot,
and Suit
Wash
Wash all outer surfaces in a contained area (e.g., kiddie pool) using a pressurized spray with designated
decontamination solution. Start with decontaminating boots and gloves, then work on suit from the top down,
including SCBA/PAPR casing. Decontamination personnel should conduct this step. Care should be taken to
ensure that all areas are decontaminated, including around zipper, arms, front torso, and any other area that
could have come in contact with contamination. The solution used for decontamination should be contained,
collected, and disposed of properly from the decontamination line.
5
Outer Glove,
Boot, and
Suit
Removal
While sitting on a stool, remove outer boots and outer gloves. Undo the SCBA/PAPR belt and hold in hand.
While touching only the inside of suit, carefully roll suit in an outward motion from shoulders down to feet.
Dispose of boots, gloves, and suit in a designated container. This step may require decontamination personnel
to assist either by holding SCBA/PAPR unit or assisting in suit removal.
6
Mask
Removal
With inner gloves, remove the mask. Remove cartridge filters and place into designated container. Put mask
into mask wash. Decontamination personnel will clean each mask and SCBA/PAPR assembly prior to
return to service.
7
Inner Glove
Removal
Remove inner gloves by only touching outside of first glove and then only inside of second glove. Place
gloves into designated container.
Conducted in Cold Zone (support zone)
8
Quadrant
Monitoring
Using appropriate Tabun air monitoring equipment, screen personnel for residual contamination by dividing
body into 4 sections: upper right and left sides of the body, and lower left and right sides. If positive, perform
spot decontamination immediately and direct person to showers.
9
Personal
Shower
Personnel should shower using copious quantities of soap and water for a minimum of 5 minutes and change
into clean clothes. If a personal shower is not immediately available then, at the minimum, hands and face
should be washed thoroughly.
10
Medical
Monitoring
Report to medical monitoring station for post-entry monitoring and report to appropriate personnel for
debriefing. Observe for any obvious sign of Tabun exposure. Using criteria listed above in PERSONNEL
SAFETY section of this QRG, administer Duo Dote antidote and notify site Health and Safety officer.
Emergency Egress Corridor: Establish an emergency egress line to use for quickly decontaminating personnel who have
medical emergencies while in the hot zone. Personnel must be decontaminated prior to receiving treatment from
emergency medical technicians or transported to a hospital.
Hand-Wash Station: A hand-wash station should be available for personnel to clean up following entry. However, this
may not be available initially at the scene or weather conditions may prohibit their use. If a hand-wash station is not
available, personnel should wash their hands and face as soon as possible.
Caution: Avoid waterless hand cleaners, which contain solvents (alcohols) that could increase risk of dermal exposure to
Tabun.
9. Field Detection
Field Detection
Real-time field screening tools (results not confirmatory or quantitative): Caution should be given to equipment
that has not been properly evaluated. False positive and false negatives may occur in the presence of interferents
common in the environment. The following is a summary of minimum screening concentration ranges or levels for
equipment procured by many EPA and HAZMAT response teams. Other screening tools may be used by these teams and
other agencies and responders, some with similar capabilities and limitations.
9.1. Minimum Screening Ranges/Levels for Air/(Vapor):
Field Equipment:
ppm
mg/m
3
JCAD M4A1, at 30 secs [30 mins/pre-concentrator]
(detected as Nerve agent)
0.015 [0.00015]
0.1 [0.001]
AP2C / AP4C (detected as G-agent)
0.0015 / 0.004
0.01 / 0.1
MX-908 Vapor Mode
0.1
0.66
Dräger (CDS Kit)
0.025
0.17
MINICAMS™ (Near real-time; at 5 minutes)
0.00015
0.0001
9.2. Minimum Screening Ranges/Levels for Vapor/Liquid:
Field Equipment:
ppm (vapor)
mg/m
3
(vapor)
mL (liquid)
M256 / M256A1 (15-20 mins) (detected as Nerve agent)
0.0008 / 0.0008
0.005 / 0.005
NA
M8 (absence/presence as Nerve G-agent)
NA
NA
0.02
Note: M256 is combined 2 kits with 12 disposable sampler/detectors and a booklet of M8 paper.
NA = not applicable
9.3. Minimum Screening Ranges/Levels for Water:
Field Equipment:
mg/L
M272 (detected as G-agent)
0.02
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10. Environmental Sampling
Environmental Sampling
Note: This section on sampling contains general guidelines and does not replace the need for a site-specific sampling
plan
10.1. Sampling Concerns: Detection, sampling equipment and procedures, and analytical techniques will be site-specific
and depend on: 1) physical state of the agent; 2) type of surfaces contaminated (e.g., porous vs. non-porous); 3) the
purpose of sampling (e.g., characterization, decontamination efficacy, and clearance); and 4) specific laboratory
requirements. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set up mobile and fixed labs and analytical assets for
chemical agent analysis of environmental samples under their Environmental Response Laboratory Network (ERLN), see
ANALYSIS section below, (https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/environmental-response-laboratory-network). For
questions on environmental sampling for Tabun call EPA/HQ-EOC at 202-564-3850.
10.2. Sample Locations and Planning: Initially consider air monitoring to ensure worker safety and to determine if there
is a vapor plume that could impact other areas. Characterization sampling is initiated by targeted or judgmental sampling
to identify “hot spots,” potential agent flow paths, and media or objects potentially acting as sinks. Additional biased or
random sampling can be used to determine the extent of potential contamination or to verify the efficacy of
decontamination. More thorough probabilistic sampling (e.g., grid, statistical approach) may be required for the clearance
phase or if there are large uncertainties about the area impacted or the amount released. Because Tabun has very low
persistence on surfaces, ambient air sampling to help to “clear areas” should be included in the sampling plan.
Note: Tabun breaks down in most environmental conditions to numerous breakdown products, especially cyanide
compounds (see Hydrogen Cyanide (AC) QRG and Cyanide Salts QRG), which may be used as markers to determine the
extent of contamination of the parent Tabun (GA). See ANALYSIS section below to ensure sampling procedures are
compatible with all analytes. Some preparation techniques for both Tabun and its breakdown products are available in
EPA’s Sample Information Collection Documents (https://www.epa.gov/esam/sample-collection-information-documents-
scids). These provide general information regarding sampling procedures for different media, sampling supplies, sample
size, container, holding time, preservation, packaging, and shipping, supporting collection of samples. Caution: Pre-
incident training on administration of antidote kit is recommended (see First Aid under PERSONNEL SAFETY section
above).
10.3. Types of Samples:
Air (Vapors are heavier than air): Samples are collected using appropriate solid phase absorbent media (tubes) at breathing
zone level (~5 ft.) or air sampler (e.g., SUMMA canister) to assess inhalation exposure. To assess off gassing from
surfaces and at ground levels, collect air samples at ~6 in. Concurrent air monitoring for Tabun and HCN is
recommended.
Water: Water should be collected in appropriate containers with addition of appropriate de-chlorinating agents and
preservatives to minimize Tabun degradation and hydrolysis prior to analysis. Concurrent air monitoring for Tabun and
HCN is recommended.
Soil: For localized “hot spot” areas where soil deposition may occur (i.e., neat liquid, aerosol or liquid droplets), surface
soil samples should be taken from a non-vegetated area to a depth of less than one inch. Sub-surface soil samples are
typically not necessary unless a large amount of liquid was poured on the ground, or if an underlying aquifer is
endangered. Concurrent air monitoring for Tabun and HCN is recommended.
Surface Wipes: Wipe samples are often desired to indicate absence of Tabun on non-porous surfaces. Concurrent air
monitoring for Tabun and HCN is recommended.
Bulk: For hot spot areas where liquid Tabun deposition may occur on porous surfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt), actual
pieces (chips) or cores of contaminated surface may be obtained using appropriate tools (scabbling, coring, or drills) for
subsequent laboratory extraction analysis. Bulk samples of suspected sink materials may be recommended to rule out
secondary vapor phase disposition or absorption of Tabun into these materials. Concurrent air monitoring for Tabun and
HCN is recommended.
Other Sample Matrices: Contact EPA/HQ-EOC at 202-564-3850 for sampling instructions.
11. Packaging/Shipping: CWA Environmental Samples for Site Characterization
Packaging and Shipping: CWA Environmental Samples For Site Characterization
The packaging and shipping of environmental samples potentially contaminated with a chemical warfare agent (CWA)
would be subject to complex and restrictive regulations established primarily by DOT for ground transportation (49 CFR
Parts 171-180), and by DOT, ICAO, and IATA for air transportation (in addition to other regulations by CDC, USPS,
OSHA). Transportation of Tabun-contaminated waste for treatment and disposal is covered under the WASTE
MANAGEMENT section below.
Samples can be collected from environmental media that include surface and subsurface soil, groundwater, surface water,
drinking water, dust, air, and solids other than soil (e.g., building materials). Given the wide range of potential
environmental media and complex regulatory requirements, the approach would likely be situationally dependent.
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CAUTION: Environmental samples potentially contaminated with CWA should not be introduced into commercial
transportation as an undeclared hazardous material. Hazard classification, packaging, and hazard communication are the
shipper’s responsibility under DOT’s Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR Parts 171-180).
A summary of key packaging and shipping considerations for environmental samples with unknown concentrations of a
potential unknown CWA is:
• Transport of pure Tabun (GA) is forbidden other than via military (Technical Escort Unit) transport in accordance with
49 CFR §173.7.
• If the collected sample contains or is suspected to contain hazardous materials, as defined in 49 CFR §171.8, the
shipper must determine the appropriate UN ID Number, the Proper Shipping Name (PSN), and the Packing Group
(PG) from the Hazardous Materials Table in 49 CFR §107.101. The table will then direct the shipper to the type of
hazard and handling labels needed, the appropriate packaging (inner and outer packaging), and any special provisions.
• The designated shipper (EPA personnel or contractors) must be trained and certified according to the requirements
found in 49 CFR §172.704 (a)(2) and/or by IATA Dangerous Goods (DG) 1.5 requirements for shipments by air.
• Contact the sample-receiving laboratory to determine if they have additional packaging, shipping, or labeling
requirements.
Note that there is no UN ID for Tabun (GA) listed in the Hazardous Materials Table (49 CFR §172.101). Therefore, the
most likely classification would be UN3381, Toxic by inhalation liquid, n.o.s. with an LC50 lower than or equal to 200
mL/m
3
and saturated vapor concentration greater than or equal to 500 LC50, PG I. In the US, non-bulk packaging would
then be in accordance with 49 CFR §173.226.
Use of Mobile labs: Another consideration would be use of an on-site mobile laboratory for CWA analysis. This could
eliminate the shipper's responsibility for transporting the collected samples containing a substance that might be
considered forbidden for transport by air or a hazardous material or DG by ground or air transport to an off-site
laboratory. In addition, there may be public concern about shipping samples off-site, or reluctance of commercial
shipping companies to accept and transport samples from a known CWA-contaminated site. EPA maintains mobile
laboratory assets (PHILIS mobile laboratories: https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/philis-portable-high-
throughput-integrated-laboratory-identification-system) in NJ and CO that are capable of analyzing CWAs, including
Tabun, in environmental matrices, down to health-based risk clearance levels. Access to the PHILIS mobile labs for a
CWA incident can be obtained from EPA HQ/EOC at 202-564-3850. EPA also has access to the US Army CBRNE
assets, including shipping and analysis, through inter-agency agreements as described in the COORDINATION WITH
OTHER AGENCIES section below.
12. Analysis
Analysis
CAUTION: Many labs may not be able to perform analysis on all matrices (e.g., wipes and soil). Few laboratories
currently have the capability to determine Tabun, particularly for large numbers of samples and for the various types of
environmental media. EPA’s ERLN labs (https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/environmental-response-laboratory-
network) that are specially trained and equipped for the analysis of Tabun, will use sample prep and analytical methods
from EPA’s Environmental Sampling and Analytical Methods (ESAM) Programs (https://www.epa.gov/esam). For access
to the nearest ERLN laboratory specially trained and equipped for Tabun analysis, and methods provided in EPA’s ESAM,
contact EPA/HQ-EOC at 202-564-3850. The ERLN also maintains EPA’s Compendium of Environmental Testing
Laboratories (CETL), a database of commercial, federal, state, and academic laboratories, which can be queried for
specific analyses and matrices. Analysis on environmental matrices for toxic organics, metals, biological and radiological
agents, as well as several of the CWAs, including Tabun and its breakdown products, can be obtained by querying the
database of laboratories listed in EPA’s CETL (https://cfext.epa.gov/cetl/lblogin.cfm?action=None); prior registration for
access to CETL website is necessary.
13. Coordination with Other Agencies: CWA Field Activities
Coordination With Other Agencies: CWA Field Activities
Numerous agencies other than EPA may be involved in a chemical agent response incident. Every attempt should be made
to integrate assets and design a uniform approach to sampling procedures, quality assurance, and data sharing. Every
attempt should be made to coordinate activities, share data, and maintain chain-of-custody integrity throughout all phases
of the response, amongst all agencies involved.
Civilian: The National Guard Civil Support Team (CST) and the U.S. Coast Guard “Strike Teams” deploy survey teams,
response vehicles, and mobile labs to hazardous chemical incidents throughout the United States. Many CSTs and Strike
Teams have the capabilities to sample, prepare, and analyze certain types of environmental samples for CWA analysis.
CSTs have analytical equipment that can provide screening or presumptive data results for CWAs. The OSC should
discuss site-specific types of samples, data quality, and chain-of-custody requirements with Strike Teams and CSTs
before integrating their capabilities into the overall CWA response. Other agencies, such as the FBI, may be present on-
site preforming tasks, such as evidence retrieval, which are specific for their agency.
Military: EPA’s Special Teams (ERT and CMAD) have access to Department of Defense (DOD) assets through Inter-
Agency Agreements (IAA) with the US Army’s Combat Capabilities Development Command, Chemical Biological
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[July 2022 Update (nrt.org): replaced previous version dated January 2015] Page 8 of 10
Center (CBC) at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. The CBC has expertise and deployable assets for CWA air monitoring
(i.e., MINICAMS™), sampling, analysis, decontamination, and waste transport and disposal through their ongoing
demilitarization activities at former chemical agent munitions facilities in the US and abroad.
Access to EPA’s IAA for support to Federal OSCs at a CBRN response or incident can be arranged through EPA/HQ-
EOC at 202-564-3850. Consultation or training for EPA personnel and partners that do not need to go through EPA/HQ-
EOC can be arranged via the IAA with EPA’s ERT-Special Team at 732-321-6660. Additional CBRNE support can be
obtained via the IAA with EPA’s CMAD-Special Team, including support for chemical, biological, and radiological
agent response through EPA/HQ-EOC at 202-564-3850.
14. Environmental Decontamination/Cleanup
Environmental Decontamination/Cleanup
14.1. Decontamination/Cleanup Planning:
Once site controls are in place, develop a site-specific decontamination/cleanup plan. Environmental decontamination may
require a “tiered approach” using a variety of techniques and products. Call EPA/HQ-EOC at 202-564-3850 for more
information.
General Considerations: A cost vs. benefit evaluation should be undertaken for each decontamination strategy and
approach that considers public safety, total cost, impact on the area, wastes generated, time the area or item will be
inaccessible and/or out of service, as well as any socio-economic, public health, and/or security impacts that may result.
Large volumes of decontamination wastes may be generated that will need to be collected, treated, and disposed of
properly. Waste handling and disposal must be addressed as early in the decontamination and cleanup process as
possible (see WASTE MANAGEMENT section below).
Disposal Option: The urgency to restore an area or item as quickly as possible may result in the outright and timely
removal and disposal of contaminated materials. Certain materials may be impacted by the decontamination products,
and/or may be cheaper to discard and replace than to decontaminate and restore.
Monitored Natural Attenuation: Tabun degrades via natural processes. Environmental monitoring must be maintained
during decontamination and recovery phases. Monitored natural attenuation may require institutional controls (e.g.,
access restriction and contaminant containment measures). The time to achieve clearance must be considered in the
overall cost/benefit evaluation. This option is more passive than other options but is non-destructive to materials. Given
Tabun’s moderately low volatility, this attenuation may take hours to days depending on impacted material and
environmental conditions.
Fix-in-Place Option: The contaminated area may be resistant to decontamination products or may be unable or
impractical to be treated. Physical barriers can be used to immobilize the contamination and prevent it from coming into
contact with the environment or the public. This can be a temporary or permanent solution.
14.2. Decontamination Strategy:
A decontamination strategy can be developed by designating contaminated areas into five broad categories: 1) surfaces or
hot spots, 2) large volumetric spaces, 3) sensitive equipment or items, 4) aqueous solutions, and 5) water systems. Areas in
each category may be treated using one or more unique decontamination processes in a tiered approach to the overall site-
specific decontamination strategy.
Cautions:
• Decontamination products may have unique safety/PPE requirements due to their own toxicity or that of breakdown
products during use (e.g., use of bleach results in release of chlorine vapors). Strong oxidizers, such as hypochlorite,
may react violently with organics.
• Dirt, grime, and other coatings (organic load) can reduce the efficacy of decontamination; pre-cleaning surfaces with
soap and water may be needed before the application of decontamination formulations but resulting pre-cleaning
rinsates require containment to avoid agent spread.
• All statements about decontamination efficacy are based upon Sarin (GB) and have not been verified for Tabun
(GA). Because hydrolysis has been identified as a major degradation pathway for both Tabun and Sarin and because
the hydrolysis rate of Tabun is around 5 times higher that of Sarin, the limited data available for Tabun suggest at
least equal or perhaps greater efficacy.
• Unlike other G-agents, hydrolysis of Tabun produces cyanide ion, which may be of concern in high quantities.
Review the Decontamination/Cleanup sections of Hydrogen Cyanide (AC) QRG and Cyanide Salts QRG for
important considerations, should site-specific conditions cause these Tabun breakdown and/or decontamination
byproducts to be present.
For additional information, contact the EPA/HQ-EOC at 202-564-3850.
Surfaces/Hot Spots: This category is for areas smaller in size but with higher levels of agent contamination. They may
require more rigorous decontamination products and methods. Excess Tabun liquid should be absorbed using, e.g.,
vermiculite or dry sand, and transferred into a sealed container and disposed according to WASTE MANAGEMENT
section below. Decontamination of remaining Tabun occurs mainly through hydrolysis, which occurs faster at high pHs,
although other mechanisms may cause and/or catalyze (speed up) Tabun destruction. Application of the following
decontamination solutions and formulations may be efficacious by following applicable manufacturers’ directions.
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[July 2022 Update (nrt.org): replaced previous version dated January 2015] Page 9 of 10
1) Hypochlorite-containing solutions: Hypochlorite can be corrosive to certain surfaces and materials and should be
rinsed thoroughly afterwards. Household bleach solutions (≥5% sodium hypochlorite) may be effective for Tabun
with efficacy expected to be achieved with contact time of 15-60 minutes depending on surface material. Calcium
hypochlorite, present in commercial products, such as HTH (10% hypochlorite solution), is better for surfaces with
high concentrations of liquids in localized areas. Note that lowering the pH of hypochlorite solutions is not required
and may be counterproductive.
2) Hydroxide (e.g., sodium, potassium – 10% solution) is expected to react rapidly with Tabun, but solutions are very
damaging to many surfaces and should be rinsed thoroughly after use.
3) Other high pH solutions, such as sodium carbonate (10% solution), are expected to decontaminate surfaces but
slower than decontamination with sodium or potassium hydroxide, which have higher pH.
4) Proprietary decontamination technologies such as EasyDecon DF-200®, Decon7 (D7), Dahlgren Decon®,
CASCAD®, Decon Green®, or L-Gel® may be effective against Tabun on the order of minutes to hours, but not all
have been thoroughly tested. Availability, cost, and the need for specialized equipment to apply the decontaminant
may limit their use early in the response.
Large Volumetric Spaces: This category is for areas larger in size but with lower levels of agent contamination. These
areas may require less aggressive but more broadly applied decontamination products and methods.
1) Forced or Hot Air ventilation methods are recommended for vapor plume contamination or low surface concentration
of Tabun in large volumetric spaces, including HVAC systems, or open areas; efficacy may be typically achieved in
hours to days with less waste and adverse impacts to materials. Capture technologies, such as activated carbon
containing air filters, would be required to prevent transfer of the Tabun vapor to the outside environment or prevent
recirculation into other surrounding spaces.
2) Fumigations with modified vaporous hydrogen peroxide (mVHP®; a combination of ammonia and hydrogen
peroxide vapor) or chlorine dioxide (ClO
2
) are expected to be effective against Tabun. However, the time to
implement any of these fumigation approaches should be balanced against the expected degree of natural attenuation
associated with the relatively high volatility of Tabun.
3) Steam application has been reported to be effective against Tabun on surfaces. Steam also transfers Tabun into the
condensate.
Sensitive Equipment or Items: Forced or Hot Air ventilation may be used for Tabun and can be used either in-situ or ex-
situ to decontaminate these items. Collective protection using activated carbon air filters would be required to prevent
transfer of the Tabun vapor to the outside environment or prevent recirculation into other surrounding spaces.
Aqueous Solutions: Tabun degrades via hydrolysis but may persist in aqueous solutions, depending on initial
concentration and environmental conditions, such as pH and temperature. If the aqueous solutions result from
decontamination operations involving bleach or other high pH conditions, significant Tabun degradation may occur.
Avoid any additional release to water systems, drains, or sewers (e.g., through inappropriate disposal). Contain liquid or
transfer liquid to appropriate containers and dispose according to WASTE MANAGEMENT section below.
Water Systems: Hydrolysis and removal of contaminated water will lessen Tabun contamination in water systems, but
Tabun may persist in hydraulic dead ends and via sorption to system components (e.g., plastics) that act as sinks for
Tabun. It may be necessary to isolate potentially affected portions of the system to evaluate them and implement
decontamination. A contaminated water system may transfer Tabun to building and premise plumbing, which then may
also require decontamination.
Verification of Decontamination: Site and situation specific. Please contact EPA/HQ-EOC at 202-564-3850 for further
assistance.
15. Waste Management
Waste Management
15.1. Transportation:
Federal requirements for the commercial transport of hazardous materials and procedures for exemptions are specified in
How to Comply with Federal Hazardous Materials Regulations, available at:
https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/regulations/hazardous-materials/how-comply-federal-hazardous-materials-regulations.
Tabun (GA) should not be offered for commercial transportation without being rendered safe by neutralization. Contact
the PHMSA Hazardous Materials Information Center at 1-800-467-4922 or [email protected]v to discuss specific cases.
Additional resources on packaging, labeling, and shipping are available at: https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/standards-
rulemaking/hazmat/hazardous-materials-regulations. Detailed state regulations can be found at www.envcap.org/.
This QRG is intended to apply to Federal OSCs in the first 24-48 hours of a response. Once determined, the concentrations
of Tabun in individual waste streams should be used to determine which transportation requirements apply. For instance,
certain requirements may apply to waste streams with concentrated agent, but may not apply to waste streams such as soil
containing dilute concentrations of agent.
15.2. Waste Management:
Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), waste is classified as hazardous waste (subtitle C) or solid
waste (subtitle D). The RCRA regulations generally define a waste to be hazardous if it is: (1) a listed waste (40 CFR
§261.31-§261.32); (2) exhibits specific characteristics (40 CFR §261.21-§261.24); or (3) is a discarded commercial
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[July 2022 Update (nrt.org): replaced previous version dated January 2015] Page 10 of 10
chemical product, off specification species, container residue, or spill residue listed in 40 CFR §261.33. Tabun (GA) is not
listed under 40 CFR §261.31-33, but Tabun-contaminated waste may be considered cyanide-bearing, and may therefore be
considered reactive hazardous waste, chemical code D003, if it generates toxic gases, vapors, or fumes in a quantity
sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5 (40
CFR §261.23(a)(5)). Listed or characteristic waste may be land disposed only if the waste meets the applicable treatment
standards (40 CFR §268.40). It is the responsibility of the waste generator to make a hazardous waste determination (40
CFR §262.11).
The states (except for Alaska and Iowa) have the primary responsibility to implement the hazardous waste regulations and
can impose more stringent requirements or requirements broader in scope than the federal program. Several states,
including CO, IN, KY, MD, OR, and UT, have their own waste designations for chemical agents, which may be applicable
for the cleanup of Tabun-contaminated residues, decomposition products, soils, and debris. It is critical to open a dialogue
with state regulators as early as possible.
Management of toxic decomposition products, associated residual decontamination solutions, local waste acceptance
criteria, and transportation and handling requirements should be considered. High pH aqueous decontamination solution
waste may be considered corrosive hazardous waste, chemical code D002, if it has a pH greater than or equal to 12.5 (40
CFR §261.22).
EPA/CMAD can provide Federal OSCs with information and support to address knowledge gaps for dealing with wastes
contaminated with dilute concentrations of CWA; contact EPA/HQ-EOC at 202-564-3850.
EPA also recommends the creation of pre-incident waste management plans as a preparedness measure for chemical agent
releases, and has created an All-Hazards Waste Management Planning Tool to help state, local, territorial, and tribal
waste management officials coordinate and prepare these plans. Access to the All-Hazards Waste Management Planning
Tool requires pre-registration (https://wasteplan.epa.gov/).